Externally Published

Groundwater for Sustainable Livelihoods and Equitable Growth explores how groundwater, often invisibly, improves peoples’ lives and livelihoods. This unique collection of 19 studies captures experiences of groundwater making a difference in 16 countries in Africa, South America and Asia. Such studies are rarely documented and this book provides a rich new collection of interdisciplinary analysis. The book is published in colour and includes many original diagrams and photographs. Spring water, wells or boreholes have provided safe drinking water and reliable water for irrigation or industry for millennia. However, the hidden nature of groundwater often means that it’s important role both historically and in the present is overlooked. This collection helps fill this knowledge gap, providing a diverse set of new studies encompassing different perspectives and geographies. Different interdisciplinary methodologies are described that can help understand linkages between groundwater, livelihoods and growth, and how these links can be threatened by over-use, contamination, and ignorance. Written for a worldwide audience of practitioners, academics and students with backgrounds in geology, engineering or environmental sciences; Groundwater for Sustainable Livelihoods and Equitable Growth is essential reading for those involved in groundwater and international development.

Climate change will affect the hydrologic cycle and thus it will have significant implications on the regional scale water availability from a number of sources. An index based assessment of the present and future water availability was carried out in this research. The Agricultural Water Availability Index was developed for Rehna doab, Pakistan. The study area was divided in four irrigation circles and further in to a grid of 1000 x 1000 m. The present and future water availability from canal diversions, rainfall, groundwater with its quality consideration and stored soil moisture was assessed. The results revealed that water availability is higher in the eastern parts of the study area and following a general trend it reduces towards the west. The mean index value for the present scenario in the study area was determined as 0.30. It was further investigated that water availability is varying throughout the year. In UCC irrigation circle the Agricultural Water Availability Index varies from -0.17 to 0.28 the minimum value was observed in December and the maximum in August. The corresponding index values for LCC-East, LCC-West and Haveli circle were from -0.16 to 0.15, -0.15 to 0.15 and -0.18 to 0.07 respectively. The current cropping intensities in the four irrigation circles were 152, 113, 115 and 114 percent respectively.An increase rainfall distribution and canal diversions were bserved in all future scenarios. Moreover the future rainfall was observed to have more fluctuation throughout the year. In comparison with the present situation it was noted that under future scenarios the spring season water availability would increase. The overall index value for UCC, LCC-East, LCC West and Haveli circle varies from - 0.21 to 0.65, -0.23 to 0.44, -0.25 to 0.41 and -0.27 to 0.29 respectively. This shows that the present trend of water availability across the circles is also observed in the future scenarios. Moreover the minimum and maximum extremes were observed to be more severe with August being the wettest and November being the driest months. More fluctuation in water availability was observed in Haveli circle, which means that comparatively more arid area are more vulnerable to climate change. This was evident from the spring water availability in Haveli circle where the range if index was from -0.02 to 0.14 for A2T2 and B2T2 scenarios respectively. The extreme water shortages for future scenarios in the months of May and November pose a serious threat to the major crop in the study area. Based on the results it was found that there was a shortage of water at the critical time of sowing of wheat, cotton and sweet pea therefore suitable climate change adaptation options were forwarded to cope with these shortages. It was suggested to adapt water conservation technologies during the sowing period of these crops as it saves time and conserve stored soil moisture for the development of crops.The overall results of this study can be used for making

From cities to biofuels, competition for water is accelerating. Climate change threatens to intensify the onset and severity of the water crisis in several regions of the developing world: this is already happening throughout much of Asia, the Mediterranean, southwestern Australia, and the southwestern US. Along with water shortages, unsafe water becomes an increasingly widespread problem, too. As water crises trigger food and health crises, billions may slip further into poverty, leading to greater social and political unrest, new wars, and worsening national security. Out of Water doesnapos;t just illuminate the coming global water crisis: it presents innovative solutions in agriculture, engineering, governance, and beyond, including state-of-the art techniques for integrated water management. This book will help raise the level of debate about water to the highest levels of government, and identify workable reforms and incentives to help water users utilize this crucial resource far more efficiently.

From cities to biofuels, competition for water is accelerating. Climate change threatens to intensify the onset and severity of the water crisis in several regions of the developing world: this is already happening throughout much of Asia, the Mediterranean, southwestern Australia, and the southwestern US. Along with water shortages, unsafe water becomes an increasingly widespread problem, too.As water crises trigger food and health crises, billions may slip further into poverty, leading to greater social and political unrest, new wars, and worsening national security. Out of Water doesnapos;t just illuminate the coming global water crisis: it presents innovative solutions in agriculture, engineering, governance, and beyond, including state-of-the art techniques for integrated water management. This book will help raise the level of debate about water to the highest levels of government, and identify workable reforms and incentives to help water users utilize this crucial resource far more efficiently.

Recently, large-scale surface-water or canal irrigation systems have been termed ‘a sunset industry’ (Rijsberman 2003). Handing over this sunset industry by means of irrigation management transfer (IMT) policies and the creation of water user associations (WUAs) has three main objectives: to increase efficiency, equity, and empowerment. The Uzbek government, together with the international organizations, the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), and the International Water Management Institute (IWMI), is currently promoting IMT and the creation of WUAs nationwide. The onset of the policy seemed to be a rational development since the former state and collective farms, which were also responsible for water management on their territories, were disintegrating, and new private farms were emerging rapidly. This study seeks to assess the potential of IMT policies by examining the broader physical, organizational, socio-economic, and political factors that might facilitate or hinder the main objectives of IMT and the creation of WUAs. These factors are addressed and analyzed separately through eight case study chapters that address questions on basin water management, the organizational capacities, and the socio-political dependencies of the district water management departments, the potential for multi-stakeholder platforms (MSPs), the politics of social network structures, and the process of land reforms. The study concludes that none of the external factors is conducive to the introduction of IMT policies and for creating WUAs. The implication is that IMT policies will not increase efficiency, equity, and empowerment, but could even worsen the water management situation. Furthermore, these policies will not increase the empowerment of either the WUAs or their members. Hence, under the current conditions, handing over the ‘sunset industry’ will not lead to a new sunrise for irrigation in Uzbekistan.

This book provides a baseline understanding of how people and wetlands are connected, why these linkages are vital and how they can be better managed. It calls for action to integrate wetland management and WASH approaches, so as to benefit the health and development of people in rural and peri-urban areas in developing countries without compromising ecosystem functioning. It has been written predominantly for the core staff, planners and coordinators of international organisations and their implementing partners dealing with either wetlands conservation and management or WASH provision.

Irrigated agriculture produces about 40% of all food and fibre on about 16% of all cropped land. As such, irrigated agriculture is a productive user of resources; both in terms of yield per cropped area and in yield per volume of water consumed. Many irrigation projects, however, use (divert or withdraw) much more water than consumed by the crop. The non-consumed fraction of the water may cause a variety of undesirable effects ranging from water-logging and salinity within the irrigated area to downstram water pollution.This book discusses all components of the water balance of an irrigated area; evapotranspiration (Ch.2), effective precipitation (Ch.3) and capillary rise from the groundwater table (Ch.4). Chapter 5 then combines all components into a water management strategy that balances actual evapotranspiration (and thus crop yield) with the groundwater balance of the irrigated area (for a substainable environment). Chapter 6 presents CRIWAR 3.0, a simulation program that combines all water balance components into a single simulation procedure. The chapter describes the use of the CRIWAR software for developing water requirement tables and other useful information based on the selected water management strategy. This version greatly expands upon the capabilities of previously published programs.

This Sourcebook is intended as a ready reference for practitioners (including World Bank stakeholders and clients in borrowing countries as well as Bank project leaders) seeking information on the state of the art about good land management approaches and innovations for investments, and close monitoring for potential scaling up.

Transboundary rivers are increasingly being drawn upon to meet competing demands. This publication provides an overview of the world’s shared water resources and guidance on managing these resources cooperatively. It describes the range of potential costs and benefits of cooperation, and of non-cooperation, and principles and mechanisms for sharing the benefits that derive from water. Using case studies from around the world, it presents both challenges and real world solutions for constructing the legal frameworks, institutions, management processes and financing needed to govern transboundary waters more equitably and sustainably.

The lack of sufficient access to clean water is a common problem faced by communities, efforts to alleviate poverty and gender inequality and improve economic growth in developing countries. While reforms have been implemented to manage water resources, these have taken little notice of how people use and manage their water and have had limited effect at the ground level. On the other hand, regulations developed within communities are livelihood-oriented and provide incentives for collective action but they can also be hierarchal, enforcing power and gender inequalities. This book shows how bringing together the strengths of community-based laws rooted in user participation and the formalized legal systems of the public sector, water management regimes will be more able to reach their goals. Evaluating the interface between community and formal water laws, chapters consider examples from Africa, Latin America and Asia and provide valuable insights for policy makers, managers, researchers and field implementers.

AB Provision of irrigation has been thought to be crucial in improving the livelihoods of millions of tribals in Central belt of India, who are locked in perpetual poverty. Green Revolution Technology, which has been at the heart of India’s agricultural development, has more or less bypassed the tribal population. For one, irrigation infrastructure is inadequate in the tribal regions and again when irrigation infrastructure is made available, the tribals do not seem to make adequate use of them. Creating demand for irrigation among the tribal farmers seems to be most important challenge. It is in this backdrop that we undertook our case study in a tribal dominated block of Gujarat. Unlike the other tribal dominated areas Jharkhand and Chattisgarh), the tribals in our study area were third generation farmers and therefore they faced no cognitive barriers in adopting irrigated agriculture. They are also as skilled a farmer as any other, which is reflected by the fact that there are no discernable yield differences between a tribal and a non-tribal farmer. We studied four canal irrigation schemes, which have been all turned over to the farmers at the behest of AKRSP (I)’s intervention. All these four schemes are tribal dominated, some of them are completely so, others have a handful of non-tribal population. The schemes we studied were Pingot RBMC, Baldeva LBMC, Pingot LBMC and Issar Minor Irrigation scheme. Our results confirm that irrigated agriculture has brought about tremendous benefits to a tribal farmer in the form of yield increases, higher cropping intensity, lower out migration and higher wage rates within the village. The trajectory of change for a typical tribal farming has been from cultivating local paddy in Kharif and migrating in Rabi and summer to cultivating hybrid paddy in kharif and irrigated groundnut or moong in summer. Irrigated agriculture has become central to their livelihoods and this in part explains why Participatory Irrigation Management (PIM) has been more or less successful here. However, the non-tribal farmers have benefited more from PIM than tribal farmers, because they shifted to very lucrative sugarcane farming. The non-tribals (Patels) have also played a significant role in these irrigation co-operatives in that they have provided the much needed “demonstration effect” of profitability of irrigated agriculture. AKRSP (I)’s role as facilitator of PIM in Pingot RBMC and Baldeva LBMC has been acclaimed nationally. But we propose that the success of these two schemes lies in the creation of Pingot LBMC society, where tribal farmers came forward on their own and formed irrigation society to take over management of the canal system. The very fact that an all-tribal farmer group could successfully replicate PIM experiment in Gujarat that was started with Pingot RBMC and Baldeva LBMC is a proof enough for the success of PIM as a whole. We also propose that in the long term, the sustainability of PIM will depend on the o

Through computer modeling showing how water availability and demand are likely to evolve,which policies and actions could ensure sustainable and efficient water use, enough food for the worldapos;s people, and adequate drinking water for all.

Malaria is a major health problem in Sri Lanka. Over the years a large pool of knowledge has accumulated on malaria in Sri Lanka. This book reviews a broad range of published literature of relevance for a description of malaria in Sri Lanka, including control aspects of the disease. Based on the literature examined, a general overview of the status of research in Sri Lanka is given, and areas where knowledge is lacking and further studies are required are identified.

Analysis of the worldapos;s water resources urging to an integrated approach to the management of water resources to reverse the water crisis.

Inaugural address delivered on quot;Application of Remote Sensing in Water Resources Managementquot; at ITC in Enschede, Netherlands, on March 24, 2000.

Poverty is increasingly recognized as a problem that needs to be brought to the center stage of mainstream water policy and intervention. Carrying buckets, drinking unsafe water, and also lacking the access to water to improve subminimal incomes are increasingly seen as important aspects of integrated water management at basin level. However, there are no agreed-upon concepts integrating poverty, gender, and water that: adequately define the nature of the problem for poor people; capture the multiple aspects and linkages in a comprehensive way; allow an analysis of the different processes in society that create and perpetuate the problem; orient policy makers in their efforts to alleviate water-related poverty. The aim of this paper, therefore, is to fill this gap by elaborating the concept of quot;water deprivationquot; and by highlighting the policy implications.

A summary of IWMIapos;s research contribution to the Vision process. Topics include: global water scarcity, the productivity of water, water storage, groundwater, and poverty, gender and water.

The two major objectives of this publication are (i) to provide an overview about the assessment of nutrient depletion and the major processes of nutrient depletion, and (ii) to provide an overview on different economic valuation approaches for nutrient depletion, including carbon depletion, and thus add to their discussion.

Papers presented at the National Consultation on Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM), Galadari Hotel, Colombo, Sri Lanka, 9 April 1999

The main objectives of the workshop were to discuss current insights into the water quality of the Bundala Lagoons, to set priorities for further research, and develop appropriate water management strategies that could improve and sustain the environment of the Bundala Na- tional Park. The workshop brought together a multidisciplinary group of 38 people from 22 governmental and nongovernmental organizations. After the workshop, a project protocol was finalized and now forms the basis for collaboration between several institutions involved in field based activities in the Bundala National Park.

This paper presents a conceptual framework for water accounting and provides generic terminologies and procedures to describe the status of water resource use and consequences of water resources related actions. The framework applies to water resource use at three levels of analysis: a use level such as an irrigated field or household, a service level such as an irrigation or water supply system, and a water basin level that may include several uses. Water accounting terminology and performance indicators are developed and presented with examples at all the three levels. Concepts and terminologies presented are developed to be supportive in a number of activities including: identification of opportunities for water savings and increasing water productivity; developing a better understanding of present patterns of water use and impacts of interventions; improving communication among professionals and communication to non-water professionals; and improving the rationale for allocation of water among uses. It is expected that with further application, these water accounting concepts will evolve into a robust, supporting methodology for water basin analysis.

This volume reviews the findings and results of research of the International Irrigation Management Institute during its first decade. The book also reviews several of the institute’s major institutional strengthening activities.

This paper presents a conceptual framework for water accounting and provides generic terminologies and procedures to describe the status of water resource use and consequences of water resources related actions. The framework applies to water resource use at three levels of analysis: a use level such as an irrigated field or household, a service level such as an irrigation or water supply system, and a water basin level that may include several uses. Water accounting terminology and performance indicators are developed and presented with examples at all the three levels. Concepts and terminologies presented are developed to be supportive in a number of activities including: identification of opportunities for water savings and increasing water productivity; developing a better understanding of present patterns of water use and impacts of interventions; improving communication among professionals and communication to non-water professionals; and improving the rationale for allocation of water among uses. It is expected that with further application, these water accounting concepts will evolve into a robust, supporting methodology for water basin analysis.

The main purpose of the workshop was to share the results and findings of, and obtain feedback on, the 5 years of work carried out under the IIMI-BF project. The workshop was attended by nearly 70 participants from Burkina Faso, Mali and Niger.

Synthesis report of the training and information dissemination activities carried out by the Burkina Faso Irrigation Management Project.

Synthesis report of the research results obtained under the Burkina Faso Irrigation Management Project between 1991-1997. The report has been designed to be a self-contained volume that could be read and understood without reference to any other document.

This paper attempts to present the linkages between irrigated agriculture, human health, and the environment based on a review of data available from Sri Lanka. Section 2, presents the background by reviewing irrigation development in Sri Lanka. Section 3 presents an outline for selecting the key environmental impacts of irrigation development, and suggests physical and economic indicators to quantify these impacts. Section 4 presents the main data with a short explanation of the main irrigation, health, and environment relationships and a review of their current status in Sri Lanka. Section 5 presents the conclusions.

Report, Projet dapos;appui institutionnel au Ministere delapos;environnement et de lapos;eau pour la recherche-developpement en management de lapos;irrigation au Burkina Faso. Project no.F/BUF/DN-AI/DMI/90/3

Report, Projet dapos;appui institutionnel au Ministere delapos;environnement et de lapos;eau pour la recherche-developpement en management de lapos;irrigation au Burkina Faso. Project no.F/BUF/DN-AI/DMI/90/3

Report, Projet dapos;appui institutionnel au Ministere delapos;environnement et de lapos;eau pour la recherche-developpement en management de lapos;irrigation au Burkina Faso. Project no.F/BUF/DN-AI/DMI/90/3

Report, Project management de lapos;irrigation au Burkina Faso (PMI-BF)

Report, Projet dapos;appui institutionnel au Ministere de lapos;environnement et de lapos;eau pour la recherche-developpement en management de lapos;irrigation au Burkina Faso. Project no.F/BUF/DN-AI/DMI/90/3

The main objective of this study was to examine and assess the potential for expanding the cultivation of OFCs on rice lands, based on data available over a decade (1982-92) in respect of extents cultivated as well as changes that have taken place on different categories of irrigated lands in the country. The study highlights the great weaknesses of the database on diversified cropping, including basic information such as extents and crop yields.. Establishment and maintenance of an accurate spatial database using a Geographic Information System (GIS) should therefore be given a high priority.

The study, conducted in the Philippines, was aimed at developing and testing an integrated research methodology combining Process Documentation Research PDR and validation of PDR findings through a quick process of workshops and questionnaire surveys to assess the Farmer Irrigatorsapos; Organization Program (FIOP) country-wide. PDR using an action research mode, was confined to a small sample and provided continuous feedback during FIOP implementation. On the other hand, because of the large sample size and area covered the workshops and questionnaire surveys were useful in validating quantitatively the more qualitative PDR findings. The validation process was quick because it was guided by PDR results. Hence methods used are complementary to each other and can be integrated.

The last few decades Sri Lanka has made detennined efforts for crop diversification to raise farm production and improve the quality of life of the farmers. Significant progress has also been made and a large area has been brought under different crops, especially, chili and big onion, two very important cash crops. Most of these developments have occurred in medium and major schemes resulting in significant increases in the cropping intensity as well as in the participation of farmers. Minor schemes which command around 42 percent of the total irrigated area of the country, however did not benefit much from the crop diversification program and their cropping intensity to fluctuate between 80 percent and 90 percent for nearly half a century. At the same time, because of increasingly reduced return from rice farming, many farmers in these schemes are looking for off farm employment to make a living. To understand the technical and socioeconomic dynamics and develop strategies for crop diversification in minor schemes, the Irrigation Research Management Unit (IRMU) of the Irrigation Department (ID) in collaboration with the Sri Lanka National Program (SLNP) of the International Irrigation Management Institute (IIMI) organized a consultation workshop on strategies for Crop diversification in Minor Irrigation Schemes. This volume is the report of the proceedings of the above workshop held at the Irrigation Department, Colombo, Sri Lanka on 20 February, 1996. The workshop provided an opportunity to the participants from different organizations to exchange experiences and identify new approaches to crop diversification.

IN 1978, THE United States Agency for International Development (USAID) decided to assist the Government of Sri Lanka in improving the management of water in major irrigation projects in the dry zone. It was understood that this required building an adequate knowledge-base and new institutional capacities both of which take time but neither of which can be purchased apos;off the shelf.apos; USAID and the Government of Sri Lanka recognized that a successful effort to improve water management could well take 20 years, but it would have to begin in a focused, concrete way, in a pioneering project that would begin to build up in-country knowledge and institutional capacity. In 1979, the government and USAID selected the Left Bank of the Gal Oya Irrigation System for rehabilitation. This planned change program was officially called the Gal Oya Rehabilitation and Water Management Project. The Irrigation Department (10) was appointed by the government as the project implementing agency. Technical assistance was to be obtained from the PRC Engineering consultants Inc., a U.S. engineering firm. Through a Letter of Understanding, the 10 was further assisted by the Agrarian Research and Training Institute (ARTI), which dealt with the socioeconomic components of the project. ARTI was assisted in this regard by the Rural Development Committee of Cornell University, USA. The project initially spanned 44 months (August 1979 to march 1984). The project life was subsequently extended by 21 months, until December 31,1985 as it needed more time to reach its assigned targets. With this policy objective, the Farmer Organization Program was included as one of the components of this major water management and rehabilitation project. The project assigned the establishment of farmer organizations (FOs) and the promotion of farmersapos; participation in these associations to ARTI. The main objective of this paper is to describe how these FOs evolved. The paper stresses that there was a cyclical trend of Fa evolution. It describes how FOs began and flourished at the initial stage of the project and the socio-administrative-climate that provided a conducive environment to such growth. Then it examines the crises and dynamics of the programapos;s decline during its latter part.

Experiences from past rehabilitation projects have indicated that without effective farmer participation in the rehabilitation process, it is extremely difficult to achieve cost effective and quality rehabilitation. This led the National Irritation Rehabilitation Project (NIRP) to mandate farmer participation in planning, design and implementation of rehabilitation projects with the ultimate objective of handing over operation and maintenance (Oamp;M) responsibilities of rehabilitated schemes to FOs.Late in 1993, the Irrigation Research Management Unit (IRMU) carried out a rapid rural appraisal (RRA) of five NIRP schemes to evaluate the effectiveness of farmer participation. Results were presented in the workshop in October, 1994. At the recommendation of the workshop the study was expanded to cover a significantly larger sample size (20 more schemes) with a view to more thoroughly analyze issues raised. Preliminary results showed that farmers bear wide-ranging views on their participation in rehabilitation and takeover. This situation necessitated the need to consult farmers to draw on their views and opinions, to further strengthen the rehabilitation process being pursued by NI RP.Many workshops and seminars have been held in the past to solicit opinions of experts on the subject including documenting experiences of the agency officials engaged in the implementation of rehabilitation projects. IRMU has taken a step forward by obtaining feedback directly from the farmer leaders on the issues that contribute to further strengthening farmer participation in the rehabilitation and turnover of NIRP schemes.The workshop provided a forum to the farmer leaders to frankly and openly express their opinions and share their experiences. Proceedings of these discussions were meticulously recorded and this report provides the outcome of those discussions.

This paper reviews policy-related issues discussed in recent conferences that will affect groundwater development and management efforts in South Asia. Emphasis is given to policy issues surrounding emerging groundwater depletion and quality concerns, and issues concerning the equitable development of groundwater for poverty alleviation. The paper outlines the range of services that depend on groundwater resources and outlines the range of services that depend on groundwater resources to provide these services, and the complications stemming from the fragmented approach taken to water management throughout the region. A range of responses dealing with the management of the physical system is identified. In conclusion , the paper discusses institutional frameworks through which management responses could be implemented, in relation to both the range of approaches theoretically applicable and the existing institutional frameworks in place throughout South Asia

This report presents a methodology for planning the rehabilitation and improvement of small-scale irrigation systems within the context of the water basin when information on hydrology and water use is inadequate. It was developed for planning the rehabilitation and improvement of small tank systems in the dry zone of Sri Lanka. The methodology is useful to those undertaking irrigation rehabilitation projects in similar circumstances and it may also be extended to water resources planning in many other circumstances.

Synthesis report of the research results obtained under the Burkina Faso Irrigation Management Project between 1991-1997. This volume deals with the socio-economic aspects.

Synthesis report of the research results obtained under the Burkina Faso Irrigation Management Project between 1991-1997. This volume deals with hydraulics.

Synthesis report of the research results obtained under the Burkina Faso Irrigation Management Project between 1991-1997. This volume deals with agronomy.

It is becoming increasingly evident that to maintain the sustainability of irrigation schemes, effective farmer participation in operation and maitenace is essential. The consultation workshop was held to discuss the NIRPapos;s planned strategy for farmer participation, the actual level of participation and to identify measures that NIRP should take in order to further strengthen farmer participation.

The Irrigation Research Management Unit (IRMU) was established in mid-1992 in the Irrigation Department, Sri Lanka. The main objective of it is to identify research needs, conduct and coordinate research and disseminate research results to improve efficiency, productivity and profitability of irrigated agriculture. As part of its technology transfer program, the IRMU initiated a series of monthly seminars. During the year of 1994, eleven such seminars were held. The seminars covered the following program areas of IRMU and their distribution was as follows: Assessing and Improving Performance of Irrigation Systems-3, Local Management of Irrigation ofSystems-3, Operational Management of Water Delivery and Disposal-1, Crop Diversification-1, and Environmental Studies-3. Professionals and researchers from national and international agencies as well as free lance consultants dealing with irrigated agriculture and irrigation management participated as resource persons. Speakers came from the Department of Agriculture, the University of Peradeniya, the Irrigation Department, the Irrigation Research Management Unit, the Open University of Sri Lanka, the Field Crop Research and Development Institute-Maha Iluppallama, the International Irrigation Management Institute (IIMI) and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific (FAO/RAPA). IIMI was involved in three presentations (two on IRMUapos;s work), the faculty members of the University of Peradeniya gave two presentations, the Irrigation Department, the Open University of Sri Lanka, the Field Crop Research and Development Institute, the Department of Agriculture, the FAO/RAPA and an independent consultant gave one presentation each. In addition to serving as a strong component of the technology transfer program, these seminars also provide essential inputs in strengthening IRMUapos;s research program. These seminars, in general were well received, which was evident from the wide participation of different institutions and agencies. This publication contains summaries of the eleven seminars presented during the year 1994

Final report of the Technical Assistance Study TA-1481 PAK

Handbook in which an attempt has been made to consolidate a large body of existing experience of mountain irrigation and to make it available to irrigation practitioners. Some of the experiences comes from designing new irrigation structures for mountainous sites and some of it comes from examining and analyzing traditional structures which mountain communities have evolved for themselves.

This paper reports on a detailed sociological study carried out as the NGO (or change agent) was completing three-year projects in two sites, Nagadeepa and Pimburettewa. The study describes the change agentapos;s strategy, and analyzes its impact and the perceptions of farmers and government officials regarding its impact. The case study is placed in a wider context, in terms of both the participatory management policy of the Government of Sri Lanka, and the lessons learned that are relevant for NGOs working in other countries as well.

This paper describes the development and implementation of a management information system for the Mahi Kadana irrigation project in Gujarat , India. It describes the sequential process of modification of field -level data collection procedures by low level staff of the Gujarat Irrigation department, the development of improved methods for communicating these field-level data in a timely and efficient manner to managers at section and subdivision levels, and the development of a data processing package that transfers field-level data into information to be used by managers in improving performance into the future. The second part of the paper demonstrates how the output from the computer can be used to develop performance reports.

The efforts of IIMI/PMI-BF to assess irrigation water use from small reservoirs in Burkina Faso led to the development of a software called DIG. This program, written in Quick Basic 4.5, is a simple data processing tool which respects the international norm CUA (Common User Access) that greatly facilitates learning new software.; The version 1.1 of DIG, presented in this paper, allows the calculation of discharges and volumes of water from chronological measurements of water depths over rectangular orifices and weirs. The results are generated either as quot;elementary volumesquot; (i.e. function of the chronological structure of input data), or any other time step e.g. daily, 2 days, 5 days...; All the input data and the output results can be easily printed. Furthermore, it is possible to export the results towards spreadsheet software like Quattro Pro or Lotus 123 for producing graphics or performing other calculations.

This monograph examines the construction, operation and maintenance tasks that shape the nature of locally managed irrigation systems. The objective of the book is to identify relevant experiences and lessons for staff who are responsible for working with locally managed systems in three types of programs: direct assistance to existing locally managed irrigation systems, turnover of public owned systems to local management, and transfer of partial management to farmer groups within larger systems that remain publicly controlled.

This study adopts two objectives : !) the identification of generalized directions of management change for performance improvement in the irrigation subsector and 2) the testing of an analytical framework for irrigation management.

Frame work for use in assessment of irrigation system performance and diagnosis of the primary causes of different levels of performance actually achieved . The framework is tested using 15 case studies of irrigation performance in a range of countries in Asia, Africa and South America with a number of different design and management environments.

The seminar highlights the problems facing irrigation development in Nigeria. The research priorities needed to solve them and the need to develop sustainable irrigation for the country are discussed. Unanimously adopted recommendations and action programs are: A. Irrigation research priorities: 1. Irrigation performance assessment; 2. Economic issues; 3. Technological issues; 4. Institutional framework for irrigation management; 5. Environmental issues; 6. Sociological issues. B. Framework for irrigation research and a pilot project. C. Irrigation research networking.

This volume reports on a concerted effort to analyze and reflect on the possible role of groundwater development in helping to address the persistent rural poverty problem in Bangladesh, Nepal and eastern India, an area in large part coincident with the Gangetic Basin.

The purpose of this literature review is to identify the lessons learnt from the implementation of these projects based on available literature, and the gaps that need to be filled by additional research. It brings out clearly a number of lessons learned, some of which have been incorporated in recent projects, and some not. Many of these lessons are applicable not only to Sri Lanka but more widely. The lessons include: the importance of involving farmers from the begining and using the improvment process to build farmerapos;s organizations; the effectiveness of specially trained catalysts for organizing farmers; the imporatnce of addressing agricultural, technological, marketing, and other issues as well as irrigation problems; and the necessity to build in better monitoring and evaluation processes.

The management of a manually operated irrigation canal with a number of control structures presents a special set of challenges to the system manager, who is often confronted with the problem of identifying and implementing a coordinated operational strategy to meet water delivery targets in the absence of adequate and reliable information on how the system is functioning. The development of a microcomputer-based mathematical flow simulation model of the Kirindi Oya Right Bank Main Canal is the first phase in IIMIapos;s efforts to provide canal managers with an innovative decision-support tool to help them meet these challenges. This research project was also the beginning of a fruitful, mutually rewarding and lasting relationship between the International Irrigation Management Institute (11MI) and the Centre National du Machinisme Agricole, du Genie Rural, des Eaux et. des Forets (CEMAGREF). This research paper, co-authored by staff members of both institutions, is yet another outcome of this excellent, collaborative relationship.

Case study about the implementation of the Farmer Irrigatorsapos; Organizing Project in a pump irrigation system in The Philippines employing several selected and well-trained farmers in organizing co-farmers.

Detailed study of decision-making processes and managerial conditions of the Kirindi Oya Irrigation and Settlement Project in Sri Lanka, adopting a management perspective in the analysis of the performance of this major irrigation system in Sri Lanka. This paper is a companion document to quot;Irrigation management processes and conditionsquot; by the same author.

The method suggested in this manual provides a simplified procedure for calibrating and/or updating drop structure curves. The convenience of the proposed method outweighs the lack of rigor and precision, and in any event, the resulting degree of accuracy appears sufficient for most operational purposes.

Over the past few years IIMI has acquired a rich and rewarding storehouse of experience in its relations with national partners and collaborating agencies, some of which are unique and innovative. The Management Committee therefore decided that IIMI collects and documents this experience for future reference and consideration by senior management, and the Board of Governors. As the first phase in this effort, Regional Representative West Africa, and all Heads of Field Operations and Project Leaders were asked to list and inventorise their experience with national partners and other collaborating agencies in their work operations. This included both formal, official as well as informal relationships which contributed to strengthen better understanding and impact on national programs. Known activities were to be listed with some degree of description, whereas additional information was to be provided on lesser known and informal activities. The report of these experiences was presented initially to the Management Committee Meeting of February 1992. In February 1992, the Management Committee decided that based on past experience, a more comprehensive document which recognized the need to generate a conceptual framework to strengthen national capacities, be developed. This set in motion a second phase of work. In March 1992, Director Pakistan, Regional Representative West Africa, Heads of Field Operations (present and former) and Project Leaders in Field Operations were requested to provide an internal review of achievements to date and recommendations in their efforts at strengthening national capacities. Specific examples of country experience, assessment of the circumstances that made it possible, and the environment that fostered close relationships facilitating the strengthening of national capacity were to be provided.

The strong irrigation tradition has sustained the broad based community community interest in irrigation. The result is a very complex institutional milieu in which a set of formally established irrigation rules and organizations exists side by side with an intricate set of social institutions. The two sets act like a dual system often in conflict with each other. The authors, while analyzing the present institutional barriers, have highlighted the importance of irrigation rules and procedures in the institutional framework.

This study of the Kerian irrigation scheme determines effects of the rehabilitation design and actual management interactions on performance and suggests ways to improve the existing level of system performance. The study also probes , among other things, such shortfalls as overly optimistic management assumptions and the declining interest of farmers in irrigated farming.

The detailed study of irrigation management processes and managerial conditions presented in this paper is part ofIIMIapos; s effort to integrate a management perspective into the assessment of irrigation performance. This management perspective requires an amalgamation of two key disciplines involved in irrigation management, irrigation engineering and management science, into an analytical framework for irrigation management. Irrigation engineering approaches are thereby evaluated by their contribution to the actual decision- making processes during system planning and design, and system operation. Yet, in the analysis of the most relevant decision-making processes, conceptual contributions of other disciplines such as economics, sociology and agronomy have to be considered as well.

The present study is an outcome of research carried out by the author under the Farmer-Managed Irrigation Systems (FMIS) Program of IIMI. The study was based mostly on available literature, and partly on the authorapos;s experience in the small-scale irrigation sector under the District Integrated Rural Development Programs (Hambantota and Badulla) of the Ministry of Plan Implementation and under the FMIS theme of IIMI in the North Central Province. The study reviewed three government strategies and two nongovernment strategies which have been implemented as assistance programs to improve and enhance the small irrigation sector during the last two decades. It was also based largely on the research findings and presentations made at workshops on specific subjects conducted by IIMI and the Agricultural Research and Training Institute (ARTI).

Experiences from Hambantota District tank settlement project, Sri Lanka where the author did research on the contributions of a non-governmental organization in improving small-scale irrigation systems.

This study of Irrigation Management and Crop Diversification is being carried out under a Technical Assistance Agreement (T.A. No.846-SRI) dated 27 November 1987, between the Government of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka (GOSL), the International Irrigation Management Institute (IIMI) and the Asian Development Bank (ADB). The study is being implemented by IIMI in the Kirindi Oya and Uda Walawe projects in southern Sri Lanka in close collaboration with the agencies in charge of development and management of these projects. It addresses, through field-level research, priority issues of importance and relevance of the two projects in the processes of irrigation system management, with particular attention given to the requirements of crop diversification.

Vol. 1 - Summary and recommendations; Vol. 2 - Efficient irrigation management; Vol. 3 - Small scale irrigation turnover program

Vol. 1 - Summary and recommendations; Vol. 2 - Efficient irrigation management; Vol. 3 - Small scale irrigation turnover program

Vol. 1 - Summary and recommendations; Vol. 2 - Efficient irrigation management; Vol. 3 - Small scale irrigation turnover program