Water, Land and Ecosystems - Tajikistan

Effects of training duration and the role of gender on farm participation in water user associations in Southern Tajikistan: Implications for irrigation management

Anonymous — Wed, 24 Aug 2022 12:13:04 +0000

TypePresentation

Languageen

Authors

Balasubramanya, Soumya

Presented by Soumya Balasubramanya (IWMI), as part of the Annual Gender Scientific Conference hosted by the CGIAR Collaborative Platform for Gender Research, Addis Ababa, 25-27 September 2018.

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Balasubramanya, Soumya. 2018. Effects of training duration and the role of gender on farm participation in water user associations in Southern Tajikistan: Implications for irrigation management. Presented by Soumya Balasubramanya (IWMI), as part of the Annual Gender Scientific Conference hosted by the CGIAR Collaborative Platform for Gender Research, Addis Ababa, 25-27 September 2018. Colombo: International Water Management Institute

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https://hdl.handle.net/10568/120770

Local and national institutions and policies governing water resources management

Anonymous — Sat, 10 Jul 2021 11:37:41 +0000

TypeBook Chapter

Languageen

Authors

Cassara, M.
Beekma, J.
Strasser, L. de
Anarbekov, Oyture
Murzaeva, Makhliyo
Giska, S.
Dorre, A.

Citation

Walker, D.; Haile, Alemseged Tamiru; Gowing, J.; Forsythe, N.; Parkin, G. 2019. Guideline: selection, training and managing para-hydrologists. Oxford, UK: University of Oxford. REACH Programme. 31p. (REACH Working Paper 6)

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https://hdl.handle.net/10568/106765

Analysis of cotton water productivity in Fergana Valley of Central Asia

Anonymous — Thu, 19 Nov 2020 22:02:41 +0000

TypeJournal Article

Subjects

Water productivity
Agricultural water management
Irrigation
Energy

Languageen

Authors

Reddy, J.M.
Muhammedjanov, S.
Jumaboev, Kahramon
Eshmuratov, Davron

Cotton water productivity was studied in Fergana Valley of Central Asia during the years of 2009, 2010 and 2011. Data was collected from 18 demonstration fields (13 in Uzbekistan, 5 in Tajikistan). The demonstration field farmers implemented several improved agronomic and irrigation water management practices. The average values of crop yield, estimated crop consumptive use (ETa) and total water applied (TWA) for the demonstration sites were, respectively, 3700 kg/ha, 6360 m3/ha, and 8120 m3/ha. The range of values for TWA and ETa were, respectively, 5000 m3/ha to 12,000 m3/ha and 4500 m3/ha to 8000 m3/ha. A quadratic relationship was found between TWA and ETa. The average yield of the adjacent fields was 3300 kg/ha, whereas the average yield of cotton in Fergana Valley as a whole was 2900 kg/ha, indicating 28% and 14% increase in crop yield, respectively, from, demonstration fields and adjacent fields. There was no significant difference in crop yields between the wet years (2009 and 2010) and the dry year (2011), which is explained by the quadratic relationship between TWA and ETa. The water productivity values ranged from 0.35 kg/m3 to 0.89 kg/m3, indicating a significant potential for improving water productivity through agronomic and irrigation management interventions. The ratio of average ETa divided by average TWA gave an average application efficiency of 78% (some fields under-irrigated and some fields over-irrigated), the remaining 22% of water applied leaving the field. Since more than 60% of the water used for irrigation in Tajikistan and Uzbekistan is pumped from, even if all this 22% of water returns to the stream, substantial energy savings would accrue from improving the average application efficiency at field level. The range of values for TWA indicates the inequity in water distribution/accessibility. Addressing this inequity would also increase water productivity at field and project level.

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Reddy, Junna Mohan; Muhammedjanov, S.; Jumaboev, Kakhramon; Eshmuratov, Davron. 2012. Analysis of cotton water productivity in Fergana Valley of Central Asia. Agricultural Sciences, 3(6):822-834.

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https://hdl.handle.net/10568/34578

Solutions

A water rights trading approach to increasing inflows to the Aral Sea

Anonymous — Thu, 19 Nov 2020 22:02:41 +0000

TypeJournal Article

Languageen

Authors

Bekchanov, Maksud
Ringler, Claudia
Bhaduri, Anik

Tremendous development of irrigation since the 1960s combined with unbalanced water resources management led to the destruction of the ecosystems in the delta zone and the gradual desiccation of the Aral Sea, once the fourth largest freshwater lake of the world. Command-and-control based water management in the Aral Sea Basin (ASB) inherited from Soviet times did not create any incentives for investing in improved irrigation infrastructure, adopt water-wise approaches, and thus maintain flows into the Aral Sea. This study examined the potential for market-based water allocation to increase inflows to the Aral Sea while maintaining stable agricultural incomes. We find that a water trading system can improve inflows to the Aral Sea but would require significant compensation for agricultural producers. Agricultural producers can use the compensation payments to cope with reduced water supply by improving irrigation and conveyance efficiencies and by developing alternative rural activities such as livestock grazing, agro-processing, and cultivation of low water consumptive crops. We also find that a water trading system would be more efficient if it includes both trade among irrigation sites and between sites and instream uses.

Citation

Bekchanov, Maksud; Ringler, C.; Bhaduri, A. 2015. A water rights trading approach to increasing inflows to the Aral Sea. 34p. (Online first). doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ldr.2394

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https://hdl.handle.net/10568/77525

Of transboundary basins, integrated water resources management (IWRM) and second best solutions: the case of groundwater banking in Central Asia

Anonymous — Thu, 19 Nov 2020 22:02:41 +0000

TypeJournal Article

Languageen

Authors

Karimov, Akmal A.
Giordano, Mark
Mukherji, Aditi
Borisov, V.
Djumanov, J.

This paper tells the story of trade-off between hydropower and irrigation and its implications for groundwater use in Syrdarya basin in Central Asia. With the independence of the central Asian republics, this trade-off has become a transboundary issue. Efforts to coordinate bilateral action using integrated water resources management (IWRM) principles of basin-wide cooperation have not yet yielded the hoped for results. This paper shows that there could be a 'second best' option of solving at least part of this transboundary problem by 'banking' winter flows released for hydropower production in Kyrgyzstan in the underground aquifers of Uzbekistan's Fergana Valley and extracting it for irrigation in the summer months.

Citation

Karimov, Akmal; Giordano, Mark; Mukherji, Aditi; Borisov, V.; Djumanov, J. 2012. Of transboundary basins, integrated water resources management (IWRM) and second best solutions: the case of groundwater banking in Central Asia. Water Policy, 14(1):99-111. doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2011.149

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https://hdl.handle.net/10568/40348

A water accounting procedure to determine the water savings potential of the Fergana Valley

Anonymous — Thu, 19 Nov 2020 22:02:41 +0000

TypeJournal Article

Subjects

Water accounting
Agricultural water management
Energy
Multiple uses of water
Hydrology/hydrogeology

Languageen

Authors

Karimov, A.A.
Molden, David J.
Khamzina, T.
Platonov, Alexander
Ivanov, Y.

The Syrdarya River basin in Central Asia exhibits symptoms of scarcity because of growing competition between hydropower upstream and environment, cities and agriculture downstream. Different approaches to water management, based on water savings in agriculture could relieve the stress of competition, yet keep alive a vibrant agriculture. The Fergana Valley, a highly productive area within the upstream of the Syrdarya River, was analyzed to determine the water savings potential of agriculture. This paper used a water accounting procedure to identify both the scope for savings and the strategies to realize those gains. Significant nonproductive depletion of water at 2681�4164 million m3 (Mm3) was identified in the form of evaporation, flows to sinks and pollution. The water-saving potential is estimated at 2823 Mm3 annually, which is about 10% of the total inflow into the area, through a range of practical approaches. This strategy would bring regional benefits by reallocation of surplus winter flow from the upstream for summer use in the downstream.

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Karimov, Akmal; Molden, David; Khamzina, T.; Platonov, Alexander; Ivanov, Y. 2012. A water accounting procedure to determine the water savings potential of the Fergana Valley. Agricultural Water Management, 108:61-72. (Special issue on "Irrigation efficiency and productivity: scales, systems and science" with contributions by IWMI authors).

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Research Themes

Variability, Risks and Competing Uses

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https://hdl.handle.net/10568/34716

Solutions

The costs of benefit sharing: historical and institutional analysis of shared water development in the Ferghana Valley, the Syr Darya Basin

Anonymous — Thu, 19 Nov 2020 22:02:41 +0000

TypeJournal Article

Languageen

Authors

Soliev, Ilkhom
Wegerich, Kai
Kazbekov, Jusipbek S.

Ongoing discussions on water-energy-food nexus generally lack a historical perspective and more rigorous institutional analysis. Scrutinizing a relatively mature benefit sharing approach in the context of transboundary water management, the study shows how such analysis can be implemented to facilitate understanding in an environment of high institutional and resource complexity. Similar to system perspective within nexus, benefit sharing is viewed as a positive sum approach capable of facilitating cooperation among riparian parties by shifting the focus from the quantities of water to benefits derivable from its use and allocation. While shared benefits from use and allocation are logical corollary of the most fundamental principles of international water law, there are still many controversies as to the conditions under which benefit sharing could serve best as an approach. Recently, the approach has been receiving wider attention in the literature and is increasingly applied in various basins to enhance negotiations. However, relatively little attention has been paid to the costs associated with benefit sharing, particularly in the long run. The study provides a number of concerns that have been likely overlooked in the literature and examines the approach in the case of the Ferghana Valley shared by Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan utilizing data for the period from 1917 to 2013. Institutional analysis traces back the origins of property rights of the transboundary infrastructure, shows cooperative activities and fierce negotiations on various governance levels. The research discusses implications of the findings for the nexus debate and unveils at least four types of costs associated with benefit sharing: (1) Costs related to equity of sharing (horizontal and vertical); (2) Costs to the environment; (3) Transaction costs and risks of losing water control; and (4) Costs as a result of likely misuse of issue linkages.

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Soliev, Ilkhom; Wegerich, Kai; Kazbekov, Jusipbek. 2015. The costs of benefit sharing: historical and institutional analysis of shared water development in the Ferghana Valley, the Syr Darya Basin. Water, 7(6):2728-2752. doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w7062728

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https://hdl.handle.net/10568/77540

Is it possible to shift to hydrological boundaries?: the Ferghana Valley meshed system

Anonymous — Thu, 19 Nov 2020 22:02:41 +0000

TypeJournal Article

Languageen

Authors

Wegerich, Kai
Kazbekov, Jusipbek S.
Mukhamedova, Nozilakhon
Musayev, Sardorbek

The management of water resources according to hydrological boundaries at different implementation levels (river basin, irrigation system, or water user association) is promoted internationally. This approach to water management, especially for the basin, is starting to be challenged from different perspectives: representation within basins, appropriateness for basins in the south, and the challenges of merging boundaries for surface and groundwater sources. It has been challenged only recently in relation to its appropriateness for indigenously constructed (informal) irrigation systems. To these critiques, this paper adds the historical development and originally intended purpose of engineered irrigation systems and therefore calls into question whether it is always possible to introduce hydrological boundary management in the formal systems in CentralAsia.

Citation

Wegerich, Kai; Kazbekov, Jusipbek; Mukhamedova, Nozilakhon; Musayev, Sardorbek. 2012. Is it possible to shift to hydrological boundaries?: the Ferghana Valley meshed system. International Journal of Water Resources Development, 28(3):545-564. doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07900627.2012.684316

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Research Themes

Variability, Risks and Competing Uses

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https://hdl.handle.net/10568/40402

From monocentric ideal to polycentric pragmatism in the Syr Darya: searching for second best approaches

Anonymous — Thu, 19 Nov 2020 22:02:41 +0000

TypeJournal Article

Languageen

Authors

Wegerich, Kai
Kazbekov, Jusipbek S.
Lautze, Jonathan F.
Platonov, Alexander
Yakubov, Murat

While best practice in water management typically calls for the use of a basin-level approach, specific guidance in the absence of basin-level management is fairly scant. This paper reviews the experience of the Syr Darya basin to identify insights related to second best practices for water management at scales below the basin level. This paper first presents the causes for the disintegration of river basin management within the Syr Darya, which include both changes in operation of the Toktogul reservoir and rising water demands due to shifts in agricultural production and land ownership. Focus is then devoted specifically to small transboundary tributaries, where bottom-up cooperation has continued or reemerged in recent times. This paper concludes by highlighting the limitations to singular focus on sub-basins and tributaries, suggesting a balance between more intense cooperation and water control on tributaries and a loose overarching framework at the basin level.

Citation

Wegerich, Kai; Kazbekov, Jusipbek; Lautze, Jonathan; Platonov, Alexander; Yakubov, Murat. 2012. From monocentric ideal to polycentric pragmatism in the Syr Darya: searching for second best approaches. International Journal of Sustainable Society, 4(1-2):113-130. doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1504/IJSSOC.2012.044669

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https://hdl.handle.net/10568/40401

Meso-level cooperation on transboundary tributaries and infrastructure in the Ferghana Valley

Anonymous — Thu, 19 Nov 2020 22:02:41 +0000

TypeJournal Article

Languageen

Authors

Wegerich, Kai
Kazbekov, Jusipbek S.
Kabilov, Firdavs
Mukhamedova, Nozilakhon

The river basin management approach in the Syr Darya basin fragmented after the disintegration of the Soviet Union. However, this approach had already created dependencies between riparian states, such as transboundary water control infrastructure. At the national level, these states hardly cooperate, but at the province and district level, especially in the Ferghana Valley, which is shared by Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan, cooperation continues. This paper analyzes transboundary cooperation in the Ferghana Valley. On the periphery, con ict and cooperation still take place on both water management infrastructure and water sharing. The greatest hindrance to cooperation?border control?is outside the realm of water management, but is key given the property rights to water management infrastructure in the neighbouring riparian states.

Citation

Wegerich, Kai; Kazbekov, Jusipbek; Kabilov, Firdavs; Mukhamedova, Nozilakhon. 2012. Meso-level cooperation on transboundary tributaries and infrastructure in the Ferghana Valley. International Journal of Water Resources Development, 28(3):525-543. doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07900627.2012.684314

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Research Themes

Variability, Risks and Competing Uses

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https://hdl.handle.net/10568/40400