Water, Land and Ecosystems - Afghanistan

Global groundwater: source, scarcity, sustainability, security, and solutions

Anonymous — Wed, 29 Dec 2021 12:41:38 +0000

TypeBook

Languageen

Authors

Mukherjee, A.
Scanlon, Bridget R.
Aureli, A.
Langan, Simon J.
Guo, H.
McKenzie, A. A.

Citation

Mukherjee, A.; Scanlon, B. R.; Aureli, A.; Langan, Simon; Guo, H.; McKenzie, A. A. (Eds.) 2021. Global groundwater: source, scarcity, sustainability, security, and solutions. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier. 676p.

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Limited Access

Research Themes

Variability, Risks and Competing Uses

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https://hdl.handle.net/10568/111566

Synthesis of community-based watershed rehabilitation and management activities in Jordan and Afghanistan – towards out-scaling

Anonymous — Tue, 28 Dec 2021 12:40:10 +0000

TypeReport

Subjects

Land Management
Water Management
Watersheds

Languageen

Authors

Strohmeier, S.

ICARDA, in affiliation with the CGIAR Research Program on Water Land and Ecosystems (WLE), has undertaken various community-based watershed activities with its local country partners. ICARDA’s portfolio includes the ongoing watershed rehabilitation and management activities in Jordan and past bilateral projects conducted in, e.g., Afghanistan. The agropastoral Rehabilitation approach conducted in Jordan has considerable potential for out-scaling and is under evaluation through an ongoing WLE initiative targeting the marginal drylands in south-eastern Ethiopia. Pursuing an ex-ante out-scaling approach (through modeling) builds on well-selected socioecological criteria and limitations and considers the experiences and lessons learned from previous project activities.

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Citation

Strohmeier, S. 2021. Synthesis of community-based watershed rehabilitation and management activities in Jordan and Afghanistan – towards out-scaling. Jordan: International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA).

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Limited Access

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https://hdl.handle.net/10568/117238

Solutions

Integrated water resource management to address the growing demand for food and water in South Asia

Anonymous — Wed, 07 Jul 2021 11:37:09 +0000

TypeJournal Article

Languageen

Authors

Birendra, K. C.
McIndoe, I.
Schultz, B.
Prasad, K.
Bright, J.
Dark, A.
Pandey, Vishnu Prasad
Chaudhary, A.
Thapa, P. M.
Perera, R.
Dangi, D. R.

With the increasing population and accelerated urbanization, demands for water are rising for different sectors around the world, including in South Asia. Integrated water resource management (IWRM) offers a promising potential to address multifaceted water demands. This study therefore aimed to address this issue by (i) reviewing key issues related to water, land, and food in South Asian countries, (ii) exploring the prevalent irrigation management strategies in those countries, and (iii) examining the IWRM situation based on a Nepalese case study, and it proposes some options to support effective implementation of IWRM. South Asia, the home to 24% of the world's population with only 15% and 7% of the world's arable and permanent crop land and water resources, respectively, is the worst-affected region in the world from undernourishment. Surface irrigation is the dominant irrigation application method in the region, which incurs high water losses due to the lack of flexible water control structures in canal networks. The Nepalese case study revealed a lack of clear institutional arrangements to implement IWRM and disparate and conflicting views about IWRM. Creation and strengthening of basin-level water user organizations, technological improvements, and awareness-raising activities are some potential ways forward to implement IWRM.

Citation

Birendra, K. C.; McIndoe, I.; Schultz, B.; Prasad, K.; Bright, J.; Dark, A.; Pandey, Vishnu Prasad; Chaudhary, A.; Thapa, P. M.; Perera, R.; Dangi, D. R. 2021. Integrated water resource management to address the growing demand for food and water in South Asia. Irrigation and Drainage, 70(4):924-935. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/ird.2590]

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Limited Access

Research Themes

Variability, Risks and Competing Uses

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https://hdl.handle.net/10568/113611

Global and local genetic diversity at two microsatellite loci in Plasmodium vivax parasites from Asia, Africa and South America

Anonymous — Thu, 19 Nov 2020 22:02:41 +0000

TypeJournal Article

Languageen

Authors

Schousboe, M.L.
Ranjitkar, S.
Rajakaruna, R.S.
Amerasinghe, Priyanie H.
Konradsen, Flemming
Morales, Francisco José
Ord, R.
Pearce, R.
Leslie, T.
Rowland, M.
Gadalla, N
Bygbjerg, C.
Alifrangis, M.
Roper, C.

Background: Even though Plasmodium vivax has the widest worldwide distribution of the human malaria species and imposes a serious impact on global public health, the investigation of genetic diversity in this species has been limited in comparison to Plasmodium falciparum. Markers of genetic diversity are vital to the evaluation of drug and vaccine efficacy, tracking of P. vivax outbreaks, and assessing geographical differentiation between parasite populations._x000D_ Methods: The genetic diversity of eight P. vivax populations (n = 543) was investigated by using two microsatellites (MS), m1501 and m3502, chosen because of their seven and eight base-pair (bp) repeat lengths, respectively. These were compared with published data of the same loci from six other P. vivax populations._x000D_ Results: In total, 1,440 P. vivax samples from 14 countries on three continents were compared. There was highest heterozygosity within Asian populations, where expected heterozygosity (He) was 0.92-0.98, and alleles with a high repeat number were more common. Pairwise FST revealed significant differentiation between most P. vivax populations, with the highest divergence found between Asian and South American populations, yet the majority of the diversity (~89%) was found to exist within rather than between populations._x000D_ Conclusions: The MS markers used were informative in both global and local P. vivax population comparisons and their seven and eight bp repeat length facilitated population comparison using data from independent studies. A complex spatial pattern of MS polymorphisms among global P. vivax populations was observed which has potential utility in future epidemiological studies of the P. vivax parasite.

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Schousboe, M. L.; Ranjitkar, S.; Rajakaruna, R. S.; Amerasinghe, Priyanie; Konradsen, F.; Morales, F.; Ord, R.; Pearce, R.; Leslie, T.; Rowland, M.; Gadalla, N; Bygbjerg, C.; Alifrangis, M.; Roper, C. 2014. Global and local genetic diversity at two microsatellite loci in Plasmodium vivax parasites from Asia, Africa and South America. Malaria Journal, 13:1-9. doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1475-2875-13-392

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Open Access

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https://hdl.handle.net/10568/77529

Multiple origins of mutations in the mdr1 gene—a putative marker of chloroquine resistance in P. vivax

Anonymous — Thu, 19 Nov 2020 22:02:41 +0000

TypeJournal Article

Languageen

Authors

Schousboe, M.L.
Ranjitkar, S.
Rajakaruna, R.S.
Amerasinghe, Priyanie H.
Morales, Francisco José
Pearce, R.
Ord, R.
Leslie, T.
Rowland, M.
Gadalla, N.B.
Konradsen, Flemming
Bygbjerg, C.
Roper, C.
Alifrangis, M.

Background Chloroquine combined with primaquine has been the ecommended antimalarial treatment of Plasmodium vivax malaria infections for six decades but the efficacy of this treatment regimen is threatened by chloroquine resistance (CQR). Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the multidrug resistance gene, Pvmdr1 are putative determinants of CQR but the extent of their emergence at population level remains to be explored. Objective In this study we describe the prevalence of SNPs in the Pvmdr1 among samples collected in seven P. vivax endemic countries and we looked for molecular evidence of drug selection by characterising polymorphism at microsatellite (MS) loci flanking the Pvmdr1 gene. Methods We examined the prevalence of SNPs in the Pvmdr1 gene among 267 samples collected from Pakistan, Afghanistan, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Sudan, Sao Tome and Ecuador. We measured and diversity in four microsatellite (MS) markers flanking the Pvmdr1 gene to look evidence of selection on mutant alleles. Results SNP polymorphism in the Pvmdr1 gene was largely confined to codons T958M, Y976F and F1076L. Only 2.4% of samples were wildtype at all three codons (TYF, n = 5), 13.3% (n =28) of the samples were single mutant MYF, 63.0% of samples (n = 133) were double mutant MYL, and 21.3%(n = 45) were triple mutant MFL. Clear geographic differences in the prevalence of these Pvmdr mutation combinations were observed. Significant linkage disequilibrium (LD) between Pvmdr1 and MS alleles was found in populations sampled in Ecuador, Nepal and Sri Lanka, while significant LD between Pvmdr1 and the combined 4 MS locus haplotype was only seen in Ecuador and Sri Lanka. When combining the 5 loci, high level diversity, measured as expected heterozygosity (He), was seen in the complete sample set (He = 0.99), while He estimates for individual loci ranged from 0.00–0.93. Although Pvmdr1 haplotypes were not consistently associated with specific flanking MS alleles, there was significant differentiation between geographic sites which could indicate directional selection through local drug pressure. Conclusions Our observations suggest that Pvmdr1 mutations emerged independently on multiple occasions even within the same population. In Sri Lanka population analysis at multiple sites showed evidence of local selection and geographical dispersal of Pvmdr1 mutations between sites.

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Schousboe, M. L.; Ranjitkar, S.; Rajakaruna, R. S.; Amerasinghe, Priyanie H.; Morales, F.; Pearce, R.; Ord, R.; Leslie, T.; Rowland, M.; Gadalla, N. B.; Konradsen, F.; Bygbjerg, C.; Roper, C.; Alifrangis, M. 2015. Multiple origins of mutations in the mdr1 gene—a putative marker of chloroquine resistance in P. vivax. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 9(11):1-17. doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0004196

Accessibility

Open Access

Research Themes

Variability, Risks and Competing Uses

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https://hdl.handle.net/10568/69468

Basin-wide water accounting based on remote sensing data: an application for the Indus Basin

Anonymous — Thu, 19 Nov 2020 22:02:41 +0000

TypeJournal Article

Languageen

Authors

Karimi, Poolad
Bastiaanssen, Wim G.M.
Molden, David J.
Cheema, Muhammad Jehanzeb Masud

The paper demonstrates the application of a new water accounting plus (WA+) framework to produce information on depletion of water resources, storage change, and land and water productivity in the Indus basin. It shows how satellite-derived estimates of land use, rainfall, evaporation (E), transpiration (T ), interception (I ) and biomass production can be used in addition to measured basin outflow, for water accounting with WA+. It is demonstrated how the accounting results can be interpreted to identify existing issues and examine solutions for the future. The results for one selected year (2007) showed that total annual water depletion in the basin (501 km3) plus outflows (21 km3) exceeded total precipitation (482 km3). The water storage systems that were effected are groundwater storage (30 km3), surface water storage (9 km3), and glaciers and snow storage (2 km3). Evapotranspiration of rainfall or "landscape ET? was 344 km3 (69% of total depletion). "Incremental ET? due to utilized flow was 157 km3 (31% of total depletion). Agriculture depleted 297 km3, or 59% of the total depletion, of which 85% (254 km3) was through irrigated agriculture and the remaining 15% (44 km3) through rainfed systems. Due to excessive soil evaporation in agricultural areas, half of all water depletion in the basin was non-beneficial. Based on the results of this accounting exercise loss of storage, low beneficial depletion, and low land and water productivity were identified as the main water resources management issues. Future scenarios to address these issues were chosen and their impacts on the Indus Basin water accounts were tested using the new WA+ framework.

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Karimi, Poolad; Bastiaanssen, W. G. M.; Molden, D.; Cheema, M. J. M. 2013. Basin-wide water accounting based on remote sensing data: an application for the Indus Basin. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 17(7):2473-2486. doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-2473-2013

Accessibility

Open Access

Research Themes

Variability, Risks and Competing Uses

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https://hdl.handle.net/10568/40213

Review of water and climate adaptation financing and institutional frameworks in South Asia. Background Paper 3

Anonymous — Thu, 19 Nov 2020 22:02:41 +0000

TypeReport

Languageen

Authors

Suhardiman, Diana
Silva, Sanjiv de
Arulingam, Indika
Rodrigo, Sashan
Nicol, Alan

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Citation

Suhardiman, Diana; de Silva, Sanjiv; Arulingam, Indika; Rodrigo, Sashan; Nicol, Alan. 2019. Review of water and climate adaptation financing and institutional frameworks in South Asia. Background Paper 3. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI).. 110p. (Climate Risks and Solutions: Adaptation Frameworks for Water Resources Planning, Development and Management in South Asia) doi: 10.5337/2019.204

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Open Access

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https://hdl.handle.net/10568/102235

Informing Change in the Indus Basin

Amanda — Tue, 30 Jan 2018 07:58:00 +0000

Interlinked ICIB components include:

1) A virtual knowledge platform with data from all basin countries to address challenge of dispersed data which precludes understanding linkages and trade-offs;

2) Web-based tools to support more informed decision making between and across political and administrative borders; and

3) Facilitating inter-provincial and basin-wide dialogue to generate and share knowledge over important contextual changes, their drivers and opportunities for their management in the basin, including improved cooperation over water management, and adapting to climate change.

Media dialogs on the same for more informed analysis and reporting, and knowledge alignment with policy makers and the public.

Contact Person

Nicol, Alan <a.nicol@cgiar.org>

Lead Center

International Water Management Institute (IWMI)

Donors

Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office, Department for International Development (DFID), United Kingdom

Partners

DFID - Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office (Department for International Development)(United Kingdom), IWMI - International Water Management Institute

Completed

Start/End dateOctober 01, 2015 — March 31, 2018

Research ThemeVariability, Risks and Competing Uses

Cluster

4.2 Managing Competing Uses and Trade-offs

Regions

Southern Asia

Countries

Afghanistan, China, India, Pakistan

Enhanced Engagement in Research on Kabul River Basin (EKaRB)

Amanda — Tue, 30 Jan 2018 07:52:00 +0000

The project aims to assess the impact of projected climate change and future infrastructure development on the flow of the Kabul River using the Hec-GeoHMS model (rainfall runoff) and Water Evaluation and Planning WEAP model. The use of these models will point out the shortcomings in data, its availability and quality so that an effort could be made to overcome these issues in future.

Contact Person

Shah, Azeem <a.shah@cgiar.org>

Lead Center

International Water Management Institute (IWMI)

Partners

Government of United States, IWMI - International Water Management Institute

Completed

Start/End dateNovember 01, 2015 — January 31, 2020

Research ThemeVariability, Risks and Competing Uses

Cluster

4.1 Risks associated with water variability mitigated

Countries

Afghanistan, Pakistan

Innovative Risk Management Solutions for Floods and Drought to support national strategies for Disaster Risk Reduction in South Asia

Amanda — Tue, 30 Jan 2018 06:24:00 +0000

The main aim of this project is to develop a framework to help institutions in South Asian countries reduce vulnerability and strengthen preparedness to droughts. The project will advance the existing prototype of drought forecasting and warning that includes the science of monitoring and forecasting and can provide information on how different groups can use the forecasts to support their decision-making. On the risk transfer solutions on flood insurance project we will investigate business models and the establishment of an enabling institutional framework to contribute to development at meaningful scales. Further, the index insurance, will enable the poor to access financial tools for development, properly prepare for, and recover from flood disasters. Other activities include rapid emergency response mapping during major flood disasters to support disaster agencies in relief and impact assessment as well as a range of capacity building activities to brief national stakeholders and strengthen national strategies for Disaster Risk Reduction in South Asia.

Contact Person

Amarnath, Giriraj <a.giriraj@cgiar.org>

Lead Center

International Water Management Institute (IWMI)

Donors

Bajaj Allianz General Insurance Co. Ltd.

Partners

FAO - Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Government of Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, ICAR - Indian Council of Agricultural Research, IWMI - International Water Management Institute, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (Lao PDR), MPKV - Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri, SAARC - South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation, The World Bank, UN-SPIDER - United Nations Platform for Space-based Information for Disaster Management and Emergency Response, WFP - World Food Programme, WRMS - Weather Risk Management Services Private Limited

Completed

Start/End dateJanuary 01, 2017 — December 31, 2021

Research ThemeVariability, Risks and Competing Uses

Cluster

4.1 Risks associated with water variability mitigated

Regions

Global, Southern Asia, Southeast Asia, Southern Africa

Countries

Afghanistan, India, Myanmar, South Africa, Sri Lanka