There is currently no water cooperation between Afghanistan and Pakistan. Of the nine rivers that flow across the border, none possess a formal agreement or mechanism to manage shared water resources. Further, there is very little information available about the status of environment, hydrology and water resources management for these river basins that could be used as a starting point for dialogues on transboundary water coordination. This State of the Basins book co-develops an overview of the three most important river basins, in collaboration with international experts and water professionals from Afghanistan and Pakistan. It covers water resources, land resources, ecological health, environment, climate change, and the social and economic conditions for sustainable management of these precious resources. It will inform decision making within the two countries, and begin to establish benefits that can accrue from more active collaboration on these shared waters.; This book: Focuses on portions of the Indus shared by Afghanistan and Pakistan.; Features extensive engagement and co-development with Afghan and Pakistani professionals.; Is the first book on the shared waters in the Indus, developed in the context of regional realities associated with post-August 2021 Taliban takeover.; The book is aimed at students and researchers in water rights and resources, and government decision makers, private sector investors, donors, intermediary organizations that work directly with farmers, researchers and students. It is a reference book for graduate students and researchers working on these basins, and on transboundary river basin management in Asia and beyond.
Hydropower / Reservoirs / Institutions / Legislation / Water law / Water policies / Water governance / Hydrology / Trends / Climate prediction / Temperature / Precipitation / Climate change / Sustainable Development Goals / Energy security / Economic growth / Employment / Livelihoods / Food security / Human health / Poverty / Demography / Socioeconomic development / Land use / Irrigation / Water quality / Water management / Agricultural water use / Groundwater / Surface water / Sustainability / Water security / International cooperation / Water resources / River basin management / Water sharing / Transboundary waters Record No:H052166
Case studies / Modelling / Spatial data / SADC countries / Capacity development / Farmers / Smallholders / Financing / Ecosystems / Environmental health / Public health / Catchment areas / Transboundary waters / Goal 7 Affordable and clean energy / Goal 6 Clean water and sanitation / Goal 2 Zero hunger / Sustainable Development Goals / Nexus / Food security / Energy resources / Water resources Record No:H051168
Groundwater for Sustainable Livelihoods and Equitable Growth explores how groundwater, often invisibly, improves peoples’ lives and livelihoods. This unique collection of 19 studies captures experiences of groundwater making a difference in 16 countries in Africa, South America and Asia. Such studies are rarely documented and this book provides a rich new collection of interdisciplinary analysis. The book is published in colour and includes many original diagrams and photographs.
Spring water, wells or boreholes have provided safe drinking water and reliable water for irrigation or industry for millennia. However, the hidden nature of groundwater often means that it’s important role both historically and in the present is overlooked. This collection helps fill this knowledge gap, providing a diverse set of new studies encompassing different perspectives and geographies. Different interdisciplinary methodologies are described that can help understand linkages between groundwater, livelihoods and growth, and how these links can be threatened by over-use, contamination, and ignorance.
Written for a worldwide audience of practitioners, academics and students with backgrounds in geology, engineering or environmental sciences; Groundwater for Sustainable Livelihoods and Equitable Growth is essential reading for those involved in groundwater and international development.
Case studies / Socioeconomic development / Households / Farmers / Smallholders / Rice / Stubble burning / Coastal areas / Villages / Rural areas / Periurban areas / Landscape conservation / Urban development / Strategies / Adaptation / Resilience / Climate change / Hydrogeology / Alluvial aquifers / Wells / Water springs / Watersheds / River basins / Water harvesting / Water supply / Legal frameworks / Water policies / Water governance / Water scarcity / Surface water / Conjunctive use / Water use / Small scale systems / Groundwater irrigation / Groundwater extraction / Groundwater recharge / Water security / Water resources / Equity / Sustainable livelihoods / Groundwater management Record No:H051156
Institutions / European Union / River basins / International waters / Surface water / Land management / Land use / Energy resources / Public health / Equity / Social aspects / Poverty / Capacity building / Education / Aquifers / Groundwater extraction / Groundwater management / Conflict / Cooperation / Incentives / Economic aspects / Collective action / Participatory management / Stakeholders / Legislation / Legal aspects / Sustainable Development Goals / Ecology / Water policy / Water resources / Water management / Water governance Record No:H048538
Case studies / Filtration / Riverbanks / Research institutions / Cultivation / Rice / Crop production / Carbon footprint / Climate change / Rural areas / River basins / International waters / International cooperation / Developing countries / Sustainable Development Goals / Policy making / Development policy / Nexus / Food security / Food resources / Energy resources / Water management / Water resources Record No:H048731
River basin management / Cooperation / Mining / Gold / Lakes / Stakeholders / Peasant workers / Land ownership / Agriculture / Community involvement / Cooperatives / Groundwater / Watersheds / Dams / Political aspects / International waters / Water control / Water management / Water security / Water law / Collective action / Water governance Record No:H048342
Gender / Energy generation / Food production / Wetlands / Fisheries / Mining / Industrial development / Irrigation systems / Irrigated farming / Urbanization / Agriculture / Ecosystem services / Sustainable agriculture / Rainfall-runoff relationships / Evapotranspiration / Temperature / Drought / Flooding / Climate change / Economic aspects / Groundwater management / Wastewater treatment / International waters / Surface water / Water requirements / Water demand / Water security / Water reuse / Water quality / Water power / Water availability / Water use / Water resources / River basin management Record No:H048269
Case studies / Ponds / Watershed management / Irrigation systems / Catchment areas / Cost benefit analysis / Seepage / Infiltration / Spillways / Dams / Rainfall-runoff relationships / Runoff water / Socioeconomic development / Land use / Sedimentation / Reservoir storage / Groundwater potential / Groundwater development / Tank irrigation / River basins / Rainwater / Water storage / Water demand / Water availability / Water resources / Corporate culture / Community involvement / Economic analysis / Water harvesting Record No:H048072
Case studies / Land cover change / Land use / Emission / Global warming / Dams / Energy generation / Legislation / Gender / Infrastructure / Meteorological stations / Riparian zones / Food composition / Farmland / Economic aspects / Population density / Intensification / Public health / Environmental flows / Ecosystem services / Industrial development / Urban development / Crops / Agricultural development / Sustainable agriculture / Food security / Living standards / Poverty / Socioeconomic environment / Drought / Flood control / Climate change / Industrial uses / Domestic consumption / Wastewater treatment / International waters / Drinking water / Groundwater / Surface water / Water policy / Water availability / Water scarcity / Water balance / Water quality / Water power / Water use / Water governance / Water resources / Economic growth / River basin management Record No:H047720
Stakeholders / Socioeconomic development / Cost recovery / Economic development / Environmental effects / Groundwater / Water demand / Water supply / Water governance / Water management / Water resources / Integrated management / Sustainable development / Water security Record No:H047582
Meteorological stations / Evapotranspiration / Precipitation / Temperature / Rainfall patterns / Environmental effects / Economic aspects / Emission / Greenhouse gases / Irrigated farming / Living standards / River basins / Rice / Crop production / Food production / Deltas / Salt water intrusion / Sea level / Coastal area / Irrigation management / Irrigation water / International waters / Groundwater / Water rates / Water rights / Water use / Water scarcity / Water demand / Water resources / Water accounting / Water conservation / Water requirements / Water management / Adaptation / Sustainable agriculture / Agricultural production / Agricultural development / Climate change Record No:H047367
Case studies / Living standards / Households / Food security / Multiple use / Community organizations / Corporate culture / Institutions / Standards / Small farms / Irrigation schemes / Suburban areas / Urban areas / Rural areas / Local authorities / Social aspects / Colonialism / Political aspects / Economic aspects / Legislation / Legal aspects / Common lands / Land reform / Land ownership / Landscape / Sanitation / Freshwater / Water user associations / Water quality / Water availability / Water use / Domestic water / Water policy / Water law / Water rights / Water scarcity / Water governance / Water resources / Ethnic groups / Equity / Women / Gender / Human rights Record No:H047293
Management techniques / State intervention / Decision making / Policy making / Legal aspects / Farmers organizations / Bureaucracy / Irrigation systems / Irrigation management / Water supply / Water user associations / Water management / Water resources Record No:H046835
Partnerships / International cooperation / Knowledge management / Gender / River basins / Water policy / Institutions / International organizations / Research projects / Water management / Agriculture / Poverty / Water allocation / Water productivity / Food security / Living standards / Water scarcity Record No:H046694
Case studies / Biodiversity / Land use / Emission reduction / Greenhouse gases / Knowledge management / Climate change / Labour mobility / Horticulture / Nutrients / Waste treatment / Excreta / Wastewater treatment / Wastewater management / Decentralization / Milk production / Malnutrition / Health hazards / Sanitation / Carbon cycle / Solar energy / Catchment areas / Water availability / Water demand / Water use / Water supply / Water footprint / Social aspects / Sustainable development / Models / Hydrological cycle / Rural areas / Urbanization / Urban areas / Periurban areas / Agriculture / Energy conservation / Food supply / Food production / Food security / Water security Record No:H046685
Partnerships / International cooperation / Knowledge management / Gender / River basins / Water policy / Institutions / International organizations / Research projects / Water management / Agriculture / Poverty / Water allocation / Water productivity / Food security / Living standards / Water scarcity Record No:H046679
Case studies / Water levels / Climate change / Hydrological factors / Deltas / Reservoir storage / Ecosystems / Dry season / Stream flow / Rivers / Dam construction / Hydrology / Water power Record No:H046641
Agricultural production / Irrigation efficiency / Risk management / Water conservation / Virtual water / Water productivity / Water security / Water governance / Water scarcity / Water management / Water resources Record No:H046524
Agricultural production / Irrigation efficiency / Risk management / Water conservation / Virtual water / Water productivity / Water security / Water governance / Water scarcity / Water management / Water resources Record No:H046514
Case studies / Measurement / Satellite observation / Hydrology / Water storage / Groundwater / Biomass / Land cover / Land use / Data / Spatial distribution / Rain / Remote sensing / Precipitation / Indicators / Evapotranspiration / River basins / Water use / Water resources / Water accounting Record No:H046457
Case studies / Measurement / Satellite observation / Hydrology / Water storage / Groundwater / Biomass / Land cover / Land use / Data / Spatial distribution / Rain / Remote sensing / Precipitation / Indicators / Evapotranspiration / River basins / Water use / Water resources / Water accounting Record No:H046456
Employment / Poverty / Irrigation / Public health / Sanitation / Local government / Public sector / Public services / Water allocation / Drinking water / Domestic water / Water use efficiency Record No:H046385
Indicators / Seasonality / Land use / Models / Wells / Supplemental irrigation / Income / Impact assessment / Socioeconomic environment / Water User Associations / Water saving / Water use / Water availability / Water management / Financing / Costs / Technology / River basins / Cropping patterns / Rice / Crops / Agricultural production / Adaptation / Climate change Record No:H046228
Environmental effects / Privatization / Irrigation management / Case studies / Valleys / Upstream / Water quality / Cooperation / Water sharing / Agreements / International waters / Water availability / Water scarcity / Virtual water / Upstream / River basins / Energy generation / Water security / Water management / Water resources Record No:H046071
Economic aspects / Research projects / Capacity development / Environmental effects / Urban areas / Corporate culture / Policy / Health hazards / Risks / Food production / Agriculture / Water scarcity / Water reuse / Water management / Wastewater treatment Record No:H046070
Households / Land use / Economic aspects / Groundwater recharge / Research projects / Impact assessment / Case studies / Runoff / Rainfall patterns / Climate change / Irrigation methods / Irrigation system / Erosion / Rainfed farming / Highlands / Water storage / Multiple use / Water use efficiency / Technology / Water harvesting / Water resources development / Water management Record No:H045949
Households / Land use / Economic aspects / Groundwater recharge / Research projects / Impact assessment / Case studies / Runoff / Rainfall patterns / Climate change / Irrigation methods / Irrigation system / Erosion / Rainfed farming / Highlands / Water storage / Multiple use / Water use efficiency / Technology / Water harvesting / Water resources development / Water management Record No:H045723
Climate change will affect the hydrologic cycle and thus it will have significant implications on the regional scale water availability from a number of sources. An index based assessment of the present and future water availability was carried out in this research. The Agricultural Water Availability Index was developed for Rehna doab, Pakistan. The study area was divided in four irrigation circles and further in to a grid of 1000 x 1000 m. The present and future water availability from canal diversions, rainfall, groundwater with its quality consideration and stored soil moisture was assessed. The results revealed that water availability is higher in the eastern parts of the study area and following a general trend it reduces towards the west. The mean index value for the present scenario in the study area was determined as 0.30. It was further investigated that water availability is varying throughout the year. In UCC irrigation circle the Agricultural Water Availability Index varies from -0.17 to 0.28 the minimum value was observed in December and the maximum in August. The corresponding index values for LCC-East, LCC-West and Haveli circle were from -0.16 to 0.15, -0.15 to 0.15 and -0.18 to 0.07 respectively. The current cropping intensities in the four irrigation circles were 152, 113, 115 and 114 percent respectively.An increase rainfall distribution and canal diversions were bserved in all future scenarios. Moreover the future rainfall was observed to have more fluctuation throughout the year. In comparison with the present situation it was noted that under future scenarios the spring season water availability would increase. The overall index value for UCC, LCC-East, LCC West and Haveli circle varies from - 0.21 to 0.65, -0.23 to 0.44, -0.25 to 0.41 and -0.27 to 0.29 respectively. This shows that the present trend of water availability across the circles is also observed in the future scenarios. Moreover the minimum and maximum extremes were observed to be more severe with August being the wettest and November being the driest months. More fluctuation in water availability was observed in Haveli circle, which means that comparatively more arid area are more vulnerable to climate change. This was evident from the spring water availability in Haveli circle where the range if index was from -0.02 to 0.14 for A2T2 and B2T2 scenarios respectively. The extreme water shortages for future scenarios in the months of May and November pose a serious threat to the major crop in the study area. Based on the results it was found that there was a shortage of water at the critical time of sowing of wheat, cotton and sweet pea therefore suitable climate change adaptation options were forwarded to cope with these shortages. It was suggested to adapt water conservation technologies during the sowing period of these crops as it saves time and conserve stored soil moisture for the development of crops.The overall results of this study can be used for making
Adaptation / Calibration / Models / River basins / Irrigation water / Water quality / Soil moisture / Water supply / Surface water / Water resources / Drought / Water scarcity / Cropping systems / Irrigation systems / Aquifers / Runoff / Rain / Hydrological cycle / Climate change / Indicators / Water availability Record No:H045467
Case studies / Models / Sedimentation / Evaporation / Erosion / Environmental effects / Dams / Climate change / Water power / Livestock / Farming systems / Food security / Poverty / Living standards / Agricultural production / Land management / Irrigation development / Hydrology / Aquifers / Water policy / Institutions / Water conservation / Water balance / Water availability / Wetlands / Water productivity / Water governance / Watersheds / Groundwater management / Water resources development / Water management / History / River basins Record No:H045307
Case studies / Models / Sedimentation / Evaporation / Erosion / Environmental effects / Dams / Climate change / Water power / Livestock / Farming systems / Food security / Poverty / Living standards / Agricultural production / Land management / Irrigation development / Hydrology / Aquifers / Water policy / Institutions / Water conservation / Water balance / Water availability / Wetlands / Water productivity / Water governance / Watersheds / Groundwater management / Water resources development / Water management / History / River basins Record No:H045306
Research projects / Development projects / Irrigation systems / Small scale systems / Political aspects / Corporate culture / Rain water management / Senses / Farmers / Livestock / Rainfed farming / Water availability / Poverty / River basins / Water productivity / Water management / Agricultural production Record No:H045269
Rice / Agricultural production / Labour allocation / Living standards / Households / Irrigation methods / Nutrients / Investment / Ground rent / Surveys / Case studies / Villages / Industrial development / Land ownership / Acts / Land reform / History / Land tenure / Landlords Record No:H045096
Case studies / Runoff / Population growth / Investment / Irrigation management / Living conditions / Social aspects / Economic aspects / Fisheries / Livestock / Smallholders / Farmers / Land tenure / Land use / Energy consumption / Administration / Water governance / Water policy / Development policy / Legal aspects / Water use / Water market / Water supply / Water demand / Corporate culture / Institutions / Water availability / Water productivity / Water quality / Water scarcity / Climate change / Ecosystems / Downstream / Upstream / River basins / Indicators / Mapping / Water poverty / Rural poverty / Irrigated farming / Rainfed farming / Farming systems / Crop production / Food security / Rain water management / Groundwater management / Water resources development / Water management Record No:H045033
Case studies / Runoff / Population growth / Investment / Irrigation management / Living conditions / Social aspects / Economic aspects / Fisheries / Livestock / Smallholders / Farmers / Land tenure / Land use / Energy consumption / Administration / Water governance / Water policy / Development policy / Legal aspects / Water use / Water market / Water supply / Water demand / Corporate culture / Institutions / Water availability / Water productivity / Water quality / Water scarcity / Climate change / Ecosystems / Downstream / Upstream / River basins / Indicators / Mapping / Water poverty / Rural poverty / Irrigated farming / Rainfed farming / Farming systems / Crop production / Food security / Rain water management / Groundwater management / Water resources development / Water management Record No:H044835
Legal rights / Access to information / Mangroves / Lagoons / Wetlands / Case studies / Government departments / Institutions / Decision making / Public participation / Participatory management / Rules / Accountability / Transparency / Legislation / Coastal area Record No:H044787
Legal rights / Access to information / Mangroves / Lagoons / Wetlands / Case studies / Government departments / Institutions / Decision making / Public participation / Participatory management / Rules / Accountability / Transparency / Legislation / Coastal area Record No:H044786
From cities to biofuels, competition for water is accelerating. Climate change threatens to intensify the onset and severity of the water crisis in several regions of the developing world: this is already happening throughout much of Asia, the Mediterranean, southwestern Australia, and the southwestern US. Along with water shortages, unsafe water becomes an increasingly widespread problem, too.
As water crises trigger food and health crises, billions may slip further into poverty, leading to greater social and political unrest, new wars, and worsening national security. Out of Water doesnapos;t just illuminate the coming global water crisis: it presents innovative solutions in agriculture, engineering, governance, and beyond, including state-of-the art techniques for integrated water management. This book will help raise the level of debate about water to the highest levels of government, and identify workable reforms and incentives to help water users utilize this crucial resource far more efficiently.
Women / Farmers / Poverty / Rivers / Water reuse / Irrigation water / Water use / Water allocation / Water rights / Water governance / Water resource management / Adaptation / Climate change / Water scarcity Record No:H045106
Case studies / Irrigation systems / Rural poverty / Gender / Water rights / Water governance / Legal aspects / Political aspects / International agreements / Treaties / River basins / Aquifers / International waters Record No:H043861
Malik, Ravinder Paul Singh. 2010. Financing water resource management in India. Monograph for the Environment Directorate, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), Paris , France. 40p. More...
Poverty / Rural areas / Urban areas / Cost recovery / Water supply / Drinking water / Irrigation water / Private investment / Public investment / Legislation / Institutions / Water policy / Water demand / Financing / Water resource management Record No:H043460
Sharma, Bharat R. 2010. Water for food, water for life. New Delhi, India: India International Centre (IIC) 14p. (IIC Occasional Publication Series 19) More...
Food security / Water requirements / Water productivity / Poverty / Water use / Water resource management Record No:H043251
From cities to biofuels, competition for water is accelerating. Climate change threatens to intensify the onset and severity of the water crisis in several regions of the developing world: this is already happening throughout much of Asia, the Mediterranean, southwestern Australia, and the southwestern US. Along with water shortages, unsafe water becomes an increasingly widespread problem, too.As water crises trigger food and health crises, billions may slip further into poverty, leading to greater social and political unrest, new wars, and worsening national security. Out of Water doesnapos;t just illuminate the coming global water crisis: it presents innovative solutions in agriculture, engineering, governance, and beyond, including state-of-the art techniques for integrated water management. This book will help raise the level of debate about water to the highest levels of government, and identify workable reforms and incentives to help water users utilize this crucial resource far more efficiently.
Women / Farmers / Poverty / Rivers / Water reuse / Irrigation water / Water use / Water allocation / Water rights / Water governance / Water resource management / Adaptation / Climate change / Water scarcity Record No:H043171
Case studies / Irrigation systems / Rural poverty / Gender / Water rights / Water governance / Legal aspects / Political aspects / International agreements / Treaties / River basins / Aquifers / International waters Record No:H043018
Recently, large-scale surface-water or canal irrigation systems have been termed ‘a sunset industry’ (Rijsberman 2003). Handing over this sunset industry by means of irrigation management transfer (IMT) policies and the creation of water user associations (WUAs) has three main objectives: to increase efficiency, equity, and empowerment. The Uzbek government, together with the international organizations, the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), and the International Water Management Institute (IWMI), is currently promoting IMT and the creation of WUAs nationwide. The onset of the policy seemed to be a rational development since the former state and collective farms, which were also responsible for water management on their territories, were disintegrating, and new private farms were emerging rapidly. This study seeks to assess the potential of IMT policies by examining the broader physical, organizational, socio-economic, and political factors that might facilitate or hinder the main objectives of IMT and the creation of WUAs. These factors are addressed and analyzed separately through eight case study chapters that address questions on basin water management, the organizational capacities, and the socio-political dependencies of the district water management departments, the potential for multi-stakeholder platforms (MSPs), the politics of social network structures, and the process of land reforms. The study concludes that none of the external factors is conducive to the introduction of IMT policies and for creating WUAs. The implication is that IMT policies will not increase efficiency, equity, and empowerment, but could even worsen the water management situation. Furthermore, these policies will not increase the empowerment of either the WUAs or their members. Hence, under the current conditions, handing over the ‘sunset industry’ will not lead to a new sunrise for irrigation in Uzbekistan.
Case studies / Stakeholders / Political aspects / Water allocation / Water distribution / Irrigation systems / Policy / Privatization / Land reform / Water user associations / River basin management Record No:H043000
This book provides a baseline understanding of how people and wetlands are connected, why these linkages are vital and how they can be better managed. It calls for action to integrate wetland management and WASH approaches, so as to benefit the health and development of people in rural and peri-urban areas in developing countries without compromising ecosystem functioning. It has been written predominantly for the core staff, planners and coordinators of international organisations and their implementing partners dealing with either wetlands conservation and management or WASH provision.
Wastewater treatment / Governance / Ecosystems / Water resource management / Diseases / Public health / Sanitation / Water supply / Communities / Wetlands Record No:H042773
Dukhovny, V.; Sokolov, V.; Manthrithilake, Herath; Kazbekov, Jusipbek; Anarbekov, Oyture; Mirzaev, N.; Pinkhasov, M.; Alimjanov, A.; Mukhamedjanov, Sh; Nerozin, S.; Galustyan, A.; Khorst, M.; Stulina, G.; Ziganshina, D.; Masumov, R.; Kadyrov, A.; Umarov, P.; Begimov, I.; Khegay, V.; Tuchin, A.; Zherelyeva, S.; Roshenko, E. 2009. Integrated water resources management: putting good theory into real practice - Central Asian experience. : Tashkent, Uzbekistan: Scientific and Information Center of the Interstate Commission for Water Coordination (SIC ICWC); Tashkent, Uzbekistan: GWP Caucasus and Central Asia (GWP CACENA) 381p. More... | Fulltext (7.05MB)
Climate change / Capacity building / Economic aspects / Water policy / Legislation / Valley / Crop yields / Social mobility / Extension activities / Farmers / Drainage / Water user associations / Irrigation systems / International waters / Indicators / Land productivity / Water saving / Water productivity / Water governance / Information systems / Water distribution systems / Water allocation / Water demand / Water conservation / Monitoring / Water use / Water users / Hydrology / Water management / Water resources Record No:H045575
Disasters / Public participation / Corruption / Groundwater / Water poverty / Poverty / Water governance / Human rights / Water rights / Conflict / Ethics / Water management Record No:H044998
Water governance / Flood control / Irrigation schemes / Irrigation programs / Downstream / Environmental effects / Decision making / Political aspects / Economic aspects / Case studies / Fisheries / Models / Wetlands / History / River basins / Dams / Hydroelectric schemes / Water resources development Record No:H042351
Sanitation / Wastewater / Sewage / Effluents / Water pollution / Surface irrigation / Water security / Water scarcity / River basins / Territorial waters / International waters / Water resource management Record No:H042199
Sanitation / Wastewater / Sewage / Effluents / Water pollution / Surface irrigation / Water security / Water scarcity / River basins / Territorial waters / International waters / Water resource management Record No:H042181
Watersheds / Health hazards / Public health / Aquaculture / Wastewater irrigation / Recycling / Water reuse / Wastewater / Urbanization / Water supply / Sanitation Record No:H042119
Disasters / Public participation / Corruption / Groundwater / Water poverty / Poverty / Water governance / Human rights / Water rights / Conflict / Ethics / Water management Record No:H042068
Irrigated agriculture produces about 40% of all food and fibre on about 16% of all cropped land. As such, irrigated agriculture is a productive user of resources; both in terms of yield per cropped area and in yield per volume of water consumed. Many irrigation projects, however, use (divert or withdraw) much more water than consumed by the crop. The non-consumed fraction of the water may cause a variety of undesirable effects ranging from water-logging and salinity within the irrigated area to downstram water pollution.This book discusses all components of the water balance of an irrigated area; evapotranspiration (Ch.2), effective precipitation (Ch.3) and capillary rise from the groundwater table (Ch.4). Chapter 5 then combines all components into a water management strategy that balances actual evapotranspiration (and thus crop yield) with the groundwater balance of the irrigated area (for a substainable environment). Chapter 6 presents CRIWAR 3.0, a simulation program that combines all water balance components into a single simulation procedure. The chapter describes the use of the CRIWAR software for developing water requirement tables and other useful information based on the selected water management strategy. This version greatly expands upon the capabilities of previously published programs.
Computer applications / Computer software / Precipitation / Mulches / Irrigation management / Water requirements / Evapotranspiration / Water balance / Irrigated farming Record No:H041723
This Sourcebook is intended as a ready reference for practitioners (including World Bank stakeholders and clients in borrowing countries as well as Bank project leaders) seeking information on the state of the art about good land management approaches and innovations for investments, and close monitoring for potential scaling up.
River basin management / River basin development / Monitoring / Land degradation / Risk management / Climate change / Watershed management / Pastoralism / Livestock / Sloping land / Rainfed farming / Farming systems / Investment / Water resource management / Sustainability / Land management Record No:H041520
Sadoff, Claudia W.; Greiber, T.; Smith, M.; Bergkamp, G. 2008. Share: managing water across boundaries. Gland, Switzerland: International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) 95p. (WANI Toolkit) More... | Fulltext
Transboundary rivers are increasingly being drawn upon to meet competing demands. This publication provides an overview of the world’s shared water resources and guidance on managing these resources cooperatively. It describes the range of potential costs and benefits of cooperation, and of non-cooperation, and principles and mechanisms for sharing the benefits that derive from water. Using case studies from around the world, it presents both challenges and real world solutions for constructing the legal frameworks, institutions, management processes and financing needed to govern transboundary waters more equitably and sustainably.
River basin management / International cooperation / Organizations / Institutions / Stakeholders / Water resource management / Treaties / International agreements / Water law / International waters Record No:H041480
The lack of sufficient access to clean water is a common problem faced by communities, efforts to alleviate poverty and gender inequality and improve economic growth in developing countries. While reforms have been implemented to manage water resources, these have taken little notice of how people use and manage their water and have had limited effect at the ground level. On the other hand, regulations developed within communities are livelihood-oriented and provide incentives for collective action but they can also be hierarchal, enforcing power and gender inequalities. This book shows how bringing together the strengths of community-based laws rooted in user participation and the formalized legal systems of the public sector, water management regimes will be more able to reach their goals. Evaluating the interface between community and formal water laws, chapters consider examples from Africa, Latin America and Asia and provide valuable insights for policy makers, managers, researchers and field implementers.
Water user associations / Gender / Water supply / Land tenure / Spate irrigation / Wetlands / Policy / Irrigation management / Water resource management / Water rights / Social participation / Legislation / Water law Record No:H040683
Canals / Wells / Water conservation / Groundwater / Energy / Cost benefit analysis / Water control / Water rates / Legislation / Water rights / Water policy / Irrigation scheduling / Water delivery / Water allocation / Water use / Cost recovery / Economic aspects / Price policy / Pricing / Irrigation water Record No:H040645
Pricing / Water allocation / Water conservation / Crop production / Milk production / Livestock / Costs / Groundwater irrigation / Economic aspects / Water quality / Public policy / Wells / Lucerne / Drip irrigation / Groundwater irrigation / Groundwater depletion / Groundwater management Record No:H039843
University of Dar-es-Salaam, Institute of Resource Assessment and Faculty of Law; International Water Management Institute (IWMI); University of Zimbabwe. Centre for Applied Social Sciences; Natural Resources Institute (NRI), UK. 2006. Legal pluralism and implementing integrated water resources management in Africa. Project brochure. Research initiative supported by the UK Department for International Development (Project R8323 – apos;Implications of customary laws for implementing Integrated Water Resources Managementapos;) and the Water Research Fund for Southern Africa. 6p. More... | Fulltext (605.71 KB)
Irrigation programs / Case studies / Water policy / Legal aspects / Water supply / Water resource management Record No:H041412
Comprehensive Assessment of Water Management in Agriculture; CGIAR Challenge Program on Water amp; Food. 2006. World Water Week, August 2006, media coverage report. Monograph containing a collection of press releases, radio broadcasts, and web pages. v.p. More...
Water management / Water use / Irrigated farming / Water rates / Food supply / Water conservation / Water stress / Water shortage / Water scarcity / Conferences Record No:H039794
Ecosystems / Ecology / Wetlands / Health hazards / Public health / Water quality / Irrigated farming / Poverty / Gender / Research policy / Institutional development / Governance / Public health / Water quality / Erosion / Models / River basins / Groundwater management / Land management / Productivity / Irrigation management / Water resource management Record No:H039650
Economic impact / Social aspects / Farming systems / Data collection / Research projects / Water conservation / Drip irrigation / Cotton / Irrigated farming Record No:H038084
Water transfer / Pricing / Water allocation / Irrigation water / Drought / Domestic water / Desalinization / Wastewater / Recycling / Water reuse / Water conservation Record No:H037700
Gender / Farmers / Irrigation / Watershed management / Water control / Land tenure / Cultivation / Forest policy / Social development / Social aspects / Agricultural society / Participatory management / Irrigated farming Record No:H036627
Case studies / Road construction / Cassava / Cropping systems / Smallholders / Sustainability / Hurricanes / Landslides / Mine spoil / Volcanic soils / Granite soils / Mudstone / Sedimentation / Rivers / Dams / Highlands / Forest fires / Cultural methods / Indigenous knowledge / Mulching / Terrace cropping / Hedging plants / Nitrogen fixing trees / Root systems / Vegetation / Ecosystems / Humid tropics / Soil fertility / Soil conservation / Soil stabilization / Sloping land / Erosion control / Water conservation / Watershed management / Biotechnology Record No:H047280
Seckler, D.; Amarasinghe, Upali. 2004. Water requirements for feeding future generations. In Stockholm International Water Institute (SIWI); International Water Management Institute (IWMI). Water – more nutrition per drop: towards sustainable food production and consumption patterns in a rapidly changing world. Stockholm, Sweden: Stockholm International Water Institute (SIWI); Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). pp.22-23 More... | Fulltext (2.39 MB)
Rainfed farming / Food supply / Food security / Water requirements Record No:H043339
Ecosystems / Water shortage / Water scarcity / Costs / Organizational change / Policy / Political aspects / Economic aspects / Institutional development Record No:H035600
Water quality / Wetlands / Groundwater / Water user associations / Sanitation / Domestic water / Ecology / Climate / River basins / Bibliographies Record No:H037332
Baril, J.; Bartle A.; Clarke, T.; Gagnon, L.; Guerard, Y.; Klimpt, J. E.; McCartney, Matthew P.; Raschid-Sally, L.; Rotheram, T.; Seelos, K.; Steenbergen, R.; Taylor, R.; Townsend-Hall, B. 2003. The role of hydropower in sustainable development. Sutton, UK: IHA 162p. (IHA white paper) More... | Fulltext (5.45 MB)
Case studies / Poverty / Social aspects / Ecosystems / Costs / Economic aspects / Water resource management / Energy / Electricity supplies / Hydroelectric schemes Record No:H033421
Financing / Development aid / Non-governmental organizations / Institutional development / Decentralization / Public policy / Sustainability / Environmental effects / Natural resources / Common property Record No:H033289
Local government / Social structure / Decision making / Public policy / Fish farming / Vegetables / Villages / River basins / Social change / Agrarian reform / Agricultural development Record No:H031858
Water distribution / Canals / Maintenance / Expenditure / Farmers attitudes / Water user associations / Policy / Privatization / Irrigation management Record No:H044169
AB Provision of irrigation has been thought to be crucial in improving the livelihoods of millions of tribals in Central belt of India, who are locked in perpetual poverty. Green Revolution Technology, which has been at the heart of India’s agricultural development, has more or less bypassed the tribal population. For one, irrigation infrastructure is inadequate in the tribal regions and again when irrigation infrastructure is made available, the tribals do not seem to make adequate use of them. Creating demand for irrigation among the tribal farmers seems to be most important challenge. It is in this backdrop that we undertook our case study in a tribal dominated block of Gujarat. Unlike the other tribal dominated areas Jharkhand and Chattisgarh), the tribals in our study area were third generation farmers and therefore they faced no cognitive barriers in adopting irrigated agriculture. They are also as skilled a farmer as any other, which is reflected by the fact that there are no discernable yield differences between a tribal and a non-tribal farmer. We studied four canal irrigation schemes, which have been all turned over to the farmers at the behest of AKRSP (I)’s intervention. All these four schemes are tribal dominated, some of them are completely so, others have a handful of non-tribal population. The schemes we studied were Pingot RBMC, Baldeva LBMC, Pingot LBMC and Issar Minor Irrigation scheme. Our results confirm that irrigated agriculture has brought about tremendous benefits to a tribal farmer in the form of yield increases, higher cropping intensity, lower out migration and higher wage rates within the village. The trajectory of change for a typical tribal farming has been from cultivating local paddy in Kharif and migrating in Rabi and summer to cultivating hybrid paddy in kharif and irrigated groundnut or moong in summer. Irrigated agriculture has become central to their livelihoods and this in part explains why Participatory Irrigation Management (PIM) has been more or less successful here. However, the non-tribal farmers have benefited more from PIM than tribal farmers, because they shifted to very lucrative sugarcane farming. The non-tribals (Patels) have also played a significant role in these irrigation co-operatives in that they have provided the much needed “demonstration effect” of profitability of irrigated agriculture. AKRSP (I)’s role as facilitator of PIM in Pingot RBMC and Baldeva LBMC has been acclaimed nationally. But we propose that the success of these two schemes lies in the creation of Pingot LBMC society, where tribal farmers came forward on their own and formed irrigation society to take over management of the canal system. The very fact that an all-tribal farmer group could successfully replicate PIM experiment in Gujarat that was started with Pingot RBMC and Baldeva LBMC is a proof enough for the success of PIM as a whole. We also propose that in the long term, the sustainability of PIM will depend on the o
Non-governmental organizations / Maintenance / Economic impact / Water rates / Water distribution / Migrant labor / Wage rates / Crop yield / Cropping systems / Irrigated farming / Farmer participation / Participatory management / Irrigation management / Irrigation canals Record No:H033198
Gender / Institutions / Privatization / Water allocation / Water market / Pricing / Water rates / Water law / Water demand / Public health / Sanitation / Water supply / Irrigation management / Groundwater / Water resources development / Water resource management / Productivity / Flood plains / River basin development / Water scarcity / Water shortage / Water policy / Economic development / Water resources Record No:H031470
Irrigation scheduling / Institutions / Crops / Climate / River basins / Water policy / Water allocation / Water use / Domestic water / Irrigation water Record No:H031428
Through computer modeling showing how water availability and demand are likely to evolve,which policies and actions could ensure sustainable and efficient water use, enough food for the worldapos;s people, and adequate drinking water for all.
Sustainability / Water management / Cereals / Rain-fed farming / Ecosystems / Environmental effects / Groundwater / Productivity / Constraints / Irrigation water / Water demand / Domestic water / Prices / Water rates / Infrastructure / Water policy / Population growth / Forecasting / Water use / Water scarcity / Water shortage / Water supply / Reservoir operation / River basins / Simulation models / Cost recovery / Water quality / Ecosystems / Soil degradation / Food production / Water resources Record No:H030813
Water distribution / Canals / Maintenance / Expenditure / Farmers attitudes / Water user associations / Policy / Privatization / Irrigation management Record No:H030394
Water pollution / Deforestation / Income / Environmental effects Record No:H030313
Meintzen-Dick, R. S.; Rosegrant M. W. 2001. Overcoming water scarcity and quality constraints. Washington, DC, USA: International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) 28p. (2020 Vision for Food, Agriculture and the Environment, Focus 9) More... | Fulltext (954.05 KB)
Developing countries / Water rights / Pricing / Water harvesting / Groundwater management / Dams / Ecosystems / Irrigation water / Sanitation / Water supply Record No:H043182
Tillage / Composting / Canals / Crop yield / Soil fertility / Erosion / Farming systems Record No:H037155
Bridges, E. M.; Hannam, I. D.; Oldeman, L. R.; Penning de Vries, F. W. T.; Scherr, S. J.; Sombatpanit, S. 2001. Response to land degradation. New Delhi, India: Oxford amp; IBH Publishing xxii, 507p. More...
Poverty / Legal aspects / Land management / Land tenure / Soil management / Water conservation / Erosion / GIS / Remote sensing / Monitoring / Biodiversity / Food security / Deforestation / Soil properties / Desertification / Land use / Climate / Soil salinity / Soil conservation / Environmental degradation / Food production / Ecology / Soil degradation Record No:H030445
Communication / Institution building / Research institutes / Databases / Food security / Poverty / Public health / Conferences / Irrigated farming / Water resource management Record No:H028791
Research projects / Agricultural research / Research priorities / Research institutes / Irrigation management / Water resource management Record No:H028503
Malaria is a major health problem in Sri Lanka. Over the years a large pool of knowledge has accumulated on malaria in Sri Lanka. This book reviews a broad range of published literature of relevance for a description of malaria in Sri Lanka, including control aspects of the disease. Based on the literature examined, a general overview of the status of research in Sri Lanka is given, and areas where knowledge is lacking and further studies are required are identified.
Social impact / Economic impact / Public health / Environmental effects / Waterborne diseases / Disease vectors / Malaria Record No:H027692
Case studies / Decision making / Participatory management / Water users / Women / Economic aspects / Water market / Legislation / Soil management / Water management Record No:H026123
Inaugural address delivered on quot;Application of Remote Sensing in Water Resources Managementquot; at ITC in Enschede, Netherlands, on March 24, 2000.
Development aid / Performance indexes / Irrigated farming / Evapotranspiration / Water use / Water scarcity / Hydrology / History / River basins / Water resource management / Data collection / Satellite surveys / Remote sensing Record No:H026009
Poverty is increasingly recognized as a problem that needs to be brought to the center stage of mainstream water policy and intervention. Carrying buckets, drinking unsafe water, and also lacking the access to water to improve subminimal incomes are increasingly seen as important aspects of integrated water management at basin level. However, there are no agreed-upon concepts integrating poverty, gender, and water that: adequately define the nature of the problem for poor people; capture the multiple aspects and linkages in a comprehensive way; allow an analysis of the different processes in society that create and perpetuate the problem; orient policy makers in their efforts to alleviate water-related poverty. The aim of this paper, therefore, is to fill this gap by elaborating the concept of quot;water deprivationquot; and by highlighting the policy implications.
Water user associations / Water pollution / Irrigable land / Employment / River basins / Rural development / Women in development / Gender / Poverty / Water use efficiency / Irrigated farming / Water policy / Water scarcity / Water resources Record No:H025886
A summary of IWMIapos;s research contribution to the Vision process. Topics include: global water scarcity, the productivity of water, water storage, groundwater, and poverty, gender and water.
Forecasting / Gender / Poverty / Productivity / Water demand / Water supply / Water storage / Water scarcity / Groundwater / Water management Record No:H025884
Institution building / Environmental effects / Food security / Urbanization / Population growth / Water use / Water scarcity / Water resource management Record No:H025883
The two major objectives of this publication are (i) to provide an overview about the assessment of nutrient depletion and the major processes of nutrient depletion, and (ii) to provide an overview on different economic valuation approaches for nutrient depletion, including carbon depletion, and thus add to their discussion.
River basins / Political aspects / Economic aspects / Sustainability / Institution building / Water user associations / Participatory management / Irrigation management Record No:H025329
Irrigation programs / Productivity / Water use / River basins / Water allocation / Rice / Crop-based irrigation / Irrigation efficiency / Research policy / Research institutes / Agricultural research / Networks / Water management Record No:H024972
Strategy planning / Research policy / Research institutes / Agricultural research / Irrigation management / Agricultural development / Water resources Record No:H024971
Equity / Water rights / Private ownership / Public ownership / Women in development / Gender / Poverty / Water policy / Water scarcity Record No:H024664
Water availability / Water allocation / Water rights / Water user associations / Irrigation efficiency / Maintenance / Operations / Irrigation systems / Privatization / Water policy Record No:H024151
The main objectives of the workshop were to discuss current insights into the water quality of the Bundala Lagoons, to set priorities for further research, and develop appropriate water management strategies that could improve and sustain the environment of the Bundala Na- tional Park. The workshop brought together a multidisciplinary group of 38 people from 22 governmental and nongovernmental organizations. After the workshop, a project protocol was finalized and now forms the basis for collaboration between several institutions involved in field based activities in the Bundala National Park.
Water scarcity / Land degradation / Agriculture / Drainage / Lagoons / Wetlands / Cattle / Wildlife / Social aspects / Hydrology / Irrigation effects / Water quality / Environmental degradation / Water use efficiency / Water resource management Record No:H023706
Case studies / Institutions / Fisheries / Livestock / Social aspects / Health / Water quality / Irrigation water / Irrigation canals / Water use / Irrigation programs Record No:H023450
Policy / Irrigation management / Water shortage / Water deficit / Water requirements / Water distribution / Water management / attitudes / Farmersapos / Decision making / Institutions / Institution building / Irrigation canals / Water control Record No:H023122
Case studies / Water management / Rice / Ecology / Schistosomiasis / Malaria / Water use / Domestic water / Waterborne diseases / Disease vectors / Irrigation systems / Social change / Environmental effects / Water resources development / Health Record No:H022051
This paper presents a conceptual framework for water accounting and provides generic terminologies and procedures to describe the status of water resource use and consequences of water resources related actions. The framework applies to water resource use at three levels of analysis: a use level such as an irrigated field or household, a service level such as an irrigation or water supply system, and a water basin level that may include several uses. Water accounting terminology and performance indicators are developed and presented with examples at all the three levels. Concepts and terminologies presented are developed to be supportive in a number of activities including: identification of opportunities for water savings and increasing water productivity; developing a better understanding of present patterns of water use and impacts of interventions; improving communication among professionals and communication to non-water professionals; and improving the rationale for allocation of water among uses. It is expected that with further application, these water accounting concepts will evolve into a robust, supporting methodology for water basin analysis.
Developing countries / Policy making / Irrigated farming / Soil degradation / Water use efficiency / Soil salinity / Irrigable land / Irrigation management Record No:H009257
Farmers / Research / Impact / Natural resources Record No:H009251
Murray-Rust, D. H.; Vander Velde, E. J.; Habib-ur-Rehman. 1997. Water management in NWFP. : Peshawar, Pakistan: NWFP Agricultural University; Wageningen, Netherlands: Wageningen Agricultural University. Department of Irrigation and Soil and Water Conservation v, 367p. More...
Case studies / Drainage / Watercourses / Water resources development / Water use efficiency / Development projects / Irrigation effects / Training / Irrigation programs / Irrigation management / Water management Record No:H023133
This volume reviews the findings and results of research of the International Irrigation Management Institute during its first decade. The book also reviews several of the institute’s major institutional strengthening activities.
Farmer managed irrigation systems / Farmer-led irrigation / Irrigation management transfer / Participatory management / Institution building / Training / Watersheds / Case studies / Environment / Malaria / Waterborne diseases / Health / Gender / Policy / Modernization / Rehabilitation / Waterlogging / Salinity / Surface water / Groundwater / Conjunctive use / Irrigation systems / Operation / Design / Indicators / Canals / Water management / Research / Performance evaluation / Irrigation management Record No:H022082
This paper presents a conceptual framework for water accounting and provides generic terminologies and procedures to describe the status of water resource use and consequences of water resources related actions. The framework applies to water resource use at three levels of analysis: a use level such as an irrigated field or household, a service level such as an irrigation or water supply system, and a water basin level that may include several uses. Water accounting terminology and performance indicators are developed and presented with examples at all the three levels. Concepts and terminologies presented are developed to be supportive in a number of activities including: identification of opportunities for water savings and increasing water productivity; developing a better understanding of present patterns of water use and impacts of interventions; improving communication among professionals and communication to non-water professionals; and improving the rationale for allocation of water among uses. It is expected that with further application, these water accounting concepts will evolve into a robust, supporting methodology for water basin analysis.
Water balance / Productivity / Water allocation / Water use / Performance indexes / Terminology / Water supply / Irrigation management / Water management Record No:H021374
Privatization / Agricultural production / Households / Poverty / Women in development / Gender / Groundwater irrigation / Irrigation management Record No:H020806
The main purpose of the workshop was to share the results and findings of, and obtain feedback on, the 5 years of work carried out under the IIMI-BF project. The workshop was attended by nearly 70 participants from Burkina Faso, Mali and Niger.
Communication / Information / Training / Agronomy / Maintenance / Water management / Organizational dynamics / Social aspects / Irrigation management / Performance evaluation Record No:H017061
Synthesis report of the research results obtained under the Burkina Faso Irrigation Management Project between 1991-1997. The report has been designed to be a self-contained volume that could be read and understood without reference to any other document.
Project appraisal / Economic aspects / Social aspects / Performance evaluation / Maintenance / Irrigation management / Indicators / Hydraulics / Water management / Diagnostic techniques / Agronomy Record No:H009252
Measuring instruments / Seepage / Flow / Open channels / Water distribution / Irrigation systems / Calibrations / Irrigation management / Training Record No:H009249
This paper attempts to present the linkages between irrigated agriculture, human health, and the environment based on a review of data available from Sri Lanka. Section 2, presents the background by reviewing irrigation development in Sri Lanka. Section 3 presents an outline for selecting the key environmental impacts of irrigation development, and suggests physical and economic indicators to quantify these impacts. Section 4 presents the main data with a short explanation of the main irrigation, health, and environment relationships and a review of their current status in Sri Lanka. Section 5 presents the conclusions.
Water management / Environment / Health / Irrigation management Record No:H004146
Report, Projet dapos;appui institutionnel au Ministere delapos;environnement et de lapos;eau pour la recherche-developpement en management de lapos;irrigation au Burkina Faso. Project no.F/BUF/DN-AI/DMI/90/3
Women / Irrigated farming / Agricultural economics / Economic aspects / social aspects / Irrigation programs / Irrigation management Record No:H021371
Report, Projet dapos;appui institutionnel au Ministere delapos;environnement et de lapos;eau pour la recherche-developpement en management de lapos;irrigation au Burkina Faso. Project no.F/BUF/DN-AI/DMI/90/3
Hydraulics / Irrigation programs / Irrigation management Record No:H021370
Report, Projet dapos;appui institutionnel au Ministere delapos;environnement et de lapos;eau pour la recherche-developpement en management de lapos;irrigation au Burkina Faso. Project no.F/BUF/DN-AI/DMI/90/3
Report, Projet dapos;appui institutionnel au Ministere de lapos;environnement et de lapos;eau pour la recherche-developpement en management de lapos;irrigation au Burkina Faso. Project no.F/BUF/DN-AI/DMI/90/3
Fertilizers / Vegetables / Rice / Crop production / Irrigated farming Record No:H021367
The main objective of this study was to examine and assess the potential for expanding the cultivation of OFCs on rice lands, based on data available over a decade (1982-92) in respect of extents cultivated as well as changes that have taken place on different categories of irrigated lands in the country. The study highlights the great weaknesses of the database on diversified cropping, including basic information such as extents and crop yields.. Establishment and maintenance of an accurate spatial database using a Geographic Information System (GIS) should therefore be given a high priority.
The study, conducted in the Philippines, was aimed at developing and testing an integrated research methodology combining Process Documentation Research PDR and validation of PDR findings through a quick process of workshops and questionnaire surveys to assess the Farmer Irrigatorsapos; Organization Program (FIOP) country-wide. PDR using an action research mode, was confined to a small sample and provided continuous feedback during FIOP implementation. On the other hand, because of the large sample size and area covered the workshops and questionnaire surveys were useful in validating quantitatively the more qualitative PDR findings. The validation process was quick because it was guided by PDR results. Hence methods used are complementary to each other and can be integrated.
Social aspects / Water distribution / Water delivery / User charges / Research methods / associations / Farmersapos / Institution building / Privatization / Maintenance / Operations / Farmer-agency interactions / Agricultural production / Irrigation systems / Irrigation management Record No:H019946
The last few decades Sri Lanka has made detennined efforts for crop diversification to raise farm production and improve the quality of life of the farmers. Significant progress has also been made and a large area has been brought under different crops, especially, chili and big onion, two very important cash crops. Most of these developments have occurred in medium and major schemes resulting in significant increases in the cropping intensity as well as in the participation of farmers. Minor schemes which command around 42 percent of the total irrigated area of the country, however did not benefit much from the crop diversification program and their cropping intensity to fluctuate between 80 percent and 90 percent for nearly half a century. At the same time, because of increasingly reduced return from rice farming, many farmers in these schemes are looking for off farm employment to make a living. To understand the technical and socioeconomic dynamics and develop strategies for crop diversification in minor schemes, the Irrigation Research Management Unit (IRMU) of the Irrigation Department (ID) in collaboration with the Sri Lanka National Program (SLNP) of the International Irrigation Management Institute (IIMI) organized a consultation workshop on strategies for Crop diversification in Minor Irrigation Schemes. This volume is the report of the proceedings of the above workshop held at the Irrigation Department, Colombo, Sri Lanka on 20 February, 1996. The workshop provided an opportunity to the participants from different organizations to exchange experiences and identify new approaches to crop diversification.
Groundwater / Water management / attitudes / Farmersapos / Labor / Crop production / Field crops / Economic aspects / Social aspects / Constraints / Cropping systems / Rice / Diversification / Crops / Small scale systems / Irrigation management / Irrigation programs Record No:H019767
IN 1978, THE United States Agency for International Development (USAID) decided to assist the Government of Sri Lanka in improving the management of water in major irrigation projects in the dry zone. It was understood that this required building an adequate knowledge-base and new institutional capacities both of which take time but neither of which can be purchased apos;off the shelf.apos; USAID and the Government of Sri Lanka recognized that a successful effort to improve water management could well take 20 years, but it would have to begin in a focused, concrete way, in a pioneering project that would begin to build up in-country knowledge and institutional capacity. In 1979, the government and USAID selected the Left Bank of the Gal Oya Irrigation System for rehabilitation. This planned change program was officially called the Gal Oya Rehabilitation and Water Management Project. The Irrigation Department (10) was appointed by the government as the project implementing agency. Technical assistance was to be obtained from the PRC Engineering consultants Inc., a U.S. engineering firm. Through a Letter of Understanding, the 10 was further assisted by the Agrarian Research and Training Institute (ARTI), which dealt with the socioeconomic components of the project. ARTI was assisted in this regard by the Rural Development Committee of Cornell University, USA. The project initially spanned 44 months (August 1979 to march 1984). The project life was subsequently extended by 21 months, until December 31,1985 as it needed more time to reach its assigned targets. With this policy objective, the Farmer Organization Program was included as one of the components of this major water management and rehabilitation project. The project assigned the establishment of farmer organizations (FOs) and the promotion of farmersapos; participation in these associations to ARTI. The main objective of this paper is to describe how these FOs evolved. The paper stresses that there was a cyclical trend of Fa evolution. It describes how FOs began and flourished at the initial stage of the project and the socio-administrative-climate that provided a conducive environment to such growth. Then it examines the crises and dynamics of the programapos;s decline during its latter part.
Experiences from past rehabilitation projects have indicated that without effective farmer participation in the rehabilitation process, it is extremely difficult to achieve cost effective and quality rehabilitation. This led the National Irritation Rehabilitation Project (NIRP) to mandate farmer participation in planning, design and implementation of rehabilitation projects with the ultimate objective of handing over operation and maintenance (Oamp;M) responsibilities of rehabilitated schemes to FOs.Late in 1993, the Irrigation Research Management Unit (IRMU) carried out a rapid rural appraisal (RRA) of five NIRP schemes to evaluate the effectiveness of farmer participation. Results were presented in the workshop in October, 1994. At the recommendation of the workshop the study was expanded to cover a significantly larger sample size (20 more schemes) with a view to more thoroughly analyze issues raised. Preliminary results showed that farmers bear wide-ranging views on their participation in rehabilitation and takeover. This situation necessitated the need to consult farmers to draw on their views and opinions, to further strengthen the rehabilitation process being pursued by NI RP.Many workshops and seminars have been held in the past to solicit opinions of experts on the subject including documenting experiences of the agency officials engaged in the implementation of rehabilitation projects. IRMU has taken a step forward by obtaining feedback directly from the farmer leaders on the issues that contribute to further strengthening farmer participation in the rehabilitation and turnover of NIRP schemes.The workshop provided a forum to the farmer leaders to frankly and openly express their opinions and share their experiences. Proceedings of these discussions were meticulously recorded and this report provides the outcome of those discussions.
This paper reviews policy-related issues discussed in recent conferences that will affect groundwater development and management efforts in South Asia. Emphasis is given to policy issues surrounding emerging groundwater depletion and quality concerns, and issues concerning the equitable development of groundwater for poverty alleviation. The paper outlines the range of services that depend on groundwater resources and outlines the range of services that depend on groundwater resources to provide these services, and the complications stemming from the fragmented approach taken to water management throughout the region. A range of responses dealing with the management of the physical system is identified. In conclusion , the paper discusses institutional frameworks through which management responses could be implemented, in relation to both the range of approaches theoretically applicable and the existing institutional frameworks in place throughout South Asia
Water use efficiency / Water market / Pollution / Water quality / Salt water intrusion / Salinity / Case studies / Aquifers / Poverty / Environment / Monitoring / Water policy / Groundwater extraction / Groundwater management Record No:H018552
Water demand / Recycling / Water quality / Irrigation efficiency / Irrigated farming / Water supply / Water demand / Water use efficiency / Water policy / Water resource management Record No:H018391
This report presents a methodology for planning the rehabilitation and improvement of small-scale irrigation systems within the context of the water basin when information on hydrology and water use is inadequate. It was developed for planning the rehabilitation and improvement of small tank systems in the dry zone of Sri Lanka. The methodology is useful to those undertaking irrigation rehabilitation projects in similar circumstances and it may also be extended to water resources planning in many other circumstances.
Rehabilitation / Groundwater / Surface water / Hydrology / Small scale systems / Irrigated farming / Water resource management / Tank irrigation Record No:H018073
Synthesis report of the research results obtained under the Burkina Faso Irrigation Management Project between 1991-1997. This volume deals with the socio-economic aspects.
Project appraisal / Performance evaluation / Irrigation management / Economic aspects / Social aspects / Water management / Diagnostic techniques Record No:H009256
Synthesis report of the research results obtained under the Burkina Faso Irrigation Management Project between 1991-1997. This volume deals with hydraulics.
Project appraisal / Performance evaluation / Irrigation management / Climate / Hydraulics / Water management / Diagnostic techniques Record No:H009255
Synthesis report of the research results obtained under the Burkina Faso Irrigation Management Project between 1991-1997. This volume deals with agronomy.
Cropping systems / Water rates / Irrigation canals / Low lift irrigation / Water distribution / Cooperatives / Water user associations Record No:H019453
Cropping systems / Water distribution / Maintenance / Open channels / Irrigation management / Farmer participation / Water user associations Record No:H019436
Wells / Tank irrigation / Water distribution / Irrigation canals / Privatization / Irrigation management / Farmer participation / Water user associations Record No:H019435
It is becoming increasingly evident that to maintain the sustainability of irrigation schemes, effective farmer participation in operation and maitenace is essential. The consultation workshop was held to discuss the NIRPapos;s planned strategy for farmer participation, the actual level of participation and to identify measures that NIRP should take in order to further strengthen farmer participation.
Water user associations / Water distribution / Equity / Water supply / Watercourses / Economic aspects / Social aspects / Water rights / Privatization / Irrigation canals / Irrigation systems / Irrigation scheduling Record No:H017571
Privatization / Small-scale systems / Water distribution / Training / Agricultural development / Institution building / associations / Farmersapos / Maintenance / Farmer-agency interactions / Communal irrigation systems / Irrigation management Record No:H017030
The Irrigation Research Management Unit (IRMU) was established in mid-1992 in the Irrigation Department, Sri Lanka. The main objective of it is to identify research needs, conduct and coordinate research and disseminate research results to improve efficiency, productivity and profitability of irrigated agriculture. As part of its technology transfer program, the IRMU initiated a series of monthly seminars. During the year of 1994, eleven such seminars were held. The seminars covered the following program areas of IRMU and their distribution was as follows: Assessing and Improving Performance of Irrigation Systems-3, Local Management of Irrigation ofSystems-3, Operational Management of Water Delivery and Disposal-1, Crop Diversification-1, and Environmental Studies-3. Professionals and researchers from national and international agencies as well as free lance consultants dealing with irrigated agriculture and irrigation management participated as resource persons. Speakers came from the Department of Agriculture, the University of Peradeniya, the Irrigation Department, the Irrigation Research Management Unit, the Open University of Sri Lanka, the Field Crop Research and Development Institute-Maha Iluppallama, the International Irrigation Management Institute (IIMI) and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific (FAO/RAPA). IIMI was involved in three presentations (two on IRMUapos;s work), the faculty members of the University of Peradeniya gave two presentations, the Irrigation Department, the Open University of Sri Lanka, the Field Crop Research and Development Institute, the Department of Agriculture, the FAO/RAPA and an independent consultant gave one presentation each. In addition to serving as a strong component of the technology transfer program, these seminars also provide essential inputs in strengthening IRMUapos;s research program. These seminars, in general were well received, which was evident from the wide participation of different institutions and agencies. This publication contains summaries of the eleven seminars presented during the year 1994
Conjunctive use / Surface water / Farmer participation / Rehabilitation / Training / Water user associations / Tank irrigation / Irrigation systems / Water resources development / Privatization / Settlement / Income generation / Environment / Irrigation management Record No:H016787
Water management / Models / Computer techniques / Information systems / Decision making / Decision support tools / Irrigation systems / Irrigation management Record No:H016546
Handbook in which an attempt has been made to consolidate a large body of existing experience of mountain irrigation and to make it available to irrigation practitioners. Some of the experiences comes from designing new irrigation structures for mountainous sites and some of it comes from examining and analyzing traditional structures which mountain communities have evolved for themselves.
Mountains / Irrigation design / Irrigation management Record No:H015392
This paper reports on a detailed sociological study carried out as the NGO (or change agent) was completing three-year projects in two sites, Nagadeepa and Pimburettewa. The study describes the change agentapos;s strategy, and analyzes its impact and the perceptions of farmers and government officials regarding its impact. The case study is placed in a wider context, in terms of both the participatory management policy of the Government of Sri Lanka, and the lessons learned that are relevant for NGOs working in other countries as well.
Privatization / Case studies / Rice / Land use / Economic aspects / Institution building / Non-governmental organizations / Sustainability / Rehabilitation / Agricultural production / Water management / Farmer-agency interactions / associations / Farmersapos / Participatory management / Water use efficiency / Farmer participation / Irrigation management Record No:H015261
Case studies / Farmer-led irrigation / Water distribution / Tank irrigation / Training / Water lifting / Farmer managed irrigation systems / Water management / associations / Farmersapos / Water user associations / Participatory management / Farmer participation / Irrigation management Record No:H014983
Case studies / Women in development / Households / associations / Farmersapos / Participatory management / Irrigation programs / Development projects / Irrigation management / Gender relations Record No:H014943
Case studies / Farmer-led irrigation / Management Information Systems / Communal irrigation systems / Information systems / Irrigation management / Farmer managed irrigation systems Record No:H014762
This paper describes the development and implementation of a management information system for the Mahi Kadana irrigation project in Gujarat , India. It describes the sequential process of modification of field -level data collection procedures by low level staff of the Gujarat Irrigation department, the development of improved methods for communicating these field-level data in a timely and efficient manner to managers at section and subdivision levels, and the development of a data processing package that transfers field-level data into information to be used by managers in improving performance into the future. The second part of the paper demonstrates how the output from the computer can be used to develop performance reports.
Management Information Systems / Canal irrigation / Databases / Data collection / Performance indexes / Performance evaluation / Rotation / Cropping systems / Water distribution / Water management Record No:H014695
The efforts of IIMI/PMI-BF to assess irrigation water use from small reservoirs in Burkina Faso led to the development of a software called DIG. This program, written in Quick Basic 4.5, is a simple data processing tool which respects the international norm CUA (Common User Access) that greatly facilitates learning new software.; The version 1.1 of DIG, presented in this paper, allows the calculation of discharges and volumes of water from chronological measurements of water depths over rectangular orifices and weirs. The results are generated either as quot;elementary volumesquot; (i.e. function of the chronological structure of input data), or any other time step e.g. daily, 2 days, 5 days...; All the input data and the output results can be easily printed. Furthermore, it is possible to export the results towards spreadsheet software like Quattro Pro or Lotus 123 for producing graphics or performing other calculations.
Reservoirs / Water measurement / Weirs / Flow discharge / Water distribution / Computer software Record No:H014519
Fernando, K. N. A. 1994. IIMI style guide. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Irrigation Management Institute (IIMI) vii, 48p. More... | Fulltext
Communication / Style manuals / Documentation Record No:H014289
This monograph examines the construction, operation and maintenance tasks that shape the nature of locally managed irrigation systems. The objective of the book is to identify relevant experiences and lessons for staff who are responsible for working with locally managed systems in three types of programs: direct assistance to existing locally managed irrigation systems, turnover of public owned systems to local management, and transfer of partial management to farmer groups within larger systems that remain publicly controlled.
Training / Communication / Conflict / Organizational dynamics / Resource management / Water allocation / Water rights / Water management / Farmer participation / Privatization / Irrigation scheduling / Irrigation systems / Irrigation management Record No:H011888
This study adopts two objectives : !) the identification of generalized directions of management change for performance improvement in the irrigation subsector and 2) the testing of an analytical framework for irrigation management.
Decision making / Investment planning / Research methods / Performance evaluation / Irrigation management Record No:H013173
Frame work for use in assessment of irrigation system performance and diagnosis of the primary causes of different levels of performance actually achieved . The framework is tested using 15 case studies of irrigation performance in a range of countries in Asia, Africa and South America with a number of different design and management environments.
Environmental effects / Management / Hydraulics / Case studies / Irrigation systems / Irrigation management / Irrigation programs / Performance evaluation Record No:H012809
The seminar highlights the problems facing irrigation development in Nigeria. The research priorities needed to solve them and the need to develop sustainable irrigation for the country are discussed. Unanimously adopted recommendations and action programs are: A. Irrigation research priorities: 1. Irrigation performance assessment; 2. Economic issues; 3. Technological issues; 4. Institutional framework for irrigation management; 5. Environmental issues; 6. Sociological issues. B. Framework for irrigation research and a pilot project. C. Irrigation research networking.
Irrigated farming / Policy / Research priorities / Irrigation management Record No:H012796
This volume reports on a concerted effort to analyze and reflect on the possible role of groundwater development in helping to address the persistent rural poverty problem in Bangladesh, Nepal and eastern India, an area in large part coincident with the Gangetic Basin.
Economic aspects / Watershed management / River basin development / Rural development / Groundwater irrigation Record No:H012591
The purpose of this literature review is to identify the lessons learnt from the implementation of these projects based on available literature, and the gaps that need to be filled by additional research. It brings out clearly a number of lessons learned, some of which have been incorporated in recent projects, and some not. Many of these lessons are applicable not only to Sri Lanka but more widely. The lessons include: the importance of involving farmers from the begining and using the improvment process to build farmerapos;s organizations; the effectiveness of specially trained catalysts for organizing farmers; the imporatnce of addressing agricultural, technological, marketing, and other issues as well as irrigation problems; and the necessity to build in better monitoring and evaluation processes.
Farmer participation / Investment / Research / Modernization / Tank irrigation / Water management / Irrigation systems / Rehabilitation Record No:H012371
The management of a manually operated irrigation canal with a number of control structures presents a special set of challenges to the system manager, who is often confronted with the problem of identifying and implementing a coordinated operational strategy to meet water delivery targets in the absence of adequate and reliable information on how the system is functioning. The development of a microcomputer-based mathematical flow simulation model of the Kirindi Oya Right Bank Main Canal is the first phase in IIMIapos;s efforts to provide canal managers with an innovative decision-support tool to help them meet these challenges. This research project was also the beginning of a fruitful, mutually rewarding and lasting relationship between the International Irrigation Management Institute (11MI) and the Centre National du Machinisme Agricole, du Genie Rural, des Eaux et. des Forets (CEMAGREF). This research paper, co-authored by staff members of both institutions, is yet another outcome of this excellent, collaborative relationship.
Research / Decision making / Irrigation canals / Hydraulics / Flow / Simulation models / Mathematical models Record No:H012203
Case study about the implementation of the Farmer Irrigatorsapos; Organizing Project in a pump irrigation system in The Philippines employing several selected and well-trained farmers in organizing co-farmers.
Case studies / Farmer participation / Farmer-agency interactions / associations / Farmersapos / Privatization / Irrigation systems / Irrigation management Record No:H011975
Performance evaluation / Irrigation management / Research projects / Research institutes Record No:H042735
Skogerboe, G. V.; Merkley, G. P.; Shafique, M. S.; Gandarillas, C. A. 1992. Field calibration of irrigation flow control structures. Logan, UT, USA: Utah State University. Department of Agricultural and Irrigation Engineering. International Irrigation Center viii, 93p. More...
Pipes / Irrigation canals / Control methods / Calibrations / Gates / Flow control / Open channels / Discharges / Flow measurement / Water measurement / Measuring instruments / Flumes / Irrigation engineering / Networks / Irrigation systems Record No:H020248
Detailed study of decision-making processes and managerial conditions of the Kirindi Oya Irrigation and Settlement Project in Sri Lanka, adopting a management perspective in the analysis of the performance of this major irrigation system in Sri Lanka. This paper is a companion document to quot;Irrigation management processes and conditionsquot; by the same author.
Indicators / Project appraisal / Water requirements / Water allocation / River basin development / Sustainability / Case studies / Accountability / Farmer-agency interactions / Decision making / Irrigation management Record No:H012616
The method suggested in this manual provides a simplified procedure for calibrating and/or updating drop structure curves. The convenience of the proposed method outweighs the lack of rigor and precision, and in any event, the resulting degree of accuracy appears sufficient for most operational purposes.
Calibrations / Flow measurement / Hydraulic structures / Irrigation operation / Water distribution / Irrigation management Record No:H012114
Over the past few years IIMI has acquired a rich and rewarding storehouse of experience in its relations with national partners and collaborating agencies, some of which are unique and innovative. The Management Committee therefore decided that IIMI collects and documents this experience for future reference and consideration by senior management, and the Board of Governors. As the first phase in this effort, Regional Representative West Africa, and all Heads of Field Operations and Project Leaders were asked to list and inventorise their experience with national partners and other collaborating agencies in their work operations. This included both formal, official as well as informal relationships which contributed to strengthen better understanding and impact on national programs. Known activities were to be listed with some degree of description, whereas additional information was to be provided on lesser known and informal activities. The report of these experiences was presented initially to the Management Committee Meeting of February 1992. In February 1992, the Management Committee decided that based on past experience, a more comprehensive document which recognized the need to generate a conceptual framework to strengthen national capacities, be developed. This set in motion a second phase of work. In March 1992, Director Pakistan, Regional Representative West Africa, Heads of Field Operations (present and former) and Project Leaders in Field Operations were requested to provide an internal review of achievements to date and recommendations in their efforts at strengthening national capacities. Specific examples of country experience, assessment of the circumstances that made it possible, and the environment that fostered close relationships facilitating the strengthening of national capacity were to be provided.
Training / Institution building / Research / Irrigation management Record No:H011504
The strong irrigation tradition has sustained the broad based community community interest in irrigation. The result is a very complex institutional milieu in which a set of formally established irrigation rules and organizations exists side by side with an intricate set of social institutions. The two sets act like a dual system often in conflict with each other. The authors, while analyzing the present institutional barriers, have highlighted the importance of irrigation rules and procedures in the institutional framework.
Farmer participation / Institution building / Management / Decision making / Leadership / Irrigation management / Training and development Record No:H014235
This study of the Kerian irrigation scheme determines effects of the rehabilitation design and actual management interactions on performance and suggests ways to improve the existing level of system performance. The study also probes , among other things, such shortfalls as overly optimistic management assumptions and the declining interest of farmers in irrigated farming.
Case studies / Farmer participation / Agricultural production / Irrigation systems / Performance evaluation / Irrigation management / Irrigation design Record No:H010932
The detailed study of irrigation management processes and managerial conditions presented in this paper is part ofIIMIapos; s effort to integrate a management perspective into the assessment of irrigation performance. This management perspective requires an amalgamation of two key disciplines involved in irrigation management, irrigation engineering and management science, into an analytical framework for irrigation management. Irrigation engineering approaches are thereby evaluated by their contribution to the actual decision- making processes during system planning and design, and system operation. Yet, in the analysis of the most relevant decision-making processes, conceptual contributions of other disciplines such as economics, sociology and agronomy have to be considered as well.
Water allocation / Case studies / Rehabilitation / Irrigation management / Irrigation systems Record No:H010013
The present study is an outcome of research carried out by the author under the Farmer-Managed Irrigation Systems (FMIS) Program of IIMI. The study was based mostly on available literature, and partly on the authorapos;s experience in the small-scale irrigation sector under the District Integrated Rural Development Programs (Hambantota and Badulla) of the Ministry of Plan Implementation and under the FMIS theme of IIMI in the North Central Province. The study reviewed three government strategies and two nongovernment strategies which have been implemented as assistance programs to improve and enhance the small irrigation sector during the last two decades. It was also based largely on the research findings and presentations made at workshops on specific subjects conducted by IIMI and the Agricultural Research and Training Institute (ARTI).
Farmer-agency interactions / Farmer-led irrigation / Farmer participation / Rural development / Governmental interrelations / Non-governmental organizations / Rehabilitation / Tank irrigation / Farmer managed irrigation systems Record No:H007991
Experiences from Hambantota District tank settlement project, Sri Lanka where the author did research on the contributions of a non-governmental organization in improving small-scale irrigation systems.
Tank irrigation / Farmer agency interactions / Water users / Governmental interrelations / Social participation / Non-governmental organizations / Small scale systems / Irrigation management Record No:H006321
This study of Irrigation Management and Crop Diversification is being carried out under a Technical Assistance Agreement (T.A. No.846-SRI) dated 27 November 1987, between the Government of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka (GOSL), the International Irrigation Management Institute (IIMI) and the Asian Development Bank (ADB). The study is being implemented by IIMI in the Kirindi Oya and Uda Walawe projects in southern Sri Lanka in close collaboration with the agencies in charge of development and management of these projects. It addresses, through field-level research, priority issues of importance and relevance of the two projects in the processes of irrigation system management, with particular attention given to the requirements of crop diversification.
Farmer managed irrigation systems / Farmer-led irrigation / Resource management / Water allocation / Privatization / Water users / Organizations / Irrigation systems Record No:H005910
This book reveals that Nepal irrigation policy directives and resources must be channeled to encourage the participation of beneficiaries and to focus the functions of the Department of Irrigation on a management perspective . The low cost approaches recommended in the paper include : 1) incorporating farmer participation in operation and management, 2) considering lower cost structures in surface irrigation and underground water development and, 3) improving the management of irrigation systems
Farmer managed irrigation systems / Farmer-led irrigation / Farmer-agency interactions / Cost recovery / Benefits / Irrigated farming / Farmer participation / Agricultural production Record No:H005909
This paper analyzes irrigation operational problems, and their institutional causes, on a new irrigation system in southern Sri Lanka, based on research during disastrous drought. The authors offer a number of suggestions for improving the management of this system.
Water management / Farmers associations / Settlement patterns / Drought / Institution building / Institutional constraints Record No:H005834
This study results from a two yearsapos; intensive research into a hitherto unexplored area of irrigation management - the aspect of financing irrigation in some Asian countries. The authors have analyzed the relationship between investment costs, level of irrigation fees, cropping intensity, type of crop, and secondary income. The studies conclude that the quality of irrigation system operations and maintenance is affected not only by the amount of resources made available to operate and maintain systems, but also by the institutional arrangements under which they are provided.
Experiences of 15 social science research fellows who recount their roles in particular research projects at the International Agricultural Research Centers they were appointed . In addition to highlighting the contributions social scientists can make in the field of agricultural research, their papers offer a candid look at the kinds of work in which the Centers currently are engaged.
Evaluation / Farmer participation / Resource management / Agricultural research / Technology Record No:H005730
This paper is a synthesis of IIMIapos;s research on irrigation management for crop diversification in Indonesia, the Philippines and Sri Lanka. It provides some conclusions and recommendations, the potentials and constraints to more intensive non-rice production during the drier part of the year in irrigation systems that have been developed primarily for rice production. The research results obtained from selected irrigation systems sites in the three countries from 1985 to date were analyzed and compared by establishing common reference points where they existed, such as common constraints, potentials and institutional arrangements and by explaining differences based on observed data for each system. Relevant secondary data other than from the research sites were located to shed further insight in the synthesis.
Production costs / Crop yield / Drainage / Soil moisture / Equity / Communication / Farmer-agency interactions / Water users / Water supply / Water use / Rain / Irrigated farming / Rice / Research / Incentives / Constraints / Diversification / Intensive cropping / Irrigation systems / Irrigation practices / Irrigation management Record No:H005729
This paper analyzes the impact of settlement policies on irrigation management in a new irrigated settlement scheme in southern Sri Lanka based on field research in 1988. It provides policy recommendations for improvements on this scheme and in future schemes.
Farmer participation / Irrigable land / Irrigation programs / Economic aspects / Farmers associations / Farmer-agency interactions / Irrigated farming / Irrigation management / Settlement patterns / Land use Record No:H005728
Although Pakistanapos;s surface irrigation development has a long history, it is only about 30 years ago that the development of groundwater resources was begun. During the past decade, government policy has been reoriented towards private, instead of public, tube well development in fresh groundwater areas. This paper examines the policies that have effected tube well development, and reviews past literature on the subject.
Research / Policy / Governmental interrelations / Equity / Environmental effects / Economic aspects / Agricultural production / Tube well irrigation Record No:H005719
This paper presents an overview of the current state of knowledge on the relations between irrigation management in Pakistan and the incidence of waterlogging and salinity. It is emphasized that management research should focus on the whole system, including surface and ground water resources. The paper also highlights key management questions that need to be addressed such as salt and water balance and water loss from canals, water courses and field channels.
Research / Water transfer / Water balance / Agricultural production / Water management / Salinity / Waterlogging Record No:H005718
This paper is a preliminary effort to define the extent of irrigation in Pakistanapos;s mountain regions. Attention is given to some changes already begun in this environment through new irrigation development activities. Important knowledge gaps that need to be filled by more systematic and multidisciplinary research are identified.
Water supply / Irrigated farming / Irrigation management / Research / Water management / Rural development Record No:H005715
The need to understand the technical and socioeconomic constraints in irrigation management for diversified cropping underlies this study. The main constraints identified include the unreliability and inequality of supply at the secondary and tertiary levels of the irrigation system, the lack of organization and management for sharing water below the secondary level, and the poor communication between agency staff and farmers in water delivery scheduling. Intervention studies have shown that flow measurements combined with regularly scheduled rotations and regular meetings between agency staff and farmers can enhance the management capacity of both. Because of the greater economic risks faced by farmers in growing non-rice crops as compared to rice, an assured market and a competitive price are indispensable for promoting diversified cropping.
Communication / Weirs / Water supply / Water delivery / On-farm research / Farmer-agency interactions / Diversification / Crop yield / Irrigation management Record No:H005714
Taking System H of the Mahaweli Program in Sri Lanka as a case study, this paper investigates a field still largely unexplored - the agency and its capacity to manage an irrigation system.
Irrigation management / Water management / Decision making / Monitoring / Case studies / Control systems / Performance evaluation Record No:H005713
This case study describes the problems which existed in the scheme prior to its rehabilitation in 1979 and the associated irrigation management innovations introduced by the author, who was assigned as a technical assistant by the Irrigation Department that year. Some of the management innovations included the provision of a simplified form of technical guidance to farmers and maintenance of the system through a Water Issue Board. By gaining the confidence of the farmers and the various line agencies working in the area, the author was able to introduce a systematic rotational distribution of water, advance the cultivation calendar, and increase cropping intensity. He was also able to motivate the farmers to take over the responsibility for the maintenance of the system from the government, and to continue to improve the physical and operational condition of the system.
Farmer-agency interactions / Farmer participation / Farmers associations / Case studies / Farmers attitudes / Irrigation scheduling / Water distribution / Rehabilitation / Irrigation management / Irrigation schemes Record No:H005694
Vol. 1 - Activity A: Rehabilitation and improvement for management; Vol 2 - Activity B: Dry season irrigation management for rice based systems; Vol. 3 - Activity C: Financing the cost of irrigation.
Water conveyance / Rice / Irrigation design / Economic aspects / Canals / Planning / Decision making / Irrigation management / Rehabilitation / Irrigation systems Record No:H005430
International Irrigation Management Institute (IIMI); Nepal. Ministry of Water Resources. Water and Energy Commission Secretariat. 1989. Public intervention in farmer-managed irrigation systems. Digana Village, Sri Lanka: International Irrigation Management Institute (IIMI) 310p. More... | Fulltext (0.16 MB)
Papers presented at the Conference on Public Intervention in Farmer-Managed Irrigation Systems, Kathmandu, Nepal, 3-6 August 1986, sponsored by the International Irrigation Management Institute (IIMI) in collaboration with the Water amp; Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS) of the Ministry of Water Resources of Government of Nepal.
Farmer-agency interactions / Farmer-led irrigation / Rehabilitation / Evaluation / Farmer participation / Resource management / Small scale systems / Farmer managed irrigation systems Record No:H005413
International Irrigation Management Institute (IIMI). 1989. The charter and founding documents. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Irrigation Management Institute (IIMI) 28p. More... | Fulltext (1.75 MB)
Legislation / Agricultural research / Research institutes Record No:H002241
Settlement / Development projects / Employment Record No:H07269
Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources Research and Development; International Irrigation Management Institute (IIMI), Philippines. 1988. State of the art and abstract bibliography: water management for crop diversification in irrigated rice-based cropping systems. : Los Banos, Philippines: Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources Research and Development; Los Banos, Philippines: International Irrigation Management Institute (IIMI) vi, 91p. (Farm Resources and Systems SOA-AB Series 5/1988) More...
Research / Economic aspects / Social aspects / Bibliographies / Water management / Irrigated farming / Rice / Diversification / Cropping systems Record No:H04462
This report concerns the requirements for replicating the capability for hydraulic modeling of irrigation main systems with the USU Main System Hydraulic Model at different project sites and different countries. The computerized model was developed at Utah State University (USU) under the Water Management Synthesis II Project, funded and assisted by USAID through the Consortium for International Development. The information contained herein complements that which is found in the userapos;s manual for the model
Small scale systems / Water control / Flow regulators / Computer techniques / Irrigation canals / Irrigation programs / Mathematical models / Hydraulics / Simulation models Record No:H03422
Cowell, R. L. 1988. The IIMI style manual. Digana Village, Sri Lanka: International Irrigation Management Institute (IIMI) iii, 30p. More... | Fulltext
English language / Computers / Irrigation management / Standards / Technical writing / Documentation Record No:H012376
This occasional paper presents recommendations for improving the effectiveness of operation and maintenance of agency-managed irrigation systems and for providing effective assistance to farmer-managed systems in Nepal. This paper sets out a series of recommendations with supporting arguments. These recommendations were discussed at an Irrigation Sector Coordination Meeting held in Kathmandu, Nepal, on 23 February 1988. The meeting was convened by the Ministry of Water Resources and was attended by representatives of a number of government departments and international donor agencies.
Agricultural production / Farmer-led irrigation / Resource management / Farmer managed irrigation systems / Irrigation management Record No:H005290
Sprinkler irrigation / Cropping systems / Land consolidation / Administration / Organization of work / Development policy / Primary level irrigation Record No:H004306
This paper reviews literature in four topic areas of relevance to Sri Lanka: system operations and performance, organization and management of irrigation systems, rehabilitation and modernization of irrigation systems, and resource generation and mobilization. A review on crop diversification issues is included as an Appendix. Most of the literature reviewed concentrates on large irrigation schemes and focusses on literature published since 1978. The paper attempts to identify, for each of the four topics, the progress made and lessons learned, and to suggest research questions that ought to be addressed.
Farmer-agency interactions / Farmer participation / Policy / Resource management / Financing / Rehabilitation / Irrigation systems / Research / Irrigation management Record No:H003528
This study of irrigation management and crop diversification is being carried out under a Technical Assistance Agreement (T. A. No: 846 SRI) dated 27 November 1987, between the Government of Sri Lanka (GSL), the International Irrigation Management Institute (IIMI), and the Asian Development Bank (ADB). The study is being implemented by IIMI in the Kirindi Oya and Uda Walawe projects in the southern part of Sri Lanka in close collaboration with the agencies in charge of development and management of these projects. It addresses, through field-level research, priority issues of importance and relevance to the two projects in the processes of irrigation system management, with particular attention given to the requirements of crop diversification.
Development aid / Research priorities / Diversification / Irrigation management / Crops / Irrigation programs Record No:H003156
Numerous field studies related to irrigation management have been conducted in Nepal since the last national seminar on irrigation issues in 1983. The relationship between organizational structure and resource mobilization was the topic of several. Another examined changes in organization and resource mobilization as property relationships and water rights changed when systems expanded and allowed new members. Concern for improving intervention strategies to existing farmer-managed irrigation systems has stimulated work on finding methods for quickly collecting data for identification and assessment of systems where substantial gains can be made by giving assistance. Numerous case studies have expanded the information available on management of operation and maintenance in both farmer- and agency-managed systems. These seminar papers report the findings of eleven of the studies.
Property / Farmer-led irrigation / Water rights / Water allocation / Resource management / Methodology / Government managed irrigation systems / Farmer participation / Case studies / Farmer managed irrigation systems / Research / Irrigation management Record No:H002003
Water rights / Farmer-led irrigation / Property / Research / Water distribution / Water allocation / Farmer managed irrigation systems / Irrigation management Record No:H03302
The International Water Management Institute contracted with the French consulting firm, SOGREAH, to furnish us with their Micro-computer software package for flow simulation in canals, quot;MISTRAL/ SIMUTRAquot;. The objective of this paper is to describe the software, its data requirements, output, and potential use through a discussion of its application to the Kalankuttiya branch canal in the Mahaweli System H in the North-Central Province of Sri Lanka.
Irrigation canals / Mathematical models / Computer techniques Record No:H008482
This report has documented the irrigation management practices of farmers and agency field staff in one irrigation scheme. Although limited in the sense of constituting a single, perhaps not representative case, the study points to a number of problems common to other irrigation schemes in the country.
Diversification / Agricultural production / Water distribution / Irrigation practices / Economic aspects / Irrigation effects Record No:H003020
The paper examines farmer organizations and property rights which have evolved as institutions in Nepal that enable collective management of water for agricultural production.
Water distribution / Farmer-led irrigation / Water allocation / Farmer managed irrigation systems / Institutions / Irrigation management Record No:H003019
Improvements in rice growing technologies during the last two decades have resulted in a number of countries especially in the humid tropical regions of Asia, nearing self sufficiency in rice production. Consequently, policies are shifting in these countries toward minimizing the under-utilization of land by increasing the cropping intensity of irrigated areas, particularly by growing non-rice crops during the dry season. These workshop papers discuss the advantages of and constraints to crop diversification, in different country situations in Asia.
Irrigation systems / Rice / Irrigated farming / Case studies / Agricultural production / Irrigation management / Diversification / Cropping systems Record No:H002928
Palmer-Jones, R. W.; Mandal, M. A. S. 1987. Irrigation groups in Bangladesh. Digana Village, Sri Lanka: ODI/IIMI 34p. (ODI/IIMI Irrigation Management Network Paper 87/2c) More...
Case studies / associations / Farmersapos / Economic aspects / Tube wells / Water user associations / Research / Institutional constraints Record No:H002586
Computer techniques / Irrigation / Water control / Water distribution Record No:H002005
Small, L. 1987. Irrigation service fees in Asia. London, UK: Overseas Development Institute (ODI); International Irrigation Management Institute (IIMI) 14p. (ODI/IIMI Irrigation Management Network Paper 87/1c) More...
Pricing / Costs / Institutional constraints Record No:H002004
This main report presents the findings of a review of present resources and activities in training for irrigation management in Sri Lanka. A strategy is offered to enhance what is being done already, and to prepare irrigation staff to adapt to new technical situations that can be expected in the imminent future. Annexes are published in a separate volume
Project appraisal / Training / Institutions / Irrigation management Record No:H001986
The National Irrigation Administration has become well known in recent years for its innovative experimental programs for promoting farmer participation through strong farmer organizations. IIMIapos;s first case study documents the experience of an irrigation management official, the author of this report, in an effort to organize irrigators associations (IAs) on the nearly half of the Magat River Multi-purpose Project area in a few short years. Most of these are now effective and active organizations. This experience is a valuable source of lessons and ideas for agency officials concerned with developing water-user associations on other systems.
Water user associations / Irrigation canals / Irrigation programs Record No:H001899
Maintenance / Irrigation operation Record No:H003465
Small, L. E.; Adriano, M. S.; Martin, E. D. 1986. Regional study on irrigation service fees: Section II. Unpublished report submitted to the Asian Development Bank by IIMI under the ADB Technical Assistance for a Regional Study on Irrigation Service Fees. v.p. More... | Fulltext (9.15 MB)
Appendices 1-3 and 4-5
Political aspects / Planning / Policy / Financing / Irrigation / Economic aspects Record No:H002793
Vector-borne diseases continue to be one of the predominant public health problems in Sri Lanka and other developing countries. Diseases such as malaria and filariasis pose an undeniable threat to the success of water resource development, and the role of preventive or mitigating measures is discussed as a priority in the planning, implementation, and management of irrigation projects.
Malaria / Health / Environmental control / Irrigation management / Disease vectors Record No:H001900
Rapid Rural Appraisal (RRA) refers to field evaluation techniques which attempt to optimize cost effectiveness and timely completion of reports. While there is a sizeable literature on RRA techniques in general, little work has been done to apply these techniques to canal irrigation. This paper investigates and reports such applications.
Several forms of participatory management are either experimented with, in use, or have been in use in Sri Lanka by various agencies (government, semi-government, and voluntary). An overview of village irrigation systems in Sri Lanka, with reference to ongoing irrigation development efforts and particular irrigation management needs is presented, as well as priority research issues relevant to small-scale irrigation systems.
Small scale systems / Farmer participation / Irrigation management Record No:H001712
ODI/IIMI Irrigation Management Network. 1986. Register of members. London, UK: ODI 69p. (ODI/IIMI Irrigation Management Network Paper 86) More...
Lists members of the Irrigation Management Network by country of their postal address, then alphabetically by name. Includes the discipline of the member and recent professional experience.
Directories / Irrigation management Record No:H000821
This paper describes the Madura Groundwater Irrigation Project training program for tubewell operators and officers of the water usersapos; associations. Background information on the overall project is given and the water management program is described. The majority of the paper examines in detail the training program that was designed and implemented to prepare the officials of the water usersapos; associations to operate effectively and maintain the tubewells constructed in the system. A companion paper by Martin Burton (86/1d) describes a similar program to train irrigation staff in the East Java Irrigation Service.
Water user associations / Training / Tube well irrigation / Groundwater irrigation Record No:H000820
This paper describes the East Java Irrigation Project training program which covers the majority of the irrigated area in East Java. The training program is designed for irrigation staff, both managers and operators. After the author presents a general overview of the project which was established to carry out survey and rehabilitation work, he describes in more detail the program implemented to train the staff of the East Java Irrigation Service. A companion paper by Ian Smout (86/1e) describes a similar program to train members of the water usersapos; association for a groundwater irrigation project.
The paper presents the results of a study to investigate ways to improve the effectiveness of functioning irrigation systems by examining the role of: (a) direct and indirect charges in meeting recurrent costs; and (b) increased farmer participation in system management. Five issues dealing with the pricing and management of irrigation water are examined with conclusions and recommendations included for each. The main conclusion from the study is that the resources for maintaining irrigation inputs must come from the direct beneficiaries.
Developing countries / Cost recovery / Maintenance costs / Operating costs / Farmer participation / User charges Record No:H000818
The paper presents an overview of the newly established International Irrigation Management Institute (IIMI) headquartered in Sri Lanka. The areas in which IIMI has focused its research activities are described and some of the international staff that have been recruited to lead the research are identified. The author then reviews IIMIapos;s professional development program which includes workshops, fellowships, post-doctoral awards, special awards, and on-the-job training. The final section describes the activities of the communication and information exchange program at IIMI.
Research / Irrigation management Record No:H000817
Presents two papers that provide interpretive summaries of the discussion and results of the Workshop on the Research Priorities for Irrigation Management in Asia held from 6-11 January 1985 at the headquarters of the International Irrigation Management Institute (IIMI) in Digana Village near Kandy, Sri Lanka. Dr. Smallapos;s paper, quot;Research priorities for irrigation management in Asia,quot; provides a conceptual framework for irrigation management research and outlines criteria for IIMIapos;s selection of research topics. quot;An overview of research in irrigation management in Asiaquot; by Dr. Barker summarizes the conceptual evolution of irrigation management in terms of both conventional disciplinary and holistic, systems-oriented approaches.
Research / Irrigation management Record No:H000815
Covid-19 has caused a rupture in migration logistics and exposed inequities in the migration system, yet drivers of movement remain. Government lockdowns and closed borders due to the pandemic curtailed movement for migrants, posing complex problems for migrant hosting and origin countries. There have been significant economic shocks, with a sharp decline in unemployment for migrants and an inability to send money home through remittances to support family. Some migrants face social stigma for returning home without an income, particularly if families relied on loans to support their journeys. Consequences have been severe for informal migrants who lack government protection in their host countries. Migrants, particularly those living in crowded, lower-income neighborhoods, have been experiencing stigmatization related to the spread of Covid-19. We look at the impacts of Covid-19 on migration governance and rural areas across seven countries,development planning in Ghana, migration challenges in Southeast Asia, and community-based disaster management and resilience building in South Africa.
This focus area contributes to the following One CGIAR impact areas:
Enhancing capacity for system transformation
Food, land and water systems are complex networks of actors, institutions and activities related to the production, value addition and consumption of food. These systems are connected to and influenced by the structures and supporting mechanisms that underlie them. System transformation cannot occur without changing these underlying structures and supporting mechanisms. However, the capacity for actors to take up specific roles and responsibilities in scaling processes is sometimes lacking. Stimulating system transformation therefore requires enhancing actors’ capacity to assume their roles and responsibilities in the system to ensure that scaling processes provide equitable opportunities and contribute to sustainable development.
As a research institution, IWMI stimulates system transformation by building capacity within institutions and facilitating dialogue and collaboration between various stakeholders across sectors and their respective networks. IWMI does this by developing evidence-based capacity-strengthening programs and strategies. These include demand-driven internships with private sector entities and innovation hackathons.
This focus area contributes to the following One CGIAR impact areas:
Strengthening and sustaining the enabling environment
Making agricultural innovations and water solutions available to farmers on a massive scale is crucial if the world is to meet growing food demands and mitigate climate change impacts. However, innovation scaling efforts often do not have the desired impact because they do not sufficiently consider the factors enabling and inhibiting farmers’ adoption of these innovations. In some instances, they may even produce undesirable impacts, including environmental degradation, loss of access to resources and social inequality. IWMI develops tools and other evidence-based resources to help partners and stakeholders understand and sustain the enabling environment and introduce measures to ensure scaling success. In addition, IWMI co-designs innovative, inclusive financial modalities to accelerate investment in innovations by farmers and agri-businesses.
A key part of this focus area is the Accelerator Program, for which 12 small and medium-sized agribusinesses were selected to scale five innovation bundles that support climate information services and climate-smart agriculture.
This focus area contributes to the following One CGIAR impact areas:
Enabling gender and youth inclusion
Agriculture is the bedrock of food and nutrition security and a major source of income and employment in many developing countries. Inclusive agriculture, provides opportunities for women and youth who have historically been excluded from agriculture-led economic growth. Enhancing gender and youth inclusion in high-value agricultural value chains has the potential to increase the production of nutrient-rich, profitable crops and create attractive job opportunities for currently disadvantaged groups. Inclusive agriculture includes ensuring that women, youth and other vulnerable groups gain equitable access to water resources and technologies to support agronomic growth.
IWMI conducts comprehensive analyses of the policy framework and interventions in value chains in key geographies to clarify the barriers to gender and youth inclusion. Inclusion segmentation is also carried out to understand the investment needs and abilities of women and youth regarding innovation. IWMI then makes recommendations and develops evidence-based strategies to enable public and private sector actors to achieve sustainable and inclusive scaling of water solutions and agricultural innovation bundles. Among these strategies are internships with private sector companies for young professionals and entrepreneurs. These create win-win situations in which companies benefit from interns’ specific knowledge or skills while interns gain valuable private sector work experience and mentorship.
This focus area contributes to the following One CGIAR impact areas:
Brokering knowledge for sustainability
As a research-for-development organization, IWMI is both a producer and broker of knowledge. IWMI generates evidence to support investment in innovations that sustainably increase agricultural productivity and economic returns, support human well-being, water security and safeguard ecosystems in a changing climate. Through forums and events, often co-convened with partners, IWMI brokers knowledge exchange to catalyze change in water and food systems and accelerate innovation scaling. These forums and events include multi-stakeholder dialogues, demand-supply linkage workshops and knowledge exchange conferences.
This focus area contributes to the following One CGIAR impact areas:
Cultivating scaling preparedness
Scaling preparedness is a set of actions undertaken throughout the scaling process to maximize the adoption of innovation bundles, accelerate scaling and increase the likelihood of achieving transformational change. In cultivating scaling preparedness, stakeholder engagement is key to gain stakeholders’ buy-in, commitment, resource contribution and investment as well as adaptability. By cultivating scaling preparedness, IWMI is better able to identify and develop high-potential innovation bundles with the greatest chance of being successfully scaled.
This focus area contributes to the following One CGIAR impact areas:
Fostering scaling partnerships
Private sector actors play a central role in the dissemination and adoption of technologies and services such as information, financing, and pre- and after-sales support. IWMI has established scaling partnerships with private sector companies across Africa and Asia. Besides technical assistance, IWMI provides its partner companies with research evidence and advice, risk and suitability assessments and capacity strengthening for effective climate change-related planning and management.
Armed with these tools and resources, companies are better equipped to identify and reach their target customers in ways that are equitable, economically viable and environmentally sustainable. At the same time, farmers benefit from better access to innovations vital for improving livelihoods and climate adaptation.
This focus area contributes to the following One CGIAR impact areas:
Co-developing innovation bundles
Although agricultural water is still mainly funded by the public sector, private sector organizations and farmers are increasingly investing in innovative water management and irrigation technologies. At the same time, simply increasing the amount of finance flowing to the agricultural water sector is not enough to guarantee the uptake of innovative solutions. Investments must also be responsible, targeted and bundled with improved inputs and services, market information and access, and digital payment methods.
Consequently, IWMI partners with farmers and public and private sector actors to co-develop contextually relevant socio-technical-institutional-financial and process innovation bundles that are contextually relevant. IWMI integrates the scaling of innovation bundles into agricultural and food value chains, for instance by strengthening market linkages, to enhance the impacts on farmers’ investments, incomes and livelihoods.
This focus area contributes to the following One CGIAR impact areas:
Gender, intersectionality and social inclusion
It is critical to center gender and intersectional identities when unpacking migration phenomena. Gender as a social construct guides social norms and relations, including the decision-making processes and mechanisms leading to migration. We recognize that the intersections between race, age, class, sex, caste and region shape the migrant experience.
IWMI strives to offer transformative approaches and solutions for women, youth and marginalized groups, regarding them as equal partners in our work rather than passive end-users. For example, within communities that experience male out migration, socio-political systems are restructured to make women, youth and other groups active agents in their own agri-food transformation. Migration patterns contribute to the feminization of agriculture, and women may experience a greater burden of responsibility coupled with an increased ability to access and control resources and policies to build sustainable livelihoods. Acknowledging social complexities helps researchers and communities understand migration trends and address structural power imbalances to build a more equitable world.
This focus area contributes to the following One CGIAR impact areas:
Water, climate change and agrarian stress
Migration, water and climate stress are inextricably linked to rural development. Water stress and climate variability can act as a driver of fragility, intensifying pre-existing political, social, economic and environmental challenges. Initiatives designed to address migration-related challenges must tackle inequalities and the exclusion of women, youth and marginalized groups; governance opportunities to better manage water and natural resources and technology and innovations to help communities escape socio-ecological precarity and thrive despite climate challenges. IWMI intends to build climate resilience by implementing projects which tackle gender-power inequalities in the face of dynamic, economic-social-ecological challenges. Our work brings together affected communities, institutional stakeholders and social actors to manage water in response to climate variability and agrarian stress, striving to address complex physical and social variables.
This focus area contributes to the following One CGIAR impact areas:
Urban & rural transformation
As agricultural opportunities fluctuate in rural areas, migration, particularly to urban areas, is an adaptation technique to secure incomes and alternative livelihoods. Income generated by migrants is often sent back to family as remittances to support communities at home. At IWMI, we assess linkages between rural and urban areas, as well as the role of agricultural knowledge systems and food and water security. We recognize there are complex push and pull factors such as individual aspirations, economic opportunity, social norms, climate variability and government policies which drive migration and affect rural communities, particularly youth. Our work follows a ‘positive migration’ philosophy, framing migration as an adaptation technique and socio-economic choice (in many cases) rather than a problem to be solved, and focuses on establishing safer, more regular migration by supporting changes to migration governance in sending regions.
This focus area contributes to the following One CGIAR impact areas: