As a part of the Transforming Agrifood Systems in South Asia (TAFSSA) initiative’s holistic food systems approach, IWMI led a study tracing the historical evolution of food systems in the state of Odisha, India. The expert consultation aimed to solicit views on framing and situating the historical study within the current food systems-related discussions. The study is conducted by Dr. Anindita Sarkar, Delhi University. Stakeholders offered substantial feedback on increasing the geographical and community scope of the study, important timelines to include, and relevant issues of the local agrifood system relevant for the region.
Policies / Multi-stakeholder processes / Evolution / Agrifood systems Record No:H051636
As a part of the Transforming Agrifood Systems in South Asia (TAFSSA) initiative’s holistic food systems approach, IWMI led a study tracing the historical evolution of food systems in Nepal. The expert consultation aimed to solicit views on framing and situating the historical study within the current food systems-related discussions. The study is conducted by Dr. Fraser Sugden from the University of Birmingham, Dr. Suresh Dhakal and Dr. Janak Rai from Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu. Stakeholders offered substantial feedback on increasing the geographical and community scope of the study, important timelines to include, and relevant issues of the local agrifood system relevant for the region.
Market access / Policies / Multi-stakeholder processes / Agrifood systems Record No:H051635
The One-CGIAR initiatives for Mitigate+: Research for Low-Emission Food Systems (Mitigate+) and Transforming Agrifood Systems in South Asia (TAFSSA) jointly organised a virtual training workshop on Systematic Review Methods for CGIAR scientists to build capacities in concepts and tools of evidence synthesis. The workshop covered a 12-hour course module in 3-hour sessions across four days from across CGIAR centres, particularly focussed on scientists and researchers working on systematic scoping reviews. This was organized considering that multiple systematic scoping reviews had been planned or were ongoing in the two host initiatives as well as other CGIAR initiatives, making this effort for capacity building of researchers timely.
Training / Capacity development / Stakeholders / Systematic reviews Record No:H051634
International Water Management Institute (IWMI) brought together in collaboration the CGIAR initiative “Transforming Agrifood Systems in South Asia” (TAFSSA), the “Solar Irrigation for Agricultural Resilience” (SoLAR) project, funded by the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC) and CGIAR initiative MITIGATE+ for organizing a national stakeholder workshop in Bangladesh in partnership with the Infrastructure Development Company Limited (IDCOL) and NGO Forum. The aim was to facilitate deliberations and develop a better understanding of challenges such as replacing diesel with solar irrigation pumps, the consequences of rapid electrification on the groundwater market, and the threat to groundwater sustainability posed by cheaper irrigation. Based on this the workshop envisages strengthening the policy research on the challenges and opportunities of Bangladeshapos;s evolving groundwater irrigation sector.
Electrification / Pumps / Solar powered irrigation systems / Sustainability / Water markets / Policies / Stakeholders / Groundwater irrigation Record No:H051633
Empowerment / Bioenergy / Resource management / Living standards / Ecosystem services / Agricultural production / Women / Gender / Foreign investment / Farmland / Farmers / Farming systems / Watersheds / International waters / Water rights / Water management / Water resources / Groundwater / Water governance / Irrigated land / Land management / Land acquisitions / Land use / Land reform / Land tenure / Food security Record No:H047289
Rain / Infrastructure / Pollution / Stakeholders / Water supply / Water use / Water resources / Water quality / Aquifers / Groundwater management / Groundwater extraction Record No:H047230
Sustainability / Monitoring / Research / Irrigation management / Fluorides / Hydrogeology / Farmers / Stakeholders / Pumps / Arid zones / Tanks / Wells / Aquifers / Surface water / Water pollution / Water quality / Drinking water / Water supply / Water level / Water use / Water governance / Groundwater management / Groundwater development / Groundwater recharge / Groundwater irrigation Record No:H046388
Rain / Agricultural production / Environmental degradation / Climate change / Wetlands / Ecosystems / Reservoirs / Kidney diseases / Health hazards / Sanitation / Women / Gender / Poverty / River basins / Mapping / Flooding / Drought / Milk production / Water footprint / Water rights / Water pollution / Water quality / Groundwater resources / Water supply / Tank irrigation / Drinking water / Water resources / Water management Record No:H046157
Rain / Agricultural production / Environmental degradation / Climate change / Wetlands / Ecosystems / Reservoirs / Kidney diseases / Health hazards / Sanitation / Women / Gender / Poverty / River basins / Mapping / Flooding / Drought / Milk production / Water footprint / Water rights / Water pollution / Water quality / Groundwater resources / Water supply / Tank irrigation / Drinking water / Water resources / Water management Record No:H046156
Agricultural production / Flooding / Water policy / Land tenure / Land use / Water productivity / Climate change / Water management / Water resources Record No:H046068
Crop production / River basins / Case studies / History / Public-private cooperation / Developing countries / Agricultural production / Public policy / Water supply / Water harvesting / Water resources development / Water management / Income / Economic growth / Economic aspects / Socioeconomic development / Small scale systems / Groundwater / Rural poverty / Government policy / Case studies / Investment / Land use / Land management / Supplemental irrigation / Irrigation systems / Irrigated farming / Irrigation water / Irrigation management / Sustainable development Record No:H044259
Institution building / Irrigation scheduling / Simulation models / Economic evaluation / Irrigation water / Cost recovery / Participatory management / Water user associations / Water governance / Water productivity Record No:H043589
This is the first volume on the proceedings of the national conference on ‘Water for Food and Environment’, which was held from June 9–11, 2009 at the Bandaranaike Memorial International Conference Hall (BMICH). The volumes two and three have been produced as separate documents of this report series. In response to a call for abstracts, 81 abstracts were received from government institutes dealing with water resources and agriculture development, also from universities, other freelance researchers and researchers from the International Water Management Institute (IWMI).; Forty Seven of the eighty-one abstracts that were submitted were accepted for compiling full papers.; In the past couple of years the sharp increase in food prices worldwide has raised serious concerns about food security, especially in developing countries. To effectively address these concerns a holistic approach is required that encompasses improved agricultural water productivity, adaptation to climate change, targeted and appropriate institutional and financial measures, and a consideration of environmental issues. The main purpose of the conference was to share experiences in these areas and to find opportunities to improve farmers’ incomes and food production, and to promote environmentally sustainable practices in Sri Lanka in the face of growing water scarcity and the challenges of climate change.
Remote sensing / Surface runoff / Canals / Agroforestry / Weed control / Zero tillage / Water resource management / Food insecurity / Rice / Aquatic plants / Tanks / Water quality / Irrigated farming / Water shortage / River basins / Climate change / Food security Record No:H042888
This is the second volume of the proceedings of the National Conference on ‘Water for Food and Environment’, which was held from June 9 –11, 2009 at the Bandaranaike Memorial International Conference Hall (BMICH). The volumes 1 and 3 have been produced as separate documents of this report series. In response to a call for abstracts, 81 abstracts were received from government institutes dealing with water resources and agriculture development, universities, other freelance researchers and researchers from the International Water Management Institute (IWMI). Forty seven of the eighty-one abstracts that were submitted were accepted for compiling full papers.; In the past couple of years the sharp increase in food prices worldwide has raised serious concerns about food security, especially in developing countries. To effectively address these concerns a holistic approach is required that encompasses improved agricultural water productivity, adaptation to climate change, targeted and appropriate institutional and financial measures, and a consideration of environmental issues. The main purpose of the conference was to share experiences in these areas and to find opportunities to improve farmers’ incomes and food production, and to promote environmentally sustainable practices in Sri Lanka in the face of growing water scarcity and the challenges of climate change.
Food security / Rice / Wastewater irrigation / Climate change / Rainfed farming / Domestic water / Aquifers / Groundwater / Models / Farming systems / Rivers / Case studies / Water allocation / Assessment / Environmental flows / Wetlands Record No:H042852
This is the third volume of the proceedings of the national conference on ‘Water for Food and Environment’, which was held from June 9 –11, 2009 at the Bandaranaike Memorial International Conference Hall (BMICH). The volumes 1 and 2 have been produced as separate documents of this report series. In response to a call for abstracts, 81 abstracts were received from government institutes dealing with water resources and agriculture development, universities, other freelance researchers and researchers from the International Water Management Institute (IWMI). Forty seven of the eighty-one abstracts that were submitted were accepted for compiling full papers.; In the past couple of years the sharp increase in food prices worldwide has raised serious concerns about food security, especially in developing countries. To effectively address these concerns a holistic approach is required that encompasses improved agricultural water productivity, adaptation to climate change, targeted and appropriate institutional and financial measures, and a consideration of environmental issues. The main purpose of the conference was to share experiences in these areas and to find opportunities to improve farmers’ incomes and food production, and to promote environmentally sustainable practices in Sri Lanka in the face of growing water scarcity and the challenges of climate change.
Climate change / Food security / Economic analysis / Models / Groundwater management / Maintenance / Operations / Irrigation schemes / Water supply / Water demand / Irrigation efficiency / Capacity building / Farmers organizations / Participatory management / Irrigation management / Water rights / Water policy / Institutions / Organizations / Water governance / Water resource management Record No:H042799
Research in this book is part of the project no. 48, “Strategic Analyses of India’s National River-Linking Project (NRLP)” of the CGIAR Challenge Program on Water and Food (CPWF).
Crops / Watershed management / Drinking water / Water supply / Groundwater recharge / Groundwater management / Water user associations / Policy / Irrigation programs / Investment / Water transfer / River basin management / Surface irrigation / Institutional reform / Irrigation management Record No:H042682
This proceeding provides the papers and discussion results of a two-day workshop that was organized at International Water Management Institute (IWMI) office in Addis Ababa during the period of February 6-8, 2009 in relation to CPWF Project 19 – Improved water and land management in the Ethiopian Highlands and its impact on downstream stakeholders dependent on the Blue Nile. Short title: Upstream Downstream (USDS) in the Nile. The project is being under implementation during the last one and half years in partnership with various institutions that include International Livestock Research Institute, Cornell University, Omdurman Islamic University-UNESCO Chair in Water Resources, Addis Ababa University, Bahir Dar University, Amhara Regional Agricultural Research Institute and Forum for Social Studies. The main aims of the workshop had been: Bring together key stakeholders relevant to the project; Present, debate and validate the intermediate results of the project; Disseminate key results to wider audiences through workshop participating stakeholders; Follow up on the progress of the project and plan remaining tasks of the project. The workshop focus themes were: General characterization of the Blue Nile Basin; Watershed modeling and analysis; Water demand and allocation modeling and simulation; Policy and institutions of the water management in the Blue Nile basin.
International waters / Water governance / Policy / Organizations / Institutions / Soil conservation / Water balance / Soil water / Erosion / Rainfall-Runoff relationships / Sedimentation / Simulation models / Irrigation programs / Irrigation requirements / Water supply / Reservoirs / Water balance / Farming systems / Watershed management / River basin management Record No:H042503
Irrigation management / Water law / Water policy / Wastewater / Water reuse / Farming systems / Irrigation methods / Multiple use / Water use efficiency / Water productivity Record No:H042969
Capacity building / Policy / Water allocation / Reservoir operation / Climate change / Environmental effects / River basins / Social participation / Compensation / Social aspects / Electricity supplies / Water power / Development projects / Dams Record No:H041906
Farmers / Helminths / Risks / Public health / Paddy fields / Water balance / Rice / Water quality / Irrigated farming / Wastewater / Water reuse Record No:H039982
Environmental effects / Catchment areas / Water quality / Water allocation / Water management / Research institutes / Agricultural research / River basins Record No:H035717
Water scarcity / Irrigation water / Filtration / Wastewater / Rice / Fisheries / Risks / Public health / Environmental effects / Industrialization / Water quality / Domestic water / Water pollution / Groundwater Record No:H033488
Institutional development / Irrigation water / Water use / Irrigated farming / Economic aspects / Social aspects / Sustainability / Equity / Political aspects / Private investment / Water policy / Planning / Governance / River basins / Water resource management Record No:H032970
Case studies / Models / Irrigation efficiency / Water demand / Water allocation / Water policy / Groundwater irrigation / Institutional development / Governance / River basins / Water resource management Record No:H032939
Institutional development / Farm income / Water scarcity / GIS / Remote sensing / Salinity control / Pumping / Rain / Water quality / Supplementary irrigation / Environmental sustainability / Sustainable agriculture / Water table / Water balance / Water requirements / Crop production / Models / Groundwater / Surface water / Conjunctive use / Water resource management Record No:H031186
The Case Study Workshop was organized with the objective of obtaining the necessary input the experts on different subject areas of water resources, subject those views and discussion among the stakeholder agencies, and synthesize the information to a report on the case study. The outcome of the Workshop would eventually transform into the contribution of Sri Lanka to the forst WWDR.
Case studies / Economic aspects / Gender / Water management / Risks / Drought / Water governance / Industrialization / Energy / Food security / Sanitation / Water supply / Domestic water / Soils / Indicators / Groundwater / Water quality / Ecosystems / Water resources / River basins Record No:H031108
Water allocation / Models / Hydrology / Water policy / Economic aspects / Social aspects / Institutional development / River basins / Water resource management Record No:H030265
Conflict / Social aspects / Gender / Water law / Institutional constraints / Financing / Investment / Water scarcity / Water user associations / Privatization / User charges / Water allocation / Political aspects / Water use efficiency / Water policy / Developing countries / Agricultural development / Poverty / Watercourses / River basins / Water management Record No:H029109
Productivity / Water policy / Water scarcity / Water use efficiency / Surface irrigation / Large scale systems / Case studies / Performance evaluation / Irrigated farming / Rural development / Sustainability / Poverty / Water resources / Irrigation management Record No:H028857
Urbanization / Land use / Energy resources / Environmental effects / Water policy / Irrigation management / Water use / Sanitation / Water supply / Water demand / Water resources development / Water resource management Record No:H024606
Irrigation systems / Water lifting / Conjunctive use / Irrigation programs / Water user associations / Monitoring / Performance evaluation / Privatization / Irrigation management Record No:H023922
Proceedings of the workshop which focused particularly on gender analysis of rights to land and water, the implications of privatization and water markets for womenapos;s access to resources, how women (as well as men) can participate fully in collective action projects and the relation between problems like water scarcity and pollution, multiple uses of water in irrigation systems and gender.
Planning / Irrigated farming / Water user associations / Rice / Legislation / Land tenure / Economic aspects / Policy / Poverty / Water rights / Water resources / Agricultural production / Developing countries / Water scarcity / Property rights / Women in development / Irrigation management / Privatization / Gender Record No:H023664
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Economics and equity
At IWMI, researching underlying economic and social trends helps us understand why people migrate. They also explain the impact of remittances and loss of agricultural labor, as well as consequences of migration on gender roles and food and water security. For instance, communities with higher levels of income inequality, or relative deprivation, may experience greater levels of out-migration compared to consistently low-income communities. In addition, migration changes intra-household gender-labor composition, which can change the access of smallholders to water resources, affecting the functioning of community-based institutions and consequently household and local food security. IWMI also focuses on circular economy, a strategy to recover and reuse waste, to boost food security and understand how interventions can encourage refugee and host communities to retain scarce resources.
This focus area contributes to the following One CGIAR impact areas:
Urban & rural transformation
As agricultural opportunities fluctuate in rural areas, migration, particularly to urban areas, is an adaptation technique to secure incomes and alternative livelihoods. Income generated by migrants is often sent back to family as remittances to support communities at home. At IWMI, we assess linkages between rural and urban areas, as well as the role of agricultural knowledge systems and food and water security. We recognize there are complex push and pull factors such as individual aspirations, economic opportunity, social norms, climate variability and government policies which drive migration and affect rural communities, particularly youth. Our work follows a ‘positive migration’ philosophy, framing migration as an adaptation technique and socio-economic choice (in many cases) rather than a problem to be solved, and focuses on establishing safer, more regular migration by supporting changes to migration governance in sending regions.
This focus area contributes to the following One CGIAR impact areas:
Covid-19 disruption & adaptation
Covid-19 has caused a rupture in migration logistics and exposed inequities in the migration system, yet drivers of movement remain. Government lockdowns and closed borders due to the pandemic curtailed movement for migrants, posing complex problems for migrant hosting and origin countries. There have been significant economic shocks, with a sharp decline in unemployment for migrants and an inability to send money home through remittances to support family. Some migrants face social stigma for returning home without an income, particularly if families relied on loans to support their journeys. Consequences have been severe for informal migrants who lack government protection in their host countries. Migrants, particularly those living in crowded, lower-income neighborhoods, have been experiencing stigmatization related to the spread of Covid-19. We look at the impacts of Covid-19 on migration governance and rural areas across seven countries,development planning in Ghana, migration challenges in Southeast Asia, and community-based disaster management and resilience building in South Africa.
This focus area contributes to the following One CGIAR impact areas:
Water, climate change and agrarian stress
Migration, water and climate stress are inextricably linked to rural development. Water stress and climate variability can act as a driver of fragility, intensifying pre-existing political, social, economic and environmental challenges. Initiatives designed to address migration-related challenges must tackle inequalities and the exclusion of women, youth and marginalized groups; governance opportunities to better manage water and natural resources and technology and innovations to help communities escape socio-ecological precarity and thrive despite climate challenges. IWMI intends to build climate resilience by implementing projects which tackle gender-power inequalities in the face of dynamic, economic-social-ecological challenges. Our work brings together affected communities, institutional stakeholders and social actors to manage water in response to climate variability and agrarian stress, striving to address complex physical and social variables.
This focus area contributes to the following One CGIAR impact areas:
Gender, intersectionality and social inclusion
It is critical to center gender and intersectional identities when unpacking migration phenomena. Gender as a social construct guides social norms and relations, including the decision-making processes and mechanisms leading to migration. We recognize that the intersections between race, age, class, sex, caste and region shape the migrant experience.
IWMI strives to offer transformative approaches and solutions for women, youth and marginalized groups, regarding them as equal partners in our work rather than passive end-users. For example, within communities that experience male out migration, socio-political systems are restructured to make women, youth and other groups active agents in their own agri-food transformation. Migration patterns contribute to the feminization of agriculture, and women may experience a greater burden of responsibility coupled with an increased ability to access and control resources and policies to build sustainable livelihoods. Acknowledging social complexities helps researchers and communities understand migration trends and address structural power imbalances to build a more equitable world.
This focus area contributes to the following One CGIAR impact areas:
Innovation bundles
Farmer-led irrigation development is about much more than installing a pump in a field. It requires access to financing, labor, energy, and input and output markets, so that investments in irrigation translate into sustainable returns. IWMI uses a systemic approach to understand the farming system as well as the factors in the enabling environment that prevent women, men and youth from engaging in and benefitting equitably from farmer-led irrigation. We partner with farmers and the public and private sectors to test contextually relevant innovation bundles that combine irrigation technology such as solar pumps with financing mechanisms like pay-as-you-own or pay-as-you-go, agricultural inputs and agronomic techniques. We also look at ways to improve on-farm water management and nutrient use efficiency and reduce evapotranspiration through digital advances and agricultural extension. We integrate the scaling of innovation bundles into agricultural value chains to enhance the impacts on farmers’ irrigation investments, incomes and livelihoods.
This focus area contributes to the following One CGIAR impact areas:
Gender and social inclusion
The barriers facing women and men in accessing irrigation technologies are not the same. Neither are the benefits. Social, cultural and religious norms influence inter- and intra-household power relations. These, in turn, affect access to resources such as land, credit, information and training. IWMI carries out cross-dimensional analysis of gender and social inclusion in policy, financing, livelihood assets and access, institutional approaches and interventions as well as gender-based technology preferences. For example, we work with farmers, financial institutions and the private sector to address gender-based constraints in credit scoring and enhance women’s purchasing power. But benefitting from farmer-led irrigation does not stop at accessing and adopting technologies; enabling women and resource-poor farmers to participate in input and output markets is equally important to ensure that investments in irrigation result in improved nutrition and economic empowerment. Other ways we enhance gender and social inclusion include tackling agency issues around financial management and literacy, livelihood diversity and social capital as well as access to infrastructure, extension services and market linkages.
This focus area contributes to the following One CGIAR impact areas:
Environmental sustainability
Population pressure and increasing water competition in a changing climate require us to take stock of the availability and use of water across scales. Water availability not only influences farmers’ commercial prospects but also irrigation-related enterprises and agri-businesses. Greater water scarcity could jeopardize irrigation and agricultural markets while excessive water use can lead to declining ecosystems, water quality and soil health. IWMI advises development partners and the public and private sectors on all aspects of water resource availability and use through a variety of advanced modeling and remote-sensing products and tools, including Water Accounting+, solar irrigation mapping and internet of things. These are complemented by multi-criteria analysis to evaluate the potential of irrigation expansion, taking into consideration environmental flows. With our private sector partners, we are leveraging converging technologies, such as sensors on solar pumps that capture usage data, to encourage better resource management and governance.
This focus area contributes to the following One CGIAR impact areas:
Adaptive scaling and partnerships
The ability of farmers to engage in or expand irrigation depends on the prevailing socioeconomic, ecological and political contexts, which are often complex, non-linear and changeable. Overcoming systemic barriers to farmer-led irrigation development while taking advantage of existing opportunities requires scaling processes to be adaptive. This means diverse actors feed off, adapt to, support, cooperate, compete and interact with each other, forming different multi-actor networks and engaging in collective action to undertake various functions in the scaling ecosystem. IWMI works with farmers and public and private sector partners to co-design and pilot contextually relevant innovation bundles and their scaling pathways or strategies, influence policies and accelerate the transition to scale of innovations with demonstrated early impact.
This focus area contributes to the following One CGIAR impact areas:
Financing ecosystem
A lack of affordable credit, particularly for women and resource-poor farmers, is one of the main barriers to expanding farmer-led irrigation in low- and middle-income countries. But credit alone is not enough. Financing for irrigation equipment must be embedded in a wider financing ecosystem that bundles credit with inputs and services, market information and access, and technology such as digital payment. In several countries, irrigation equipment suppliers are stepping in to provide financing directly to farmers. In doing so, they increase their own risk. To address this issue, IWMI works with farmers, private companies, finance institutions and development partners such as the World Bank Group to analyze whether credit-scoring tools are inclusive. We also help to identify gaps in the financing ecosystem and de-risk the private sector from testing innovative end-user financing mechanisms that take into account farming system typologies, financial and social capital and crop seasonality.
This focus area contributes to the following One CGIAR impact areas:
Human capacity development and knowledge exchange
Scaling farmer-led irrigation requires strengthening human capacity and knowledge exchange among all actors and stakeholders involved. IWMI takes an action research approach, working with national and international research institutions, governments, extension agents and public and private organizations to co-develop the scaling ecosystem and strengthen capacity to drive scaling networks and collective action. We support the development of or reinforce national multi-stakeholder dialogues with the aim of sharing scaling experiences and realizing win-win collaboration, interactive learning and capacity development. Other modalities for capacity development include hackathons, innovation research grants for bachelor’s and master’s students, private sector scaling grants and innovation internships with private companies. These all serve to stimulate local and contextually relevant innovation, close the research-private sector divide and enhance job readiness among young professionals.
This focus area contributes to the following One CGIAR impact areas:
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