Water, Land and Ecosystems - Pakistan

Routing field channels through a tertiary unit with heterogeneous fields

Anonymous — Wed, 29 Dec 2021 12:41:38 +0000

TypeJournal Article

Languageen

Authors

Anwar, Arif A.
Bhatti, Muhammad Tousif

The extensive irrigation systems of South Asia are predominately a hierarchy of canals delivering water to a tertiary unit. A network of field channels transfers water within the tertiary unit to the field where it is applied using surface irrigation. The network of field channels within a tertiary unit is often left to the farmers/farmer associations to construct, maintain, and operate. This paper develops a mathematical model/algorithm for routing the field channel along the existing field boundaries such that every field is serviced by a field channel and minimizing the total length of the field channel as a proxy measure of the cost of construction of field channels. The models developed in this paper are formulated as integer programs, implemented in a general-purpose solver. The model is applied to a tertiary unit of the Gomal Zam Irrigation System in Pakistan and shows that for this particular application, the optimized total length of field channels is 9,463 m compared with 11,313 m when an expert judgment is used, a reduction of 1,850 m (20%).

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Anwar, Arif A.; Bhatti, Muhammad Tousif. 2021. Routing field channels through a tertiary unit with heterogeneous fields. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 147(9):04021040. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)IR.1943-4774.0001592]

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https://hdl.handle.net/10568/114333

Global groundwater: source, scarcity, sustainability, security, and solutions

Anonymous — Wed, 29 Dec 2021 12:41:38 +0000

TypeBook

Languageen

Authors

Mukherjee, A.
Scanlon, Bridget R.
Aureli, A.
Langan, Simon J.
Guo, H.
McKenzie, A. A.

Citation

Mukherjee, A.; Scanlon, B. R.; Aureli, A.; Langan, Simon; Guo, H.; McKenzie, A. A. (Eds.) 2021. Global groundwater: source, scarcity, sustainability, security, and solutions. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier. 676p.

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Limited Access

Research Themes

Variability, Risks and Competing Uses

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https://hdl.handle.net/10568/111566

Solar irrigation in Pakistan: a situation analysis report

Anonymous — Thu, 21 Oct 2021 11:36:32 +0000

TypeReport

Languageen

Authors

Ali Shah, Muhammad Azeem
Akbar, Muhammad Zain Bin

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Ali Shah, Muhammad Azeem; Akbar, Muhammad Zain Bin. 2021. Solar irrigation in Pakistan: a situation analysis report. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 35p. [doi: https://doi.org/10.5337/2021.219]

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Open Access

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https://hdl.handle.net/10568/115271

Accelerating irrigation expansion in Sub-Saharan Africa: policy lessons from the global revolution in farmer-led smallholder irrigation

Anonymous — Sat, 10 Jul 2021 11:37:41 +0000

TypeReport

Languageen

Authors

Shah, Tushaar
Namara, R.
Rajan, Abhishek

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Shah, Tushaar; Namara, R.; Rajan, Abhishek. 2020. Accelerating irrigation expansion in Sub-Saharan Africa: policy lessons from the global revolution in farmer-led smallholder irrigation. Washington, DC, USA: World Bank. 53p.

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Open Access

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https://hdl.handle.net/10568/107949

Integrated water resource management to address the growing demand for food and water in South Asia

Anonymous — Wed, 07 Jul 2021 11:37:09 +0000

TypeJournal Article

Languageen

Authors

Birendra, K. C.
McIndoe, I.
Schultz, B.
Prasad, K.
Bright, J.
Dark, A.
Pandey, Vishnu Prasad
Chaudhary, A.
Thapa, P. M.
Perera, R.
Dangi, D. R.

With the increasing population and accelerated urbanization, demands for water are rising for different sectors around the world, including in South Asia. Integrated water resource management (IWRM) offers a promising potential to address multifaceted water demands. This study therefore aimed to address this issue by (i) reviewing key issues related to water, land, and food in South Asian countries, (ii) exploring the prevalent irrigation management strategies in those countries, and (iii) examining the IWRM situation based on a Nepalese case study, and it proposes some options to support effective implementation of IWRM. South Asia, the home to 24% of the world's population with only 15% and 7% of the world's arable and permanent crop land and water resources, respectively, is the worst-affected region in the world from undernourishment. Surface irrigation is the dominant irrigation application method in the region, which incurs high water losses due to the lack of flexible water control structures in canal networks. The Nepalese case study revealed a lack of clear institutional arrangements to implement IWRM and disparate and conflicting views about IWRM. Creation and strengthening of basin-level water user organizations, technological improvements, and awareness-raising activities are some potential ways forward to implement IWRM.

Citation

Birendra, K. C.; McIndoe, I.; Schultz, B.; Prasad, K.; Bright, J.; Dark, A.; Pandey, Vishnu Prasad; Chaudhary, A.; Thapa, P. M.; Perera, R.; Dangi, D. R. 2021. Integrated water resource management to address the growing demand for food and water in South Asia. Irrigation and Drainage, 70(4):924-935. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/ird.2590]

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Research Themes

Variability, Risks and Competing Uses

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https://hdl.handle.net/10568/113611

Sustainability analysis of irrigation water management in Punjab, Pakistan

Anonymous — Wed, 07 Jul 2021 11:37:09 +0000

TypeBook Chapter

Languageen

Authors

Abid, M.
Hafeez, Mohsin
Watto, M. A.

Water management in the irrigation-dominated Indus Basin of Pakistan is under pressure to ensure equitable, long-term, stable and flexible water supplies for meeting crop water demands, growing non-agricultural water demands (domestic and industrial supplies), and minimising adverse environmental impacts of one of the largest irrigation systems in the world. In this chapter, we focus on the irrigation system in Punjab by carrying out a sustainability analysis of its current irrigation water application methods. Cai et al.’s (Sustainability analysis for irrigation water management: concepts, methodology, and application to the Aral Sea region. Environment and production technology division, discussion paper no. 86, International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, DC, 2001) analytical framework is used, which comprises indicators of risk and vulnerability, environmental system integrity, and economic acceptability and equity. The analysis suggests that irrigation water management in Punjab is currently unsustainable due to declining surface water supplies and excessive pressure on groundwater to support intensive agriculture and increasing demand from non-agricultural uses. Furthermore, climate change projections suggest reduced overall water availability leading to reduced crop productivity. Groundwater exploitation, unsustainable irrigation and agricultural practices, and industrial effluents are affecting water quality and worsening the overall health of the Indus Basin and its ecosystem. The cost of irrigation water management is economically not viable due to the high level of subsidies for technological interventions at the farm level and minimal water charges. The gap between collected water charges and overall operation and maintenance costs has reached USD 76 million. Water productivity in the Punjab is one of the lowest in the South Asia region due to use of traditional irrigation practices with low irrigation and application efficiency. Equitable distribution of water in the province has become a big challenge for water managers given increasing water allocation conflicts, especially between upstream and downstream water users. We thus suggest adopting an approach that is more inclusive of all major stakeholder interests keeping in view the competing inter-sectoral water demands in future and the ongoing challenges of climate change, urbanisation and economic growth. Such efforts are required to improve water use efficiency as well as equity in the distribution of water among users.

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Abid, M.; Hafeez, Mohsin; Watto, M. A. 2021. Sustainability analysis of irrigation water management in Punjab, Pakistan. In Watto, M. A.; Mitchell, M.; Bashir, S. (Eds.). Water resources of Pakistan: issues and impacts. Cham, Switzerland: Springer. pp.133-154. (World Water Resources Volume 9) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-65679-9_8]

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Limited Access

Research Themes

Variability, Risks and Competing Uses

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https://hdl.handle.net/10568/113831

A novel approach to analyze uncertainties and complexities while mapping groundwater abstractions in large irrigation schemes

Anonymous — Fri, 09 Apr 2021 11:36:56 +0000

TypeJournal Article

Languageen

Authors

Ali Nawaz, Rana
Awan, Usman Khalid
Anjum, L.
Liaqat, Umar Waqas

While determining the water balance for large irrigation schemes, coping with complexities and uncertainties in estimation of groundwater (GW) abstraction is still a challenge. On other hand, estimating GW abstraction is of paramount importance to ensure the proper management of surface and GW resources. Although, there are number of well-known methods exist to map GW abstraction, utilization-factor (Uf) is considered as a reliable method. However, at large scales, tubewells utilization time required for Uf method is difficult to retrieve as large and small tubewells are governed under different rules. Geo-informatics is another emerging approach being used to estimate GW abstraction, however, there are several complexities and uncertainties involved in characterizing GW abstraction using satellite remote sensing imagery that leads to inaccurate end results. In current study, in-situ GW measurements were performed to calibrate and validate the GW abstraction estimated from geo-informatics approach at Lower Bari Doab Canal (LBDC) command area of the Indus basin of Pakistan. For in-situ measurements, an intensive tubewell survey was conducted at a grid size of 1 km at 30 locations situated at head, middle and tail end reaches of the LBDC. For the geo-informatics approach used in this study, GW abstraction is considered as a difference of actual evapotranspiration (ETa) from net canal water use and effective rainfall after satisfying soil moisture storage changes. Results of calibration of geo-informatics approach compared with the in-situ measurements showed R2 of 0.89, 0.81 and 0.79 at head, middle and tail end reaches, respectively. Intra-grid annual comparison of in-situ measurements showed that tubewells were being governed by different rules and thus yielded different abstraction within a grid ranging from 854 mm (±105) at head, 742 mm (±220) at middle and 649 mm (±244) at tail grids. Statistical analysis showed that annual GW abstraction by in-situ measurements at head 814 mm (±52), middle 769 mm (±44) and tail 688 mm (±56) end reaches varied significantly at a confidence interval of 95%. The spatial mapping by geo-informatics showed that farmers’ fields situated at proximity of head end reaches utilize 4% and 9% extra water than from those placed at middle and tail end reaches, respectively. The inequity of GW abstraction in LBDC command area highlighted in this study requires immediate intervention of policy makers for sustainable GW management.

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Ali Nawaz, Rana; Awan, Usman Khalid; Anjum, L.; Liaqat, Umar Waqas. 2021. A novel approach to analyze uncertainties and complexities while mapping groundwater abstractions in large irrigation schemes. Journal of Hydrology, 596:126131. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2021.126131]

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Research Themes

Variability, Risks and Competing Uses

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https://hdl.handle.net/10568/113131

An evaluation of flood inundation mapping from MODIS and ALOS satellites for Pakistan

Anonymous — Thu, 19 Nov 2020 22:02:41 +0000

TypeJournal Article

Languageen

Authors

Amarnath, Giriraj
Rajah, Ameer

The paper presents a moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) time-series imagery-based algorithm for detection and mapping of seasonal and annual changes in flood extent, and tests this using the flooding of the Indus River Basin in 2010 – one of the greatest recent disasters that affected more than 25 million people in Pakistan. The algorithm was applied to produce inundation maps for 10 annual flood seasons over the period from 2000 to 2011. The MODIS flood products were validated in comparison with advanced land observing system (ALOS) sensors, which have both advanced visible and near infrared radiometer and phased array type L-band synthetic images using the flood fraction comparison method. A simple threshold method is created to cluster the data to identify the flood pixels in the imagery. Calculations are then made to estimate a flood area for each resolution. A statistical study is performed to analyze false positive and false negative rates using the ALOS sensors as ‘ground truth’. Comparison of two flood products at a grid size of 10 km resulted in the coefficient of determination range of 0.72–0.97. This research points to a relevant spatial resolution that could be effectively used to obtain accurate mapped products of the extent of the inundated area. The approach can be used to quantify the damage caused by floods.

Citation

Amarnath, Giriraj; Rajah, Ameer. 2015. An evaluation of flood inundation mapping from MODIS and ALOS satellites for Pakistan. Geomatics, Natural Hazards and Risk, 13p. (Online first) doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19475705.2015.1084953

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https://hdl.handle.net/10568/68439

Himalayan water security: a South Asian perspective

Anonymous — Thu, 19 Nov 2020 22:02:41 +0000

TypeJournal Article

Languageen

Authors

Shah, Tushaar
Giordano, Mark

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Shah, Tushaar; Giordano, Mark. 2013. Himalayan water security: a South Asian perspective. Asia Policy, 16(July):26-31.

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Open Access

Research Themes

Restoring Degraded Landscapes

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https://hdl.handle.net/10568/40187

Reimagining cost recovery in Pakistan’s irrigation system through willingness-to-pay estimates for irrigation water from a discrete choice experiment

Anonymous — Thu, 19 Nov 2020 22:02:41 +0000

TypeJournal Article

Languageen

Authors

Bell, A.R.
Ali Shah, Azeem M.
Ward, P.S.

It is widely argued that farmers are unwilling to pay adequate fees for surface water irrigation to recover the costs associated with maintenance and improvement of delivery systems. In this paper, we use a discrete choice experiment to study farmer preferences for irrigation characteristics along two branch canals in Punjab Province in eastern Pakistan. We find that farmers are generally willing to pay well in excess of current surface water irrigation costs for increased surface water reliability and that the amount that farmers are willing to pay is an increasing function of their existing surface water supply as well as location along the main canal branch. This explicit translation of implicit willingness-to-pay (WTP) for water (via expenditure on groundwater pumping) to WTP for reliable surface water demonstrates the potential for greatly enhanced cost recovery in the Indus Basin Irrigation System via appropriate setting of water user fees, driven by the higher WTP of those currently receiving reliable supplies.

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Bell, A. R.; Ali Shah, Azeem M.; Ward, P. S. 2014. Reimagining cost recovery in Pakistan’s irrigation system through willingness-to-pay estimates for irrigation water from a discrete choice experiment. Water Resources Research, 50(8):6679-6695. doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2014WR015704

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Open Access

Research Themes

Land and Water Solutions for Sustainable Agriculture

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https://hdl.handle.net/10568/58424