Water, Land and Ecosystems - Iran

The security of water, food, energy and liveability of cities: challenges and opportunities for peri-urban futures

Anonymous — Thu, 19 Nov 2020 22:02:41 +0000

TypeBook

Languageen

Authors

Maheshwari, B.
Purohit, R.
Malano, H.M.M.
Singh, Virendra Pal
Amerasinghe, Priyanie H.

Citation

Maheshwari, B.; Purohit, R.; Malano, H.; Singh, V. P.; Amerasinghe, Priyanie. (Eds.) 2014. The security of water, food, energy and liveability of cities: challenges and opportunities for peri-urban futures. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer. 489p. (Water Science and Technology Library Volume 71)

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Research Themes

Rural-Urban Linkages

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https://hdl.handle.net/10568/65262

Scale, governance and the management of river basins: a case study from Central Iran

Anonymous — Thu, 19 Nov 2020 22:02:41 +0000

TypeJournal Article

Languageen

Authors

Molle, Francois
Mamanpoush, A.R.

Aquatic socio-ecological systems show pervasive cross-scale interactions and problems of fit between ecosystems and institutions. Nested bio-hydrological processes within river basins are prone to thirdparty impacts, and equitable/sustainable management of water resources requires adequate governance patterns that both cover relevant scalar levels and handle cross-scale interactions. This paper provides the example of the Zayandeh Rud basin, in central Iran, and describes the historical evolution of water use at three different nested scales. It shows how the gradual overallocation of water resources (basin closure) and the manipulation of the hydrological cycle by the state and other actors have resulted in a constant spatial and social redistribution of water use and associated benefits and costs. State-centered modes of governance characterized by the priority to large-scale infrastructure, vested political and financial interests, lack of attention to local processes and hydrological interconnectedness, and the neglect of environmental degradation, must give way to forms of comanagement that better articulate the different levels of control and governance.

Citation

Molle, Francois; Mamanpoush, A. 2012. Scale, governance and the management of river basins: a case study from Central Iran. Geoforum, 43(2):285-294. doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2011.08.004

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https://hdl.handle.net/10568/40373

Reducing carbon emissions through improved irrigation and groundwater management: a case study from Iran

Anonymous — Thu, 19 Nov 2020 22:02:41 +0000

TypeJournal Article

Languageen

Authors

Karimi, Poolad
Qureshi, Asad Sarwar
Bahramloo, R.
David, S.

Groundwater irrigation consumes considerable energy as well as water resources across the globe. Using a case study from Iran, this paper explores how enhanced farm water management can help in reducing groundwater exploitation and subsequently limiting energy consumption and the carbon footprint of the groundwater economy. Groundwater use for irrigated agriculture in Iran has increased vastly over the last three decades. We estimate that groundwater pumping consumes 20.5 billion kWh electricity and 2 billion liters of diesel and contributes to 3.6% of the total carbon emission of the country. Thus there is an opportunity to reduce energy use and carbon emissions by pumping less water. However, groundwater use remains important for food security. To identify opportunities for water conservation within agricultural elds, the SWAP model was applied to simulate crop growth and eld water balance for three major irrigated crops, i.e. wheat, maize, and sugar beet in the Gamasiab River Basin, one of the highest groundwater using irrigated areas of Iran. The model simulations showed that by adopting improved irrigation schedules and improving farm application ef ciencies, water productivity will increase, and irrigation water withdrawals from groundwater can be reduced signi cantly with no reduction in yields. While these improvementsmay ormay not resultinwater saving and retarding the groundwater decline, depending on the fate of excess application, they will have signi cant water quality, energy, and carbon implications. Such reduction in irrigation application can result in 40% decline in energy consumption and subsequently carbon emission of groundwater use.

Citation

Karimi, Poolad; Qureshi, Asad Sarwar; Bahramloo, R.; Molden, David. 2012. Reducing carbon emissions through improved irrigation and groundwater management: a case study from Iran. Agricultural Water Management, 108:52-60. (Special issue on "Irrigation efficiency and productivity: scales, systems and science" with contributions by IWMI authors). doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2011.09.001

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https://hdl.handle.net/10568/40347

Multi-variable calibration of a semi-distributed hydrological model using streamflow data and satellite-based evapotranspiration

Anonymous — Thu, 19 Nov 2020 22:02:41 +0000

TypeJournal Article

Languageen

Authors

Rientjes, T.H.M.
Muthuwatta, Lal P.
Bos, M.G.
Booij, M.J.
Bhatti, H.A.

In this study, streamflow (Qs) and satellite-based actual evapotranspiration (ETa) are used in a multi-variable calibration framework to reproduce the catchment water balance. The application is for the HBV rainfall-runoff model at daily time-step for the Karkheh River Basin (51,000 km2) in Iran. Monte Carlo Simulation serves to estimate parameter values and to assess uncertainty for three calibration cases. In case one streamflow is used as the calibration target. In case two satellite-based ETa is used as calibration target. For both cases model performance is evaluated for the second variable that closes the water balance. In case three a preference-based multi-variable objective function is applied which is weighted for Qs and satellite-based ETa. For cloudy days a procedure is developed to complete the daily time series of satellite-based ETa that cover 4 years. Results on multi-variable calibration indicated satisfying results for both water balance terms. Results are compared against field observations and results of single-variable calibration. For cases one and two the second variable only is poorly simulated and resulted in poor reproduction of the water balance. The most important contribution of this work is that the catchment water balance is best reproduced when both Qs and satellite-based ETa serve as calibration target.

Citation

Rientjes, T. H. M.; Muthuwatta, Lal P.; Bos, M. G.; Booij, M. J.; Bhatti, H. A. 2013. Multi-variable calibration of a semi-distributed hydrological model using streamflow data and satellite-based evapotranspiration. Journal of Hydrology, 505:276-290. doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2013.10.006

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Limited Access

Research Themes

Variability, Risks and Competing Uses

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https://hdl.handle.net/10568/40304

Reducing carbon emissions through improved irrigation and groundwater management: a case study from Iran

Anonymous — Thu, 19 Nov 2020 22:02:41 +0000

TypeJournal Article

Subjects

Energy
Groundwater
Irrigation
Modelling and spatial analysis

Languageen

Authors

Karimi, P.
Qureshi, Asad Sarwar
Bahramloo, R.
Molden, David J.

Groundwater irrigation consumes considerable energy as well as water resources across the globe. Using a case study from Iran, this paper explores how enhanced farm water management can help in reducing groundwater exploitation and subsequently limiting energy consumption and the carbon footprint of the groundwater economy. Groundwater use for irrigated agriculture in Iran has increased vastly over the last three decades. We estimate that groundwater pumping consumes 20.5 billion kWh electricity and 2 billion liters of diesel and contributes to 3.6% of the total carbon emission of the country. Thus there is an opportunity to reduce energy use and carbon emissions by pumping less water. However, groundwater use remains important for food security. To identify opportunities for water conservation within agricultural fields, the SWAP model was applied to simulate crop growth and field water balance for three major irrigated crops, i.e. wheat, maize, and sugar beet in the Gamasiab River Basin, one of the highest groundwater using irrigated areas of Iran. The model simulations showed that by adopting improved irrigation schedules and improving farm application efficiencies, water productivity will increase, and irrigation water withdrawals from groundwater can be reduced significantly with no reduction in yields. While these improvements may or may not result in water saving and retarding the ground water decline, depending on the fate of excess application, they will have significant water quality, energy, and carbon implications. Such reduction in irrigation application can result in 40% decline in energy consumption and subsequently carbon emission of groundwater use.

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https://hdl.handle.net/10568/34595

Solutions

Strategies to increase wheat production in the water scarce Karkheh River Basin, Iran

Anonymous — Thu, 19 Nov 2020 22:02:41 +0000

TypeJournal Article

Languageen

Authors

Muthuwatta, Lal P.
Rientjes, T.H.M.
Bos, M.G.

Two strategies are assessed to increase wheat production in the water-scarce Karkheh River Basin (KRB) in Iran to meet targets by the year 2025. The strategies proposed are (a) to increase yields in the current irrigated and rainfed wheat areas and (b) to increase the area under rainfed wheat through land conversion. Crop water consumption, based on satellite remote sensing and crop yield data, was used to estimate crop water productivity (CWP) in irrigated and rainfed wheat areas in five sub-basins. CWP for wheat ranges from 0.5-1.63 kg m-3 in irrigated areas to 0.37-0.62 kg m-3 in rainfed areas. Conditions indicating water-stress in wheat areas were assessed by relative evapotranspiration (ETa/ETp) and showed that water-stress only had a minimal effect for about 154,000 ha of irrigated wheat (57%). Land suitability analysis showed that about 71,000 ha of rangelands can be converted into rainfed wheat areas without harming the current water balance in the basin. Statistical analyses showed that more than 70% of the variation in irrigated and rainfed wheat yield at plot level can be explained by water, fertilizer and seed rates. This suggests that wheat production can be increased by improving inputs other than water. Results from this study indicate that it is possible to meet approximately 85% of the wheat production targets in the year 2025 when strategies are combined.

Citation

Muthuwatta, Lal; Rientjes, T. H. M.; Bos, M. G. 2013. Strategies to increase wheat production in the water scarce Karkheh River Basin, Iran. Agricultural Water Management, 124:1-10. doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2013.03.013

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Limited Access

Research Themes

Variability, Risks and Competing Uses

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https://hdl.handle.net/10568/40288

Scale, governance and the management of river basins: a case study from Central Iran

Anonymous — Thu, 19 Nov 2020 22:02:41 +0000

TypeJournal Article

Subjects

Ecosystems
River basins
Socio-economics
Hydrology/hydrogeology
Impact
Institutions/governance/policies/reforms

Languageen

Authors

Molle, Francois
Mamanpoush, A.R.

Aquatic socio-ecological systems show pervasive cross-scale interactions and problems of fit between ecosystems and institutions. Nested bio-hydrological processes within river basins are prone to third-party impacts, and equitable/sustainable management of water resources requires adequate governance patterns that both cover relevant scalar levels and handle cross-scale interactions. This paper provides the example of the Zayandeh Rud basin, in central Iran, and describes the historical evolution of water use at three different nested scales. It shows how the gradual overallocation of water resources (basin closure) and the manipulation of the hydrological cycle by the state and other actors have resulted in a constant spatial and social redistribution of water use and associated benefits and costs. State-centered modes of governance characterized by the priority to large-scale infrastructure, vested political and financial interests, lack of attention to local processes and hydrological interconnectedness, and the neglect of environmental degradation, must give way to forms of comanagement that better articulate the different levels of control and governance.

Citation

Molle, Francois; Mamanpoush, A. 2012. Scale, governance and the management of river basins: a case study from Central Iran. Geoforum, 43(2):285-294.

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Limited Access

Research Themes

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https://hdl.handle.net/10568/34738

Solutions

Social equity

Resource recovery from waste: business models for energy, nutrient and water reuse in low- and middle-income countries

Anonymous — Thu, 19 Nov 2020 22:02:41 +0000

TypeBook

Languageen

Authors

Otoo, Miriam
Drechsel, Pay

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Citation

Otoo, Miriam; Drechsel, Pay. (Eds.) 2018. Resource recovery from waste: business models for energy, nutrient and water reuse in low- and middle-income countries. Oxon, UK: Routledge - Earthscan. 816p.

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Open Access

Research Themes

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https://hdl.handle.net/10568/93011

Integrating water resources modelling and remote sensing in Karkheh River Basin, Iran. [PhD thesis partly funded by IWMI]

Anonymous — Thu, 19 Nov 2020 22:02:41 +0000

TypeBook

Languageen

Authors

Muthuwatta, Lal P.

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Citation

Muthuwatta, Lal Perakum. 2014. Integrating water resources modelling and remote sensing in Karkheh River Basin, Iran. [PhD thesis partly funded by IWMI] Enschede, Netherlands: University of Twente. Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC).. 151p. (ITC Dissertation 261) doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.3990/1.9789036537940

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Open Access

Research Themes

Variability, Risks and Competing Uses

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https://hdl.handle.net/10568/65267

Costs and benefits of using wastewater for aquifer recharge

Anonymous — Thu, 19 Nov 2020 22:02:41 +0000

TypeBook Chapter

Languageen

Authors

Qadir, Manzoor
Boelee, Eline
Amerasinghe, Priyanie H.
Danso, George K.

Citation

Qadir, Manzoor; Boelee, E.; Amerasinghe, Priyanie; Danso, G. 2015. Costs and benefits of using wastewater for aquifer recharge. In Drechsel, Pay; Qadir, Manzoor; Wichelns, D. (Eds.). Wastewater: economic asset in an urbanizing world. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer. pp.153-167.

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Limited Access

Research Themes

Rural-Urban Linkages

Permalink

https://hdl.handle.net/10568/71167