Displaying 587 publications
Framework for incorporating Gender Equality and Social Inclusion (GESI) elements in Climate Information Services (CIS)Author(s): Mapedza, Everisto; Huyer, S.; Chanana, N.; Rose, A.; Jacobs-Mata, Inga; Mudege, N. N.; Tui, S. H.-K.; Gbegbelegbe, S.; Nsengiyumva, G.; Mutenje, Munyaradzi; Nohayi, Ngowenani
Published year: 2023.
Journal: Sustainability Pages: 15(1):190. (Special issue: Gender and Socially-Inclusive Approaches to Technology for Climate Action)
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We advance a gender equality and social inclusion (GESI) framework for incorporating climate information services (CIS), which is now becoming central due to the ongoing climate change and climate variability. We understand gender as a social construct of who women and men are supposed to be. Gender inequalities seem to be enduring such that, despite innovations in agricultural and climate information technologies, unequal gender power dynamics will still emerge. As far back as the 1960s, the gendered inequalities in accessing technologies could be identified. Such a historical analysis clearly shows that the different technological solutions are clearly embedded within the society in which they evolve in. The paper uses a literature review methodological approach whilst informing the implementation of an ongoing Accelerating Impacts of CGIAR Climate Research for Africa (AICCRA) Project. The findings reveal that unless women are intentionally included in designing and developing agricultural technologies, specifically climate information systems, there is a danger that women will be excluded from the benefits. Conway’s law clearly stipulates that technological innovations are not neutral as they are a projection of the values of their creators. It is, therefore, central to grasp the values of creators of different technological solutions and innovations. The key findings are built around the espoused conceptual framework, which has five indicators, namely: (1) gender targeting by intentional design, (2) collection of sex-disaggregated data, (3) conduct an analysis of the sex-disaggregated data, (4) dissemination of the technological options and (5) conduct continuous monitoring of gender and ongoing empowerment evaluation. The five indicator domains are further complemented by their respective assumptions. Our GESI recommendations are on the five selected indicator domains. These domains must be used within the three focal development areas: agricultural data hub, climate information services training, and flood and drought indicators, which are all being implemented in Zambia. Other AICCRA Project countries are Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Mali, and Senegal. This paper engages why CIS has not gained significant traction in Africa, as it has not genuinely incorporated the differential gender technological nuances.
Empowerment / Women / Climate variability / Climate change / Technology / Access to information / Climate services / Frameworks / Social inclusion / Gender equality
Record No:H051578
CGIAR Initiative on Diversification in East and Southern Africa and CGIAR Initiative on Gender Equality: Stakeholder Consultation Workshop. Proceedings of the Stakeholder Consultation Workshop, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 31 January 2023Author(s): Anbacha, A.; Mapedza, Everisto; Joshi, Deepa; Nigussie, Likimyelesh; Puskur, R.; Nchanji, E.; Mukhopadhyay, P.; Nortje, Karen; Enokenwa Baa, Ojongetakah; Jacobs-Mata, Inga; Zewde, Y.; Ketema, D.; Roothaert, R.; Lutomia, C.; Gartaula, H. N.
Published year: 2023.
Publisher(s): Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). CGIAR Initiative on Diversification in East and Southern Africa; CGIAR Initiative on Gender Equality
Pages: 22
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A stakeholder consultation workshop was conducted by the CGIAR Initiatives on Diversification in East and Southern Africa (Ukama Ustawi) and Gender Equality on 31 January 2023 at the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The workshop aimed to identify and address barriers that limit participation of women and youth and how these are addressed in an ongoing quot;Veggies for People and Planetquot; program at the World Vegetable Center. The workshop also sought to investigate existing opportunities and recommend possible integrated solutions for more equitable and inclusive value chain development.
Policies / Non-governmental organizations / Resilience / Innovation / Technology / Farm inputs / Diversification / Agribusiness / Vegetables / Stakeholders / Capacity development / Empowerment / Farmers / Youth / s participation / Womenapos / Social inclusion / Gender equality / Agricultural value chains
Record No:H052223
Future-proofing the emergency recovery plan for freshwater biodiversityAuthor(s): Lynch, A. J.; Hyman, A. A.; Cooke, S. J.; Capon, S. J.; Franklin, P. A.; Jahnig, S. C.; McCartney, Matthew; Hoa, N. P.; Owuor, M. A.; Pittock, J.; Samways, M. J.; Silva, L. G. M.; Steel, E. A.; Tickner, D.
Published year: 2023.
Journal: Environmental Reviews Pages: 16p. (Online first)
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Freshwater biodiversity loss is accelerating globally, but humanity can change this trajectory through actions that enable recovery. To be successful, these actions require coordination and planning at a global scale. The Emergency Recovery Plan for global freshwater biodiversity aims to reduce the risk for freshwater biodiversity loss through six priority actions: (1) accelerate implementation of environmental flows; (2) improve water quality to sustain aquatic life; (3) protect and restore critical habitats; (4) manage exploitation of freshwater species and riverine aggregates; (5) prevent and control nonnative species invasions in freshwater habitats; and (6) safeguard and restore freshwater connectivity. These actions can be implemented using future-proofing approaches that anticipate future risks (e.g., emerging pollutants, new invaders, and synergistic effects) and minimize likely stressors to make conservation of freshwater biodiversity more resilient to climate change and other global environmental challenges. While uncertainty with respect to past observations is not a new concern for freshwater biodiversity, future-proofing has the distinction of accounting for the uncertainty of future conditions that have no historical baseline. The level of uncertainty with respect to future conditions is unprecedented. Future-proofing of the Emergency Recovery Plan for freshwater biodiversity will require anticipating future changes and developing and implementing actions to address those future changes. Here, we showcase future-proofing approaches likely to be successful using local case studies and examples. Ensuring that response options within the Emergency Recovery Plan are future-proofed will provide decision makers with science-informed choices, even in the face of uncertain and potentially new future conditions. We are at an inflection point for global freshwater biodiversity loss; learning from defeats and successes can support improved actions toward a sustainable future.
Uncertainty / Strategies / Resilience / Protected areas / Rivers / Ecosystem restoration / Invasive species / Habitats / Water quality / Environmental flows / Climate change / Risk reduction / Biodiversity conservation / Freshwater ecosystems
Record No:H052163
Policy gaps and food systems optimization: a review of agriculture, environment, and health policies in South AfricaAuthor(s): Hlahla, S.; Ngidi, M.; Duma, S. E.; Sobratee-Fajurally, N.; Modi, A. T.; Slotow, R.; Mabhaudhi, Tafadzwanashe
Published year: 2023.
Journal: Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems Pages: 7:867481
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South Africa faces the triple burden of malnutrition, high poverty levels, unemployment, and inequality. “Wicked problems” such as these require innovative and transdisciplinary responses, multi-stakeholder coordination and collaboration, managing complex synergies and trade-os, and achieving sustainable outcomes. Through qualitative content analysis of national and provincial sector-based policies, we explored the interlinkages between the agriculture, environment, and health sectors in South Africa in the context of sustainable food and nutrition security and the extent to which these interlinkages are integrated into policy and planning. A systemic analysis of the review outcomes was performed to identify its main learning outcome, the status quo in the policy process. The nature of feedback loops was identified, and a leverage point was suggested. The review highlighted that policymakers in the agriculture, environment and health sectors are aware of, and have understood, the relationships among the three sectors. They have also made attempts to address these interlinkages through collaboration and coordination. Unfortunately, this has been met with several challenges due to fragmented sector-specific mandates and targets and a lack of resources for integrated solutions. This creates implementation gaps and unintended duplication of activities, leading to poor service delivery. Transitioning to sustainable and healthy food systems will only be possible after these gaps have been closed and implementation optimization has been achieved. Focusing on meta-level problem-framing, functional collaboration through transdisciplinary approaches, and integrated targets are critical to successful policy implementation and progressive realization of national goals related to sustainable food and nutrition security, unemployment, poverty, and inequality.
Legislation / Government / Poverty / Unemployment / Vulnerability / Coordination / Collaboration / Food systems / Health policies / Environmental policies / Agricultural policies / Nutrition security / Food security
Record No:H052160
Environmental flows in support of sustainable intensification of agriculture in the Letaba River Basin, South AfricaAuthor(s): Dickens, Chris; Whitney, C.; Luedeling, E.; Dlamini, V.; Oapos;Brien, G.; Greffiths, Ikhothatseng Jacob
Published year: 2023.
Publisher(s): Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI)
Pages: 51
Series: IWMI Working Paper 205More... |
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This study evaluates the socioecological consequences of the potential trade-offs between maintaining environmental flows (e-flows) and providing water for sustainable subsistence agriculture and livelihoods to the vulnerable human communities living along the lower Great Letaba River in South Africa. Implementation of e-flows is now generally recognized as an essential part of water resources management as they are designed to ensure that sufficient water is retained in a river to protect river ecosystems and all the beneficiaries of services that arise from those ecosystems. Understanding the relationship between e-flows and the use of water for small-scale agriculture is important for the management of trade-offs.
The Letaba River Basin and itapos;s tributary, the Great/Groot Letaba, are located in the eastern part of the Limpopo province in South Africa. This is one of the most important river basins in the region supporting both large-scale commercial and small-scale farmers. The river sustains many vulnerable human communities who depend on the ecosystem services provided by the river. Yet, the water resources of the Letaba River are heavily overutilized due to expanding developments, including upstream dams with associated offtakes mostly for irrigation.
The findings of the study indicate that irrigation water demand from subsistence agriculture in the Great Letaba Basin amounted to around 2 million cubic meters annually with median demand not exceeding 300,000 cubic meters per month. This means that irrigation water demand from smallholder agriculture only amounts to about one-tenth of the estimated e-flow requirement. However, small-scale farmers contend with an increasing crop water gap which limits irrigated agriculture, especially during the dry season. Given the need to sustainably maintain e-flows for ecological purposes, crop water gaps are only likely to increase and compromise the sustainability of irrigated agriculture. With active upstream supplementation of river flows from dams to maintain both environmental and livelihoods-oriented river flows, the crop water gap can be fully eliminated. This supplementation is not assured due to competing uses.
Modelling / Land rights / Water rights / Sustainable Development Goals / Food security / Policies / Rural communities / Risk / Women / Gender / Farmers / Smallholders / Livestock / Fishing / Catchment areas / River flow / Ecosystem services / Crop yield / Water requirements / Crop water use / Subsistence farming / Irrigated farming / Irrigation water / Water demand / Water availability / Water management / Water resources / River basins / Livelihoods / Small-scale farming / Sustainable intensification / Sustainable agriculture / Environmental flows
Record No:H052105
Accelerating environmental flow implementation to bend the curve of global freshwater biodiversity lossAuthor(s): Arthington, A. H.; Tickner, D.; McClain, M. E.; Acreman, M. C.; Anderson, E. P.; Babu, S.; Dickens, Chris W. S.; Horne, A. C.; Kaushal, N.; Monk, W. A.; O’Brien, G. C.; Olden, J. D.; Opperman, J. J.; Owusu, Afua G.; Poff, N. L.; Richter, B. D.; Salinas-Rodrguez, S. A.; Shamboko Mbale, B.; Tharme, R. E.; Yarnell, S. M.
Published year: 2023.
Journal: Environmental Reviews Pages: 27p. (Online first)
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Environmental flows (e-flows) aim to mitigate the threat of altered hydrological regimes in river systems and connected waterbodies and are an important component of integrated strategies to address multiple threats to freshwater biodiversity. Expanding and accelerating implementation of e-flows can support river conservation and help to restore the biodiversity and resilience of hydrologically altered and water-stressed rivers and connected freshwater ecosystems. While there have been significant developments in e-flow science, assessment, and societal acceptance, implementation of e-flows within water resource management has been slower than required and geographically uneven. This review explores critical factors that enable successful e-flow implementation and biodiversity outcomes in particular, drawing on 13 case studies and the literature. It presents e-flow implementation as an adaptive management cycle enabled by 10 factors: legislation and governance, financial and human resourcing, stakeholder engagement and co-production of knowledge, collaborative monitoring of ecological and social-economic outcomes, capacity training and research, exploration of trade-offs among water users, removing or retrofitting water infrastructure to facilitate e-flows and connectivity, and adaptation to climate change. Recognising that there may be barriers and limitations to the full and effective enablement of each factor, the authors have identified corresponding options and generalizable recommendations for actions to overcome prominent constraints, drawing on the case studies and wider literature. The urgency of addressing flow-related freshwater biodiversity loss demands collaborative networks to train and empower a new generation of e-flow practitioners equipped with the latest tools and insights to lead adaptive environmental water management globally. Mainstreaming e-flows within conservation planning, integrated water resource management, river restoration strategies, and adaptations to climate change is imperative. The policy drivers and associated funding commitments of the Kunming–Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework offer crucial opportunities to achieve the human benefits contributed by e-flows as nature-based solutions, such as flood risk management, floodplain fisheries restoration, and increased river resilience to climate change.
Case studies / Training / Capacity development / Human resources / Infrastructure / Ecological factors / Socioeconomic aspects / Funding / Monitoring / Regulations / Legislation / Constraints / Climate change / Stakeholders / Water users / Water availability / Rivers / Resilience / Ecosystem services / Biodiversity / Freshwater / Environmental flows
Record No:H052092
Africa Agriculture Transformation Scorecard: performance and lessons. BotswanaAuthor(s): Greffiths, Jacob Ikhothatseng; Matchaya, Greenwell; Kebonilwe, D.; Fakudze, Bhekiwe; Baemedi, G.
Published year: 2023.
Publisher(s): Pretoria, South Africa: Regional Strategic Analysis and Knowledge Support System for Eastern and Southern Africa (ReSAKSS-ESA); Kigali, Rwanda: AKADEMIYA2063
Pages: 10
Series: 2021 Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP) Biennial Review BriefMore... |
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The Malabo Declaration on accelerated agricultural growth and transformation for shared prosperity and improved livelihoods is a set of goals that were adopted by Heads of State and Government of the African Union in 2014 in Malabo, Equatorial Guinea (AUC 2014). To translate the seven Malabo commitments into results, a call for action was made by the Heads of State and Governments, by calling upon the AU Commission and the NEPAD Planning and Coordinating Agency, in collaboration with partners, to initiate a review process to be conducted on a biennial basis starting 2017, with an objective of tracking, measuring, and reporting progress towards achieving the Malabo Declaration commitments by 2025.
Three Biennial Reviews (BR) have been conducted—the inaugural BR in 2017, the second BR in 2019, and the third and most recent BR in 2021. This brief draws on the third BR report to summarize Botswana’s performance in pursuit of the seven Malabo Declaration commitments across the three BR cycles, highlights challenges and lessons from the third BR, and outlines policy and programmatic measures required for the country to meet the Malabo targets by 2025.
The third BR reveals that Botswana is not on-track for achieving the Malabo Declaration commitments. However, the analysis notes an improvement in the country’s overall performance score since the second BR cycle. This progress from the second to the third BR indicates a turnaround from the decline the country registered between the first and second BR cycles.
A key recommendation from the analysis is for the country to enhance its resilience to climate change by providing sufficient public funding. The country should also establish government budget lines to respond to spending needs on resilience-building initiatives.
Climate change / SADC countries / Resilience / Accountability / Poverty / Hunger / Investment / Finance / Policies / Indicators / Declarations / Agricultural development
Record No:H052078
Africa Agriculture Transformation Scorecard: performance and lessons. MalawiAuthor(s): Jumbe, C.; Fakudze, Bhekiwe; Matchaya, Greenwell; Greffiths, Jacob Ikhothatseng; Musopole, R.; Kanyamuka, J.; Chinkhuntha, C.; Mwanaleza, E.
Published year: 2023.
Publisher(s): Pretoria, South Africa: Regional Strategic Analysis and Knowledge Support System for Eastern and Southern Africa (ReSAKSS-ESA); Kigali, Rwanda: AKADEMIYA2063
Pages: 11
Series: 2021 Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP) Biennial Review BriefMore... |
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The Malabo Declaration on accelerated agricultural growth and transformation for shared prosperity and improved livelihoods is a set of goals that were adopted by Heads of State and Government of the African Union in 2014 in Malabo, Equatorial Guinea (AUC 2014). To translate the seven Malabo commitments into results, a call for action was made by the Heads of State and Governments, by calling upon the AU Commission and the NEPAD Planning and Coordinating Agency, in collaboration with partners, to initiate a review process to be conducted on a biennial basis starting 2017, with an objective of tracking, measuring, and reporting progress towards achieving the Malabo Declaration commitments by 2025.
Three Biennial Reviews (BR) have been conducted—the inaugural BR in 2017, the second BR in 2019, and the third and most recent BR in 2021. This brief draws on the third BR report to summarize the performance of Malawi in pursuit of the seven Malabo Declaration commitments across the three BR cycles, highlights challenges and lessons from the third BR, and outlines policy and programmatic measures required for the country to meet the Malabo Declaration commitment targets by 2025.
The third BR shows that Malawi is currently off-track to meet its 2025 targets under the Malabo Declaration. This is a step back from the first BR, which showed Malawi on course to meet four of the seven Malabo commitments. However, even though off-track, the country is rated as progressing well toward achieving the Malabo targets.
A key recommendation from the analysis is for Malawi to further open up to intra-regional trade by utilizing structured markets and adding value to its agricultural products. Fostering regional trade will increase incomes and reduce poverty.
Climate change / SADC countries / Resilience / Accountability / Poverty / Hunger / Investment / Finance / Policies / Indicators / Declarations / Agricultural development
Record No:H052077
Africa Agriculture Transformation Scorecard: performance and lessons. NamibiaAuthor(s): Moyo, T.; Matchaya, Greenwell; Uushona, P.
Published year: 2023.
Publisher(s): Pretoria, South Africa: Regional Strategic Analysis and Knowledge Support System for Eastern and Southern Africa (ReSAKSS-ESA); Kigali, Rwanda: AKADEMIYA2063
Pages: 11
Series: 2021 Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP) Biennial Review BriefMore... |
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The Malabo Declaration on accelerated agricultural growth and transformation for shared prosperity and improved livelihoods is a set of goals that were adopted by Heads of State and Government of the African Union in 2014 in Malabo, Equatorial Guinea (AUC 2014). To translate the seven Malabo commitments into results, a call for action was made by the Heads of State and Governments, by calling upon the AU Commission and the NEPAD Planning and Coordinating Agency, in collaboration with partners, to initiate a review process to be conducted on a biennial basis starting 2017, with an objective of tracking, measuring, and reporting progress towards achieving the Malabo Declaration commitments by 2025.
Three Biennial Reviews (BR) have been conducted—the inaugural BR in 2017, the second BR in 2019, and the third and most recent BR in 2021. This brief draws on the third BR report to summarize Namibia’s performance of in pursuit of the seven Malabo Declaration commitments across the three BR cycles, highlights challenges and lessons from the third BR, and outlines policy and programmatic measures required the country to meet the Malabo Declaration commitment targets by 2025.
The third BR indicated that overall, Namibia is not on track to achieve the Malabo Declaration commitments by 2025. Despite scoring above the performance benchmark in the inaugural BR, Namibia’s performance has been evaluated as inconsistent across the three BRs to date.
A key recommendation of the report is for Namibia to strengthen public spending in the agricultural sector through targeted programs at the national level. Increased spending on agricultural research and development is required. Targeted programs on agricultural finance should be developed as they will improve the performance of the intertwined Malabo commitments on finance (2), hunger (3), poverty (4), and trade (5).
Smallholders / SADC countries / Resilience / Accountability / Poverty / Hunger / Investment / Finance / Policies / Indicators / Declarations / Agricultural development
Record No:H052076
Africa Agriculture Transformation Scorecard: performance and lessons. MozambiqueAuthor(s): Mutondo, J.; Fakudze, Bhekiwe; Matchaya, Greenwell; Wilson, D.; Manussa, S.; Greffiths, Jacob Ikhothatseng
Published year: 2023.
Publisher(s): Pretoria, South Africa: Regional Strategic Analysis and Knowledge Support System for Eastern and Southern Africa (ReSAKSS-ESA); Kigali, Rwanda: AKADEMIYA2063
Pages: 10
Series: 2021 Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP) Biennial Review BriefMore... |
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The Malabo Declaration on accelerated agricultural growth and transformation for shared prosperity and improved livelihoods is a set of goals that were adopted by Heads of State and Government of the African Union in 2014 in Malabo, Equatorial Guinea (AUC 2014). To translate the seven Malabo commitments into results, a call for action was made by the Heads of State and Governments, by calling upon the AU Commission and the NEPAD Planning and Coordinating Agency, in collaboration with partners, to initiate a review process to be conducted on a biennial basis starting 2017, with an objective of tracking, measuring, and reporting progress towards achieving the Malabo Declaration commitments by 2025.
Three Biennial Reviews (BR) have been conducted—the inaugural BR in 2017, the second BR in 2019, and the third and most recent BR in 2021. Mozambique has participated in all three BRs, submitting a country report to the African Union in each BR cycle. This brief draws on the third BR report to summarize the performance of Mozambique in pursuit of the seven Malabo Declaration commitments, assessing the challenges faced and the lessons learned by the country, with policy and programmatic measures required for Mozambique to meet the Malabo Declaration commitment targets by 2025.
The third BR indicates that Mozambique underperformed and is not on track to meet all the Malabo Declaration commitments by 2025. Despite exceeding the overall performance benchmark in the first BR, the country remained off-track with very little improvement between the second and the third BRs.
One of the key recommendations of the analysis is for Mozambique should strengthen the resilience of its farmers, as the countryapos;s agricultural sector is particularly exposed to extreme weather events, which can wipe out anticipated harvests very quickly; appropriate mechanisms, such as agricultural insurance, should be made available to farmers.
Food security / Stakeholders / SADC countries / Resilience / Accountability / Poverty / Hunger / Investment / Finance / Policies / Indicators / Declarations / Agricultural development
Record No:H052075
Digital climate adaptation in agriculture profile for ZimbabweAuthor(s): Mayoyo, A.; Chapoto, A.; Matchaya, Greenwell; Aheeyar, Mohamed; Chiwunze, G.; Ebrahim, Girma; Ajayi, O. C.; Afun-Ogidan, K.; Fakudze, Bhekiwe; Kasoma-Pele, Winnie
Published year: 2023.
Publisher(s): Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI); Rotterdam, Netherlands: Global Center on Adaptation; Abidjan, Cote d’Ivoire: African Development Bank
Pages: 74
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River basins / State intervention / Public sector / Private sector / Stakeholders / Investment / Gender / Information and Communication Technologies / Flooding / Drought / Resilience / Vulnerability / Risk / Farmers / Smallholders / Technology adoption / Digital technology / Agricultural sector / Climate change adaptation
Record No:H052085
Digital adaptation in agriculture profile for ZambiaAuthor(s): Malambo, M.; Tembo, M. C.; Chapoto, A.; Matchaya, Greenwell; Kasoma-Pele, Winnie; Aheeyar, Mohamed; Ebrahim, Girma; Ajayi, O. C.; Afun-Ogidan, K.; Fakudze, Bhekiwe
Published year: 2023.
Publisher(s): Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI); Rotterdam, Netherlands: Global Center on Adaptation; Abidjan, Cote d’Ivoire: African Development Bank
Pages: 74
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River basins / Private sector / State intervention / Stakeholders / Women / Gender / Infrastructure / Electricity supplies / Investment / Innovation / Resilience / Vulnerability / Water management / Weather index insurance / Weather forecasting / Climate prediction / Information and Communication Technologies / Disaster risk management / Digital technology / Agricultural sector / Climate change adaptation
Record No:H052084
Assessing the performance of cooperatives in post-apartheid South Africa: evidence from the literatureAuthor(s): Okem, Andrew Emmanuel
Published year: 2023.
Journal: Development Southern Africa Pages: 15p. (Online first)
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DOI While there is growing interest in the literature and policy circles regarding the performance of cooperatives in South Africa, no study has yet synthesised the body of knowledge on how to assess cooperative performance in the country. This paper aims to fill this gap by examining the literature on the performance of cooperatives in post-apartheid South Africa, based on a scoping review of 20 studies published between 1994 and 2021. Most of the reviewed studies adopted a qualitative approach, lacked a clear definition of cooperative performance and standardised metrics/criteria for assessing cooperative performance. The studies often relied on view of study participants to determine the performance of cooperatives. Moreover, the reviewed studies often framed the performance of cooperatives from an economic viewpoint. Clear definition of cooperatives, the development of robust indicators for assessing their performance and greater emphasis on quantitative studies on the performance of cooperatives in South Africa beyond economic and financial indicators is needed.
State intervention / Government / Indicators / Financing / Economic aspects / Apartheid / Performance assessment / Cooperatives
Record No:H052031
Gender aspects of smallholder private groundwater irrigation in Ghana and ZambiaAuthor(s): van Koppen, Barbara; Hope, L.; Colenbrander, W.
Published year: 2023.
Pages: pp.123-134
Series: Routledge Special Issues on Water Policy and GovernanceMore... This paper explores gender aspects of smallholders’ private technology adoption for groundwater irrigation in Ghana and Zambia. It focuses on two variables of quantitative farm-household surveys: household headship and gendered plot management. The paper compares adoption rates and types of technologies for female- and male-headed households; examines adoption rates when women have their own plots; and compares women’s decision making on irrigated plots and rainfed plots. The findings suggest that there are largely untapped synergies between gender-equality and irrigation-policy goals. Systematic gender differentiation in surveys is recommended.
Households / Policies / Investment / Technology adoption / Decision making / Women / Gender / Groundwater irrigation / Smallholders
Record No:H052026
Improving the supply chain of motor pumps to accelerate mechanized small-scale private irrigation in ZambiaAuthor(s): Colenbrander, W.; van Koppen, Barbara
Published year: 2023.
Pages: pp.112-122
Series: Routledge Special Issues on Water Policy and GovernanceMore... During the past decade, smallholder groundwater irrigation with motor pumps has increased considerably in Zambia. This study analyzes an important but hitherto ignored factor for adoption: the supply chain of imported motor pumps. The main obstacles for farmers are identified as: the highly centralized supply chain and financing facilities in urban hubs; lack of information about prices, which vary significantly for the same make and model of pump; lack of information and training on proper use and maintenance; and lack of financing facilities. The Zambia National Farmers Union seems best placed to remove these obstacles.
Non-governmental organizations / Prices / Financing / Farmers organizations / Smallholders / Groundwater irrigation / Supply chains / Pumps / Small-scale irrigation
Record No:H052025
Understanding smallholder irrigation in Sub-Saharan Africa: results of a sample survey from nine countriesAuthor(s): Shah, Tushaar; Verma, Shilp; Pavelic, Paul
Published year: 2023.
Pages: pp.46-63
Series: Routledge Special Issues on Water Policy and GovernanceMore... Smallholder irrigation is emerging as a development priority in Sub-Saharan Africa. Based on a survey of 1554 smallholders from nine countries, this paper compares rainfed farming with gravity-flow, manual-lift and motor-pump irrigation. Motor-pump-irrigation farmers reported the highest net value added per acre and per family worker, with gravity-flow and manual-irrigation farmers earning marginally more than rainfed-only farmers. In addition to making affordable pumps more readily available, improving the availability of working capital, enhancing security of tenure and ensuring the availability of affordable fuel are all likely to accelerate smallholder irrigation development in Sub-Saharan Africa.
Households / Women / Farmers / Investment / Land tenure / Pumps / Agricultural productivity / Rainfed farming / Groundwater irrigation / Small-scale irrigation / Smallholders
Record No:H052023
Smallholder groundwater irrigation in Sub-Saharan Africa: country-level estimates of development potentialAuthor(s): Pavelic, Paul; Villholth, Karen G.; Shu, Yunqiao; Rebelo, Lisa-Maria; Smakhtin, V.
Published year: 2023.
Pages: pp.30-45
Series: Routledge Special Issues on Water Policy and GovernanceMore... The abundance of groundwater resources of Sub-Saharan Africa is generally well recognized, but quantitative estimates of their potential for irrigation development are lacking. This study derives estimates using a simple and generic water balance approach and data from secondary sources for 13 countries. Even with conservative assumptions and accounting for water demands from other sectors, including the environment, a 120-fold increase (by 13.5 million hectares) in the area under groundwater irrigation is possible for the countries considered. This expansion could improve the livelihoods of approximately 40% of the present-day rural population.
Socioeconomic aspects / Rural population / Livelihoods / Water demand / Irrigated areas variety / Water balance / Water resources / Groundwater irrigation / Smallholders
Record No:H052022
Sustainable groundwater development for improved livelihoods in Sub-Saharan AfricaAuthor(s): Pavelic, Paul; Villholth, K. G.; Verma, Shilp
Published year: 2023.
Publisher(s): Abingdon, Oxon, UK: Routledge
Pages: 222
Series: Routledge Special Issues on Water Policy and GovernanceMore...
Livestock / Dry season / River basins / Evapotranspiration / Subsidies / Financing / Credit / Cost benefit analysis / Supply chains / Investment / Markets / Land tenure / Food security / Income / Poverty / Socioeconomic aspects / Households / Women / Gender / Water governance / Water policies / Institutions / Energy / Technology adoption / Hydrogeology / Water quality / Groundwater extraction / Water table / Prediction / Aquifers / Groundwater recharge / Water use / Water balance / Water availability / Boreholes / Wells / Pumps / Rainfed farming / Irrigated farming / Small-scale irrigation / Farmers / Smallholders / Water management / Water resources / Livelihoods / Sustainability / Groundwater potential / Groundwater irrigation
Record No:H052019
A framework for gender equality and social inclusion in agribusiness transformation in East and Southern AfricaAuthor(s): Nortje, Karen; Joshi, Deepa; Enokenwa Baa, Ojongetakah; Mapedza, Everisto; Davis, K.
Published year: 2023.
Publisher(s): Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). CGIAR Initiative on Diversification in East and Southern Africa
Pages: 51
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A Gender Equality and Social Inclusion (GESI) approach is fundamental to agribusiness transformation in the Eastern and Southern Africa region. Work package 5 aims to bring about inclusive and scalable agribusiness innovations through targeted GESI support to UU ESA work packages 1-6. To achieve this, we produced this GESI framework on social, economic, political, and institutional barriers and opportunities to more inclusive agribusiness in the ESA region. This framework will ensure that planned interventions under UU are designed and implemented to empower more women and youth as farmers, agribusiness owners, and actors with voice and visibility across agribusiness value chains. The GESI framework was produced by reviewing relevant literature and talking to agribusiness stakeholders, especially women and youth, in four initial countries: Ethiopia, Kenya, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.
Political aspects / Institutions / Stakeholders / Socioeconomic aspects / Innovation / Climate resilience / Empowerment / Youth / Women / Frameworks / Agricultural transformation / Agribusiness / Social inclusion / Gender equality
Record No:H052018
Africa Agriculture Transformation Scorecard: performance and lessons. ZambiaAuthor(s): Kuteya, A.; Matchaya, Greenwell; Nyirenda, Y.
Published year: 2023.
Publisher(s): Pretoria, South Africa: Regional Strategic Analysis and Knowledge Support System for Eastern and Southern Africa (ReSAKSS-ESA); Kigali, Rwanda: AKADEMIYA2063
Pages: 9
Series: 2021 Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP) Biennial Review BriefMore... |
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The Malabo Declaration on accelerated agricultural growth and transformation for shared prosperity and improved livelihoods is a set of goals that were adopted by Heads of State and Government of the African Union in 2014 in Malabo, Equatorial Guinea (AUC 2014). To translate the seven Malabo commitments into results, a call for action was made by the Heads of State and Governments, by calling upon the AU Commission and the NEPAD Planning and Coordinating Agency, in collaboration with partners, to initiate a review process to be conducted on a biennial basis starting 2017, with an objective of tracking, measuring, and reporting progress towards achieving the Malabo Declaration commitments by 2025.
Three Biennial Reviews (BR) have been conducted—the inaugural BR in 2017, the second BR in 2019, and the third and most recent BR in 2021. This brief draws on the third BR report to summarize the performance of Zambia in the third BR, in comparison with its performance in the previous BR cycles. The brief takes a look at challenges and lessons from the third BR, reviews policy, programmatic, and investment changes in Zambia resulting from the three BRs and concludes by highlighting the measures Zambia needs to take if it is to meet all seven Malabo commitments by 2025.
While the country showed signs of improvement in four of the seven commitment areas between the second and third BR cycles, it is not on track to achieve them by 2025.
A key recommendation from the analysis is for the government to increase resources to support known key drivers of agricultural growth—these include agricultural research and development, agricultural extension services, agricultural market information, irrigation for smallholder farmers, and feeder roads. All have great potential to stimulate agricultural growth.
SADC countries / Resilience / Accountability / Poverty / Hunger / Investment / Finance / Policies / Indicators / Declarations / Agricultural development
Record No:H051970
Africa Agriculture Transformation Scorecard: performance and lessons. South AfricaAuthor(s): Greffiths, Jacob; Matchaya, Greenwell; Fakudze, Bhekiwe; Kachingwe, G.; Makabanyane, W.; Mdleleni, B.; Phahlane, H.
Published year: 2023.
Publisher(s): Pretoria, South Africa: Regional Strategic Analysis and Knowledge Support System for Eastern and Southern Africa (ReSAKSS-ESA); Kigali, Rwanda: AKADEMIYA2063
Pages: 8
Series: 2021 Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP) Biennial Review BriefMore... |
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The Malabo Declaration on accelerated agricultural growth and transformation for shared prosperity and improved livelihoods is a set of goals that were adopted by Heads of State and Government of the African Union in 2014 in Malabo, Equatorial Guinea (AUC 2014). To translate the seven Malabo commitments into results, a call for action was made by the Heads of State and Governments, by calling upon the AU Commission and the NEPAD Planning and Coordinating Agency, in collaboration with partners, to initiate a review process to be conducted on a biennial basis starting 2017, with an objective of tracking, measuring, and reporting progress towards achieving the Malabo Declaration commitments by 2025.
Three Biennial Reviews (BR) have been conducted—the inaugural BR in 2017, the second BR in 2019, and the third and most recent BR in 2021. This brief draws on the third BR report to summarize the performance of South Africa in pursuit of the seven Malabo Declaration commitments and assesses the challenges faced and the lessons learned by the country.
South Africa is considered not on track to achieve the Malabo commitments by 2025. Moreover, the overall performance score for South Africa has been relatively stagnant, if not declining, across the successive BRs, with the lowest performance registered in the second BR.
A key recommendation from the analysis is for South Africa to improve on the overall CAADP process and the CAADP-based policy and institutional support system. The country fell short on most indicators relating to this commitment, including the CAADP process completion index; the existence and the quality of a multi-sector and multi-stakeholder coordination body; and having in place evidence-based policies, supportive institutions, and corresponding human resources required.
SADC countries / Resilience / Accountability / Poverty / Hunger / Investment / Finance / Policies / Indicators / Declarations / Agricultural development
Record No:H051969
Africa Agriculture Transformation Scorecard: performance and lessons. LesothoAuthor(s): Greffiths, Jacob; Matchaya, Greenwell; Fakudze, Bhekiwe; Mhina, H.; Moloinyane, S.
Published year: 2023.
Publisher(s): Pretoria, South Africa: Regional Strategic Analysis and Knowledge Support System for Eastern and Southern Africa (ReSAKSS-ESA); Kigali, Rwanda: AKADEMIYA2063
Pages: 6
Series: 2021 Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP) Biennial Review BriefMore... |
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The Malabo Declaration on accelerated agricultural growth and transformation for shared prosperity and improved livelihoods is a set of goals that were adopted by Heads of State and Government of the African Union in 2014 in Malabo, Equatorial Guinea (AUC 2014). To translate the seven Malabo commitments into results, a call for action was made by the Heads of State and Governments, by calling upon the AU Commission and the NEPAD Planning and Coordinating Agency, in collaboration with partners, to initiate a review process to be conducted on a biennial basis starting 2017, with an objective of tracking, measuring, and reporting progress towards achieving the Malabo Declaration commitments by 2025.
Three Biennial Reviews (BR) have been conducted—the inaugural BR in 2017, the second BR in 2019, and the third and most recent BR in 2021. This brief draws on the third BR report to summarize the performance of Lesotho in pursuit of the seven Malabo Declaration commitments. It assesses the challenges faced and the lessons learned by the country.
For the third BR, the benchmark score, the minimum score for a country to be considered on track to achieve the Malabo Declaration commitments by 2025, was 7.28 (AUC 2021). Lesotho achieved an overall performance score of 3.98 in the third BR. This score, which is far below the benchmark, indicates that the country is not on track to meet the Malabo commitments by 2025.
A key recommendation from the analysis is for the government to improve on the BR Process by putting in place inclusive institutionalized mechanisms for mutual accountability and peer review in the agricultural sector. The country should also improve its capacity for evidence-based planning, implementation, and monitoring and evaluation. To do so, Lesotho must increase funding to support increased data generation, management, analysis, and utilization in the agriculture sector.
SADC countries / Resilience / Accountability / Poverty / Hunger / Investment / Finance / Policies / Indicators / Declarations / Agricultural development
Record No:H051967
Africa Agriculture Transformation Scorecard: performance and lessons. EswatiniAuthor(s): Fakudze, Bhekiwe; Matchaya, Greenwell; Greffiths, Jacob; Mbuyisa, H.
Published year: 2023.
Publisher(s): Pretoria, South Africa: Regional Strategic Analysis and Knowledge Support System for Eastern and Southern Africa (ReSAKSS-ESA); Kigali, Rwanda: AKADEMIYA2063
Pages: 8
Series: 2021 Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP) Biennial Review BriefMore... |
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The Malabo Declaration on accelerated agricultural growth and transformation for shared prosperity and improved livelihoods is a set of goals that were adopted by Heads of State and Government of the African Union in 2014 in Malabo, Equatorial Guinea (AUC 2014). To translate the seven Malabo commitments into results, a call for action was made by the Heads of State and Governments, by calling upon the AU Commission and the NEPAD Planning and Coordinating Agency, in collaboration with partners, to initiate a review process to be conducted on a biennial basis starting 2017, with an objective of tracking, measuring, and reporting progress towards achieving the Malabo Declaration commitments by 2025.
Three Biennial Reviews (BR) have been conducted—the inaugural BR in 2017, the second BR in 2019, and the third and most recent BR in 2021. This brief draws on the third BR report to summarize the performance of Eswatini in pursuit of the seven Malabo Declaration commitments. It also reviews policy, programmatic, and investment changes in Eswatini induced by the 2017, 2019, and 2021 BR cycles, highlighting policy actions and programmatic measures Eswatini must take to meet its Malabo Declaration commitments by 2025.
The third BR report shows that Eswatini is not on-track to achieve the Malabo commitments by 2025. This is a setback for the country because, in the first BR, the country’s overall score was above the minimum benchmark, indicating that the country then was on-track to achieve the Malabo targets.
A key recommendation from the analysis is for the government to accelerate the development of the second-generation instrument-based NAIP and the monitoring and evaluation system for the investment plan. The country needs to improve its performance on the overall CAADP process and implement CAADP-based policy and institutional support plans, as deficiencies in this support led to lower scores on this Malabo commitment.
SADC countries / Resilience / Accountability / Poverty / Hunger / Investment / Finance / Policies / Indicators / Declarations / Agricultural development
Record No:H051966
Africa Agriculture Transformation Scorecard: performance and lessons. AngolaAuthor(s): Zavale, H.; Matchaya, Greenwell; Manuvanga, K.; Pinto, N.
Published year: 2023.
Publisher(s): Pretoria, South Africa: Regional Strategic Analysis and Knowledge Support System for Eastern and Southern Africa (ReSAKSS-ESA); Kigali, Rwanda: AKADEMIYA2063
Pages: 7
Series: 2021 Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP) Biennial Review BriefMore... |
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The Malabo Declaration on accelerated agricultural growth and transformation for shared prosperity and improved livelihoods is a set of goals that were adopted by Heads of State and Government of the African Union in 2014 in Malabo, Equatorial Guinea (AUC 2014). To translate the seven Malabo commitments into results, a call for action was made by the Heads of State and Governments, by calling upon the AU Commission and the NEPAD Planning and Coordinating Agency, in collaboration with partners, to initiate a review process to be conducted on a biennial basis starting 2017, with an objective of tracking, measuring, and reporting progress towards achieving the Malabo Declaration commitments by 2025.
Three Biennial Reviews (BR) have been conducted—the inaugural BR in 2017, the second BR in 2019, and the third and most recent BR in 2021. This brief draws on the third BR report to summarize the performance of Angola toward meeting the Malabo Declaration commitments across the three BR cycles, highlights challenges and lessons from the third BR, and outlines policy and programmatic measures required for Angola to meet the Malabo Declaration commitment targets by 2025.
The third BR indicates that Angola is not on track to achieve any of the Malabo Declaration commitments by 2025. Despite the improvements in performance between the first and second BRs, the overall scores for Angola for all three BR rounds were below the benchmark scores.
A key recommendation from the analysis is for Angola to enhance public financial management to improve the quality of public agricultural expenditure and to promote planning of public investments in the agricultural sector, including donor-funded projects. This should be done in close partnership with key stakeholders in the agricultural sector, resulting in an increased allocation of public resources to the sector.
SADC countries / Resilience / Accountability / Poverty / Hunger / Investment / Finance / Policies / Indicators / Declarations / Agricultural development
Record No:H051964
Advances in water research: enhancing sustainable water use in irrigated agriculture in South AfricaAuthor(s): Nhamo, L.; Mpandeli, S.; Liphadzi, S.; Hlophe-Ginindza, S.; Kapari, M.; Molwantwa, J.; Mabhaudhi, Tafadzwanashe
Published year: 2023.
Pages: pp.233-248
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DOI Water scarcity has become one of the greatest challenges facing humankind today. Its scarcity is compounded by climate change and increasing demand from a growing population. In South Africa, over 60% of the available freshwater resources are used in agriculture, mainly in irrigated agriculture. There is an urgent need to promote sustainable irrigation technologies that optimize food production without increasing water applied and with positive environmental spinoffs. Sustainable irrigation technologies and practices could enhance water use efficiency (WUE) and productivity in agriculture and reduce environmental burdens, including energy use. This chapter highlights some of the innovative irrigation practices and technologies that enhance food production and, at the same time, reduce water use in agriculture. The chapter broadly discusses WUE and water productivity (WP) in irrigated agriculture from engineering and agronomic perspectives. The chapter further highlights some of the environmental impacts of irrigation expansion and the possible solutions. We further provide the importance of accurate spatial information on irrigated areas to inform policy on irrigation expansion. The Water Research Commission (WRC) of South Africa has been spearheading research on the sustainable use of water for the past 50 years as part of its research agenda.
Remote sensing / Sustainable development / Environmental impact / Resilience / Climate-smart agriculture / Climate change / Water management / Water security / Innovation / Technology / Irrigation water / Water productivity / Irrigated farming / Sustainable use / Water-use efficiency
Record No:H051822
Understanding local actors’ perspective of threats to the sustainable management of communal rangeland and the role of Participatory GIS (PGIS): the case of Vulindlela, South AfricaAuthor(s): Cho, M. A.; Mutanga, O.; Mabhaudhi, Tafadzwanashe
Published year: 2023.
Journal: South African Geographical Journal Pages: 19p. (Online first)
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DOI Rangelands in arid and semi-arid regions serve as grazing land for domesticated animals and therefore offer livelihood opportunities for most pastoral communities. Thus, the exposure of most rangelands in arid and semi-arid regions to threats that are associated with natural, social, economic, and political processes affects their capacity to provide socioeconomic and environmental support to the immediate and global communities. In spite of the effects of rangeland transformations on both the natural and human environment, the assessment of threats affecting rangeland productivity has often been approached from a conventional scientific perspective. Most existing literature is focused on the assessment of threats to the biophysical environment. As such the social dimension of rangeland threats is not well understood. This research employed participatory rural appraisal (PRA) and PGIS techniques to assess rangeland threats and management actions from a local perspective. The result revealed that local actors prioritize threats to their social and economic needs over threats to the biophysical environment and their preference is informed by the frequency and magnitude of the threats. The outcome of the research demonstrates the need to promote rangeland governance through interdisciplinary and inclusive participation in research and development.
Assessment / Inclusion / Livelihoods / Communities / Pastoralists / Socioeconomic aspects / Ecological factors / Land productivity / Grazing lands / Techniques / Mapping / Land governance / Geographical information systems / Participatory rural appraisal / Local knowledge / Common lands / Rangelands / Sustainable land management
Record No:H051819
Assessing the prospects of remote sensing maize leaf area index using UAV-derived multi-spectral data in smallholder farms across the growing seasonAuthor(s): Buthelezi, S.; Mutanga, O.; Sibanda, M.; Odindi, J.; Clulow, A. D.; Chimonyo, V. G. P.; Mabhaudhi, Tafadzwanashe
Published year: 2023.
Journal: Remote Sensing Pages: 15(6):1597. (Special issue: Retrieving Leaf Area Index Using Remote Sensing)
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Maize (Zea Mays) is one of the most valuable food crops in sub-Saharan Africa and is a critical component of local, national and regional economies. Whereas over 50% of maize production in the region is produced by smallholder farmers, spatially explicit information on smallholder farm maize production, which is necessary for optimizing productivity, remains scarce due to a lack of appropriate technologies. Maize leaf area index (LAI) is closely related to and influences its canopy physiological processes, which closely relate to its productivity. Hence, understanding maize LAI is critical in assessing maize crop productivity. Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) imagery in concert with vegetation indices (VIs) obtained at high spatial resolution provides appropriate technologies for determining maize LAI at a farm scale. Five DJI Matrice 300 UAV images were acquired during the maize growing season, and 57 vegetation indices (VIs) were generated from the derived images. Maize LAI samples were collected across the growing season, a Random Forest (RF) regression ensemble based on UAV spectral data and the collected maize LAI samples was used to estimate maize LAI. The results showed that the optimal stage for estimating maize LAI using UAV-derived VIs in concert with the RF ensemble was during the vegetative stage (V8–V10) with an RMSE of 0.15 and an R2 of 0.91 (RRMSE = 8%). The findings also showed that UAV-derived traditional, red edge-based and new VIs could reliably predict maize LAI across the growing season with an R2 of 0.89–0.93, an RMSE of 0.15–0.65 m2/m2 and an RRMSE of 8.13–19.61%. The blue, red edge and NIR sections of the electromagnetic spectrum were critical in predicting maize LAI. Furthermore, combining traditional, red edge-based and new VIs was useful in attaining high LAI estimation accuracies. These results are a step towards achieving robust, efficient and spatially explicit monitoring frameworks for sub-Saharan African smallholder farm productivity.
Crop yield / Agricultural productivity / Machine learning / Models / Forecasting / Monitoring / Growth stages / Smallholders / Small-scale farming / Multispectral imagery / Unmanned aerial vehicles / Remote sensing / Vegetation index / Leaf area index / Maize
Record No:H051818
The contribution of trees and green spaces to household food security in eThekwini Metro, KwaZulu-NatalAuthor(s): Bhebhe, Q. N.; Ngidi, M. S. C.; Siwela, M.; Ojo, T. O.; Hlatshwayo, S. I.; Mabhaudhi, Tafadzwanashe
Published year: 2023.
Journal: Sustainability Pages: 15(6):4855
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One of the most significant issues faced by many low- and middle-income nations, including South Africa, is ensuring access to healthy, affordable, and sustainable food. South Africa is renowned worldwide for its rich biodiversity and a vast body of traditional knowledge among those who consume forest foods. However, despite ecological diversity, frequent barriers remain to getting diversified household diets. This study sought to investigate the contribution of trees and green spaces to household food security in eThekwini. A total of 280 households met the inclusion criteria and consented to participate in this study by responding to questionnaires. The collected data were analysed using descriptive statistics, the computation of the Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS), and the Instrumental Variable Poisson model. The study’s results revealed that only 29% of the respondents were food secure, 36% were mildly food insecure, 27% were moderately food insecure, and 8% were severely food insecure. The Instrumental Variable Poisson model results revealed that cultivated green spaces, wealth index, gender, education level of the head of households, and grants had a negative correlation with household food insecurity. On the other hand, non-cultivated green spaces, local trees, age, marital status, number of dependents, and monthly income positively correlated with food insecurity. Given the existence of trees and green spaces in eThekwini, there is potential for food security solutions to be formed around both cultivated and uncultivated green spaces to promote sustainable access to food and nutritious diets in low-income households. Policy interventions should adopt an approach that encourages the incorporation of foods from both cultivated and uncultivated trees and green spaces in people’s diets.
Socioeconomic aspects / Poverty / Income / Communities / Food access / Sustainability / Nutrition security / Food insecurity / Trees / Greenspace / Household food security
Record No:H051817
Water allocation using system dynamic modelling in the aquaculture integrated with small-scale irrigation systems in MalawiAuthor(s): Chunga, B. A.; Marx, W.; Cai, Xueliang; de Clercq, W.; Watson, A.; Malota, M.
Published year: 2023.
Journal: Physics and Chemistry of the Earth Pages: 129:103355
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DOI The agricultural sector is faced with numerous challenges including climate change and water scarcity in many developing countries. In order to address scarcity and improve water use efficiency for rural farmers, fish farming is being integrated with small-scale irrigation. However, there are challenges in how to allocate water between the two farming enterprises. This study explored the capabilities of system dynamics to allocate water between a fish pond and a crop field in Chingale, Malawi using a system dynamic software, Vensim PLE. For soil water and pond water, a simple water balance structure was built and connected to the crop growth structure. Simulations run for 125 days corresponding to the maize growth period. Model results are similar to the actual yield (about 3.5 ton/ha for hybrid) and biomass production (about 7 ton/ha) in the area. Results also show it was possible to maintain pond water depth at recommended depths for raising fish: fish stocking (1 m), operation of the pond (1.5–2.0 m) and harvesting of the fish (less than 1.2 m) throughout the maize growing period. While the study did not comprehensively build and simulate fish growth, the use of such simple tools would benefit rural farmers with few resources. Based on the promising capabilities and the results of the tool it is recommended that further comprehensive analysis to fully incorporate all key sub-components affecting crop and fish growth be carried out.
Climate change / Farmers / Rural areas / Rainfall / Water resources / Crop yield / Biomass production / Water-use efficiency / Water depth / Soil water balance / Crop production / Maize / Fish ponds / Decision support systems / Small-scale irrigation / Aquaculture / Modelling / Water allocation
Record No:H051813
An analysis of the perceived societal benefits of and threats from trees for the delivery of livelihoods and community developmentAuthor(s): Tsvuura, S.; Mudhara, M.; Mabhaudhi, Tafadzwanashe
Published year: 2023.
Journal: Plants, People, Planet Pages: 5(3):424-436
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Societal Impact Statement:
Understanding the perceptions of benefits and threats from trees is important for the livelihoods of communities. The study used focus group discussions, key informant interviews, and a questionnaire survey of 226 households in the province of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. The findings showed that household socio-economic factors such as gender and land tenure influenced perceptions of tree growing, and households that were involved in a tree restoration project viewed trees as contributing toward their livelihoods by reducing hunger. Hence there is a need to design strategies that promote socio-economic inclusivity of all households and genders and promote programs that increase awareness of ecosystem services within communities.
Summary:
Understanding the socio-economic factors that shape the way households value and utilize natural resources is critical in developing nature-based solutions. The study was aimed at understanding how the socio-economic circumstances of households determined their perceptions of the role of trees in livelihood delivery.
A case study of Buffelsdraai and Osindisweni communities was used; these sites are adjacent to a municipal landfill where a tree restoration project intended to mitigate the effects of climate change is being implemented, and some of the households are involved in this project. The study used focus group discussions, key informant interviews, and a questionnaire survey of 226 households. It explored gender perspectives on the perceived benefits and threats of tree restoration. It analyzed the influence of householdsapos; economic characteristics and spatial configuration (the subdivisions of the landscape) to assess the impact of land tenure.
The findings showed that gender influenced the perceptions that economic benefits can be derived from participating in the project. Households involved in the tree restoration project viewed trees as contributing to their livelihoods by reducing hunger. Households in peri-urban settlements, permanently resident in the area, showed greater reliance on natural resources than those in informal settlements and rural areas. Such differences can be attributed to differences in land tenure.
Hence, there is a need to design strategies and operations that promote socio-economic inclusivity of all households and genders and reduce inequality. These findings are important for informing scaling to yield better climate change considerations and policies.
Poverty / Landfills / Land tenure / Climate change / Sustainable Development Goals / Nature conservation / Natural resources / Women / Gender / Socioeconomic aspects / Livelihoods / Community development / Restoration / Trees
Record No:H051759
People need freshwater biodiversityAuthor(s): Lynch, A. J.; Cooke, S. J.; Arthington, A. H.; Baigun, C.; Bossenbroek, L.; Dickens, Chris; Harrison, I.; Kimirei, I.; Langhans, S. D.; Murchie, K. J.; Olden, J. D.; Ormerod, S. J.; Owuor, M.; Raghavan, R.; Samways, M. J.; Schinegger, R.; Sharma, S.; Tachamo-Shah, R.-D.; Tickner, D.; Tweddle, D.; Young, N.; Jahnig, S. C.
Published year: 2023.
Journal: WIREs Water Pages: 10(3):e1633
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Freshwater biodiversity, from fish to frogs and microbes to macrophytes, provides a vast array of services to people. Mounting concerns focus on the accelerating pace of biodiversity loss and declining ecological function within freshwater ecosystems that continue to threaten these natural benefits. Here, we catalog nine fundamental ecosystem services that the biotic components of indigenous freshwater biodiversity provide to people, organized into three categories: material (food; health and genetic resources; material goods), nonmaterial (culture; education and science; recreation), and regulating (catchment integrity; climate regulation; water purification and nutrient cycling). If freshwater biodiversity is protected, conserved, and restored in an integrated manner, as well as more broadly appreciated by humanity, it will continue to contribute to human well-being and our sustainable future via this wide range of services and associated nature-based solutions to our sustainable future.
Catchment areas / Nutrient cycles / Water purification / Recreation / Cultural factors / Climate change / Genetic resources / Education / Health / Fisheries / Nature-based solutions / Ecosystem services / Biodiversity conservation / Freshwater ecosystems
Record No:H051734
Assessing climate change impacts on surface water availability using the WEAP model: a case study of the Buffalo River Catchment, South AfricaAuthor(s): Dlamini, N.; Senzanje, A.; Mabhaudhi, Tafadzwanashe
Published year: 2023.
Journal: Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies Pages: 46:101330
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Study region: The Buffalo River (BR) catchment, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.
Study focus: Due to the vast majority of the BR catchment’s water demands not being fully satisfied in recent years, studies investigating potential climate change impacts on the catchment’s water supply availability are needed. The study’s objective was to therefore assess climate change-induced surface water availability (SWA) variations in the BR catchment from 2020 to 2100. To achieve this, the hydrologic Water Evaluation and Planning model was forced with the catchment’s physical and hydrological data, and projected climate data from an ensemble of GCMs under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios from CMIP5.
New hydrological insights for the region: The study findings projected increased precipitation, especially in the far future (2070–2100) whereby mean annual precipitation increased by 5 % to 8286 Mm3 /annum under the worst-case climate change scenario (RCP8.5). With evapotranspiration and water abstractions averaging 4500 Mm3 /annum and 115 Mm3 /annum, respectively, surface runoff and SWA increased by 8 % and 10 %, yielding averages of 3265 Mm3 /annum and 287 Mm3 /annum, respectively. Even with the increased SWA, unmet demands also increased by 113 % towards the end of the 21st century. As the study established that climate change might exacerbate the BR catchment’s water supply system’s insufficiency to meet growing demands, such findings present an opportunity for the integrated Water-Energy-Food nexus approach to be further utilised for formulating sustainable water management strategies.
Models / Case studies / Forecasting / Precipitation / Stream flow / Runoff / Water extraction / Nexus approaches / Food production / Energy / Water supply / Water demand / Catchment areas / Rivers / Sustainability / Water balance / Hydrological modelling / Water availability / Surface water / Climate change
Record No:H051686
Using participatory GIS and collaborative management approaches to enhance local actors’ participation in rangeland management: the case of Vulindlela, South AfricaAuthor(s): Cho, M. A.; Onisimo, M.; Mabhaudhi, Tafadzwanashe
Published year: 2023.
Journal: Journal of Environmental Planning and Management Pages: 66(6):1189-1208
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DOI Participatory Geographic Information Systems (PGIS) is an empowering tool for the enhancement of local communities’ participation in the planning and management of natural resources. The inadequate involvement of local stakeholders in rangeland planning and management has been of great concern. Discussions on the role of PGIS and collaborative management approaches in promoting local involvement in rangeland management has not been clearly understood due to the scarcity of literature. This paper assessed how local participation in rangeland management can be enhanced using a combined collaborative management framework and PGIS approach. The objective was achieved through a focus group discussion, local ecological knowledge mapping and key informant interviews. The combined PGIS and collaborative management approach enabled the empowerment of local actors through knowledge enhancement, encouraged the practice of rangeland governance and the transfer of responsibility to local actors. This study provides a conceptual contribution toward the improvement of local actors’ participation in rangeland management.
Empowerment / Local knowledge / Pastoralists / Stakeholders / Planning / Collaboration / Geographical information systems / Participatory approaches / Rangelands
Record No:H050968
Social change innovations, citizen science, miniSASS and the SDGsAuthor(s): Taylor, J.; Graham, M.; Louw, A.; Lepheana, A.; Madikizela, B.; Dickens, Chris; Chapman, D. V.; Warner, S.
Published year: 2022.
Journal: Water Policy Pages: 24(5):708-717
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The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) describe a course of action to address poverty, protect the planet and ensure prosperity for all (https://sdgs.un.org/goals). More specifically, SDG 6 clarifies how water quality, quantity and access are crucial to human well-being, and yet human activities are compromising water resources through over-exploitation, pollution, as well as contributing to the spread of disease. Globally aquatic ecosystems are highly threatened and concerted efforts by governments and civil society to ‘turn the situation around’ are simply not working. Human-created problems require human-centred solutions and these require different ways of thinking and acting to those behaviour patterns that are contributing to the challenges. In this paper, we first consider causal approaches to attitude change and behaviour modification that are simply not working as intended. We then explore enabling responses such as citizen science and co-engaged action learning as more tenable alternatives. SDG 6 has a focus on clean water and sanitation for all. The SDGs further clarify how the extent to which this goal can be realized depends, to a large extent, on stakeholder engagements and education. Through stakeholder engagements and educational processes, people can contribute towards SDG 6 and the specific indicator and target in SDG 6.b – Stakeholder participation. Following a three-year research process, that investigated a wide range of participatory tools, this paper explores how the Stream Assessment Scoring System (miniSASS; www.minisass.org) can enable members of the public to engage in water quality monitoring at a local level. The paper continues to demonstrate how miniSASS can contribute to the monitoring of progress towards Sustainable Development Goal Target 6.3, by providing a mechanism for data collection indicator 6.3.2. miniSASS is proving popular in southern Africa as a methodology for engaging stakeholder participation in water quality monitoring and management. The technique costs very little to implement and can be applied by children and scientists alike. As a biomonitoring approach, it is based on families of macroinvertebrates that are present in most perennial rivers of the world. The paper concludes by describing how useful the miniSASS technique can be for addressing data gaps for SDG 6.3.2 reporting, and that it can be applied in most regions of the world.
Monitoring / Water quality / Stakeholders / Goal 6 Clean water and sanitation / Sustainable Development Goals / Citizen science / Innovation / Social change
Record No:H050675
Mapping the spatial distribution of underutilised crop species under climate change using the MaxEnt model: a case of KwaZulu-Natal, South AfricaAuthor(s): Mugiyo, H.; Chimonyo, V. G. P.; Kunz, R.; Sibanda, M.; Nhamo, L.; Masemola, C. R.; Modi, A. T.; Mabhaudhi, Tafadzwanashe
Published year: 2022.
Journal: Climate Services Pages: 28:100330
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Knowing the spatial and temporal suitability of neglected and underutilised crop species (NUS) is important for fitting them into marginal production areas and cropping systems under climate change. The current study used climate change scenarios to map the future distribution of selected NUS, namely, sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), amaranth (Amaranthus) and taro (Colocasia esculenta) in the KwaZulu-Natal (KZN) province, South Africa. The future distribution of NUS was simulated using a maximum entropy (MaxEnt) model using regional circulation models (RCMs) from the CORDEX archive, each driven by a different global circulation model (GCM), for the years 2030 to 2070. The study showed an increase of 0.1–11.8% under highly suitable (S1), moderately suitable (S2), and marginally suitable (S3) for sorghum, cowpea, and amaranth growing areas from 2030 to 2070 across all RCPs. In contrast, the total highly suitable area for taro production is projected to decrease by 0.3–9.78% across all RCPs. The jack-knife tests of the MaxEnt model performed efficiently, with areas under the curve being more significant than 0.8. The study identified annual precipitation, length of the growing period, and minimum and maximum temperature as variables contributing significantly to model predictions. The developed maps indicate possible changes in the future suitability of NUS within the KZN province. Understanding the future distribution of NUS is useful for developing transformative climate change adaptation strategies that consider future crop distribution. It is recommended to develop regionally differentiated climate-smart agriculture production guidelines matched to spatial and temporal variability in crop suitability.
Forecasting / Models / Machine learning / Taro / Amaranthus / Cowpeas / Sorghum / Nutrition security / Food security / Climate change adaptation / Spatial distribution / Underutilized species / Crop production
Record No:H051487
Optimal production areas of underutilized indigenous crops and their role under climate change: focus on Bambara groundnutAuthor(s): Nhamo, L.; Paterson, G.; van der Walt, M.; Moeletsi, M.; Modi, A.; Kunz, R.; Chimonyo, V.; Masupha, T.; Mpandeli, S.; Liphadzi, S.; Molwantwa, J.; Mabhaudhi, Tafadzwanashe
Published year: 2022.
Journal: Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems Pages: 6:990213
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Food demand in Africa continues to outstrip local supply, and the continent currently spends over US$35 billion annually on food imports to supplement local deficits. With the advances in agronomy and breeding, commercial crops like maize (Zea mays) and soybean (Glycine max) in the region are under threat from climate change, decreasing rainfall and degraded lands. Unlike commercial crops that are generally adapted from other regions, underutilized indigenous crops are uniquely suited to local environments and are more resilient to climatic variations and tolerant to local pests and diseases. This study, done in Limpopo Province, South Africa, identifies optimal areas for cultivating Bambara groundnuts (Vigna subterannea), an indigenous crop suitable for arid and semi-arid regions. The aim is to promote the production of underutilized indigenous crops at a large scale with fewer resources, while still meeting local demand and reducing the food import budget. Suitability maps are delineated using a multicriteria decision method in a Geographic Information System (GIS). The procedure is important for diversifying farming systems, making them more resilient (to biotic and abiotic stresses and climate change) and more successful at enhancing water, food and nutritional security. With the province’s limited water and land resources for agriculture expansion, promoting indigenous underutilized crops is a pathway to reduce water allocated to agriculture, thereby enhancing drought resilience and ensuring water, food and nutritional security. Large tracts of degraded agricultural land deemed unsuitable for adapted crops, and which may require costly land reclamation practices, can be used to cultivate underutilized crops that are adapted to extreme local conditions.
Geographical information systems / Rain / Water security / Food security / Land suitability / Dryland farming / Resilience / Strategies / Climate change adaptation / Indigenous organisms / Underutilized species / Vigna subterranea / Bambara groundnut / Crop production
Record No:H051486
A new index on agricultural land greenhouse gas emissions in AfricaAuthor(s): Epule, T. E.; Chehbouni, A.; Ongoma, V.; Brouziyne, Youssef; Etongo, D.; Molua, E. L.
Published year: 2022.
Journal: Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Pages: 194(9):598
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DOI Africa emits the lowest amounts of greenhouse gases (GHGs) into the global GHG budget. However, the continent remains the most vulnerable continent to the effects of climate change. The agricultural sector in Africa is among the most vulnerable sectors to climate change. Also, as a dominant agricultural sector, African agriculture is increasingly contributing to climate change through GHG emissions. Research has so far focused on the effects of GHG emissions on the agricultural and other sectors with very little emphasis on monitoring and quantifying the spatial distribution of GHG emissions from agricultural land in Africa. This study develops a new index: African Agricultural Land Greenhouse Gas Index (AALGGI) that uses scores and specific scale ranges for carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O) to map the spatial variations in regional GHG emissions across Africa. The data for the three main GHGs (CO2, CH4, and N20) were downloaded from FAOSTAT. The data were analyzed through the newly developed African Agricultural Land Greenhouse Gas Index (AALGGI). This is an empirical index with scores ranging from 0 to 10, with higher scores indicating higher levels of emissions. The results show that Southern and North African regions have the lowest amounts of agricultural land GHG emissions, with AALGGIs of 3.5 and 4.5, respectively. East Africa records the highest levels of GHG emissions, with an AALGGI of 8 followed by West Africa with an AALGGI of 7.5. With the continental mean or baseline AALGGI being 5.8, East and Middle Africa are above the mean AALGGI. These results underscore the fact that though Africa, in general, is not a heavy emitter of GHGs, African agricultural lands are increasingly emitting more GHGs into the global GHG budget. The low AALGGIs in the more developed parts of Africa such as Southern and North Africa are explained by their domination in other GHG emitting sectors such as industrialization and energy. The high rates of emissions in East Africa and Middle Africa are mainly linked to intensive traditional farming practices/processes and deforestation. These findings underscore the need to further leverage climate change mitigation actions and policy in Africa and most importantly the co-benefits of mitigation and adaptations in the most vulnerable regions.
Time series analysis / Spatial distribution / Vulnerability / Climate change mitigation / Climate change adaptation / Nitrous oxide / Methane emission / Carbon dioxide / Agricultural land / Greenhouse gas emissions
Record No:H051387
Evidence-based strategies to accelerate innovation scaling in agricultural value chainsAuthor(s): International Water Management Institute (IWMI).
Published year: 2022.
Publisher(s): Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI)
Pages: 8
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Innovation scaling / Farmer-led irrigation / Commercialization / Business models / Smallholders / Private sector / Agricultural research for development / Capacity development / Strategies / Scaling up / Innovation / Agricultural value chains
Record No:H051386
Climate–urban nexus: a study of vulnerable women in urban areas of KwaZulu-Natal Province, South AfricaAuthor(s): Hlahla, S.; Simatele, M. D.; Hill, T.; Mabhaudhi, Tafadzwanashe
Published year: 2022.
Journal: Weather, Climate, and Society Pages: 14(3):933-948
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The changes in climatic conditions and their associated impacts are contributing to a worsening of existing gender inequalities and a heightening of women’s socioeconomic vulnerabilities in South Africa. Using data collected by research methods inspired by the tradition of participatory appraisals, we systematically discuss the impacts of climate change on marginalized women and the ways in which they are actively responding to climate challenges and building their adaptive capacity and resilience in the urban areas of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. We argue that changes in climate have both direct and indirect negative impacts on women’s livelihoods and well-being. Less than one-half (37%) of the women reported implementing locally developed coping mechanisms to minimize the impacts of climate-related events, whereas 63% reported lacking any form of formal safety nets to deploy and reduce the impacts of climate-induced shocks and stresses. The lack of proactive and gender-sensitive local climate change policies and strategies creates socioeconomic and political barriers that limit the meaningful participation of women in issues that affect them and marginalize them in the climate change discourses and decision-making processes, thereby hampering their efforts to adapt and reduce existing vulnerabilities. Thus, we advocate for the creation of an enabling environment to develop and adopt progendered, cost-effective, transformative, and sustainable climate change policies and adaptation strategies that are responsive to the needs of vulnerable groups (women) of people in society. This will serve to build their adaptive capacity and resilience to climate variability and climate change–related risks and hazards.
Socioeconomic aspects / Households / Livelihoods / Communities / Marginalization / Decision making / Gender equality / Gender mainstreaming / Resilience / Coping strategies / Policies / Climate change adaptation / Women / Vulnerability / Nexus approaches / Urban areas / Climate variability
Record No:H051371
A bibliometric analysis of solar energy forecasting studies in AfricaAuthor(s): Zwane, N.; Tazvinga, H.; Botai, C.; Murambadoro, M.; Botai, J.; de Wit, J.; Mabasa, B.; Daniel, S.; Mabhaudhi, Tafadzwanashe
Published year: 2022.
Journal: Energies Pages: 15(15):5520
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Solar energy forecasting is considered an essential scientific aspect in supporting efforts to integrate solar energy into power grids. Moreover, solar energy forecasting plays an essential role in mitigating greenhouse gas emissions and conserving energy for future use. This study conducted a bibliometric analysis to assess solar energy forecasting research studies evolution at the continental (Africa) and southern Africa levels. Key aspects of analysis included (i) scientific research trends, (ii) nature of collaboration networks, (iii) co-occurrence of keywords and (iv) emerging themes in solar energy forecasting over the last two decades, between the years 2000–2021. The results indicate that solar energy forecasting research has, on average, expanded by 6.4% and 3.3% in Africa and southern Africa, respectively. Based on the study context, solar energy forecasting research only gained momentum in 2015, peaking in 2019, but it is generally still subtle. The scientific mapping illustrated that only South Africa ranks among the leading countries that have produced high numbers of published documents and also leads in contributions to the research area in both Africa and southern Africa. Three emerging topics were identified from the thematic map analysis— namely, “solar irradiance”, “artificial intelligence” and “clear sky”, which implies that researchers are paying attention to solar irradiance, using modelling techniques that incorporate machine learning techniques. Overall, this study contributes to scientific information on the potential bankability of renewable energy projects that could assist power utilities, governments and policymakers in Africa to enforce the green economy through accelerated decarbonisation of the energy systems and building relationships with developed countries for support and better transitioning to solar energy. From a Water–Energy–Food nexus perspective, the results of this work could assist the scientific community in Africa to take advantage of the inherent interconnectedness of water, energy and food resources, whilst also advancing the use of integrated solutions to shape the focus of solar energy research into a more systems thinking and transdisciplinary approach involving the interconnected primary resources and stakeholders pursuit of the Sustainable Development Goals.
Models / Sustainable Development Goals / Collaboration / Nexus approaches / Foods / Renewable energy / Water / Climate change / Trends / Research / Bibliometric analysis / Forecasting / Solar energy
Record No:H051306
Climate change impacts on water sustainability of South African crop productionAuthor(s): Bonetti, S.; Sutanudjaja, E. H.; Mabhaudhi, Tafadzwanashe; Slotow, R.; Dalin, C.
Published year: 2022.
Journal: Environmental Research Letters Pages: 17(8):084017
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Agricultural production in arid and semi-arid regions is particularly vulnerable to climate change, which, combined with projected food requirements, makes the sustainable management of water resources critical to ensure national and global food security. Using South Africa as an example, we map the spatial distribution of water use by seventeen major crops under current and future climate scenarios, and assess their sustainability in terms of water resources, using the water debt repayment time indicator. We find high water debts, indicating unsustainable production, for potatoes, pulses, grapes, cotton, rice, and wheat due to irrigation in arid areas. Climate change scenarios suggest an intensification of such pressure on water resources, especially in regions already vulnerable, with a country-scale increase in irrigation demand of between 6.5% and 32% by 2090. Future land use planning and management should carefully consider the spatial distribution and local sustainability of crop water requirements to reduce water consumption in water risk hotspots and guarantee long-term food security.
Evapotranspiration / Forecasting / Spatial distribution / Groundwater / Water use / Water requirements / Water availability / Virtual water / Water footprint / Food security / Climate change / Sustainability / Water resources / Crop production
Record No:H051305
The determinants of market participation and its effect on food security of the rural smallholder farmers in Limpopo and Mpumalanga provinces, South AfricaAuthor(s): Hlatshwayo, S. I.; Ojo, T. O.; Modi, A. T.; Mabhaudhi, Tafadzwanashe; Slotow, R.; Ngidi, M. S. C.
Published year: 2022.
Journal: Agriculture Pages: 12(7):1072
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Addressing the disproportionate burden of food insecurity in South Africa requires targeted efforts to help smallholder farmers to access markets. The purpose of this study was to assess determinants of market participation and its contribution to household food security. The secondary data used in this study were collected from 1520 respondents; however, 389 smallholder farmers participated in the market. The Household Food Insecurity Access Scale revealed that out of the total sample size, 85% of the households were food insecure while 15% were food secure. Gender of household head, receiving social grants and higher wealth index positively impacted market participation. Having a family member with HIV had a negative impact on market participation among smallholder farmers. The results from the extended ordered probit regression model showed that household size, having a family member with HIV and agricultural assistance had a positive and significant contribution to the household food insecurity situation of the smallholder farmers. On the other hand, the educational level of household head, ownership of livestock, age of household head, gender of household head, and having access to social grants had a negative and significant effect on the food insecurity status. Access to education and the market can improve household food security. Linking smallholder farmers, particularly women and aged farmers, to markets should form an intrinsic part of the government’s efforts to improve farming and food security and increase access to diversified food.
Probit analysis / Socioeconomic environment / Gender / Agriculture / Food insecurity / Access to information / Rural areas / Farmers / Smallholders / Household food security / Participation / Markets
Record No:H051304
Estimation of maize foliar temperature and stomatal conductance as indicators of water stress based on optical and thermal imagery acquired using an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) platformAuthor(s): Brewer, K.; Clulow, A.; Sibanda, M.; Gokool, S.; Odindi, J.; Mutanga, O.; Naiken, V.; Chimonyo, V. G. P.; Mabhaudhi, Tafadzwanashe
Published year: 2022.
Journal: Drones Pages: 6(7):169
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Climatic variability and extreme weather events impact agricultural production, especially in sub-Saharan smallholder cropping systems, which are commonly rainfed. Hence, the development of early warning systems regarding moisture availability can facilitate planning, mitigate losses and optimise yields through moisture augmentation. Precision agricultural practices, facilitated by unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) with very high-resolution cameras, are useful for monitoring farm-scale dynamics at near-real-time and have become an important agricultural management tool. Considering these developments, we evaluated the utility of optical and thermal infrared UAV imagery, in combination with a random forest machine-learning algorithm, to estimate the maize foliar temperature and stomatal conductance as indicators of potential crop water stress and moisture content over the entire phenological cycle. The results illustrated that the thermal infrared waveband was the most influential variable during vegetative growth stages, whereas the red-edge and near-infrared derived vegetation indices were fundamental during the reproductive growth stages for both temperature and stomatal conductance. The results also suggested mild water stress during vegetative growth stages and after a hailstorm during the mid-reproductive stage. Furthermore, the random forest model optimally estimated the maize crop temperature and stomatal conductance over the various phenological stages. Specifically, maize foliar temperature was best predicted during the mid-vegetative growth stage and stomatal conductance was best predicted during the early reproductive growth stage. Resultant maps of the modelled maize growth stages captured the spatial heterogeneity of maize foliar temperature and stomatal conductance within the maize field. Overall, the findings of the study demonstrated that the use of UAV optical and thermal imagery, in concert with prediction-based machine learning, is a useful tool, available to smallholder farmers to help them make informed management decisions that include the optimal implementation of irrigation schedules.
Indicators / Crop water use / Small-scale farming / Smallholders / Precision agriculture / Models / Forecasting / Machine learning / Unmanned aerial vehicles / Thermal infrared imagery / Water stress / Estimation / Stomatal conductance / Temperature measurement / Maize / Crop growth stage
Record No:H051298
A food systems approach and qualitative system dynamics model to reveal policy issues within the commercial broiler chicken system in South AfricaAuthor(s): Queenan, K.; Cuevas, S.; Mabhaudhi, Tafadzwanashe; Chimonyo, M.; Shankar, B.; Slotow, R.; Hasler, B.
Published year: 2022.
Journal: PLoS ONE Pages: 17(6):e0270756
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Global broiler production and consumption levels continue to rise. South Africa’s broiler system is dominated by commercial production and formal retail trade, with competition from cheap imports. Local broiler policies have narrow, production-driven, short-term aims for industry growth and national food security. However, these have unintended consequences that undermine the system’s future sustainability. Using a food systems approach, this study developed a qualitative system dynamics model of the South African commercial broiler system and used it to engage stakeholders in policy discussions within the boundaries of health, nutrition, and environmental sustainability. A problem statement and key system elements were drawn from a previously published qualitative study and were validated by 15 stakeholders via an online questionnaire. From this, a seed model was developed, expanded into a larger model, and shared in a modular format with stakeholders in virtual meetings, on an individual or institutional basis, for feedback and validation, and for discussion of areas for policy consideration. Refinements were incorporated into the modules, policy considerations were summarised, and crosscutting issues were identified. The model demonstrated the system’s complexity, interlinkages, feedbacks, reinforcing and balancing loops, and behaviour archetypes. The modular presentation format created a suitable platform for stakeholder engagement. Current policies focus on local commercial production, formal markets, and affordability without cognisance of the broader system represented by the model. Inequality pervades throughout the system. Commercial producers, linked to large supermarkets and fast-food chains, dominate the system, presenting barriers to entry. Affordability is unintentionally traded off against non-communicable disease risks through brining of most frozen products, and ultra-processing of fast-food items. Foodborne disease control is critical, given the proportion of vulnerable individuals, and greater coherence of food safety policy is urgently needed. The environmental footprint of broilers, whilst less than that of ruminants, deserves closer scrutiny based on its dependence on intensive cereal production for feed. This study’s food systems approach provides a system-wide perspective and a foundation for policymakers to develop more integrated and transformative policies.
Food security / Imports / Stakeholders / Feeds / Food-borne diseases / Food safety / Affordability / Value chains / Markets / Food consumption / Distribution systems / Livestock production / Environmental sustainability / Nutrition / Human health / Models / Food policies / Commercial farming / Broiler chickens / Poultry / Food systems
Record No:H051296
Securing land and water for food production through sustainable land reform: a nexus planning perspectiveAuthor(s): Nhamo, L.; Mpandeli, S.; Liphadzi, S.; Mabhaudhi, Tafadzwanashe
Published year: 2022.
Journal: Land Pages: 11(7):974
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Land and water are vital resources for sustaining rural livelihoods and are critical for rural development as they form the basis of agriculture, the main economic activity for rural communities. Nevertheless, in most developing countries, land and water resources are unevenly distributed due to historical and socio-economic imbalances, hence the need for land reform policies to address these disparities. However, redistributing land without considering the interconnectedness of land and socio-ecological systems can compound existing food and water insecurity challenges. This study used a mixed research method, integrating both quantitative and qualitative data, to develop a framework to guide policy and decision-makers to formulate coherent strategies towards sustainable land redistribution programmes and achieve the desired outcomes. The approach was vital for integrating the broad and intricate interlinkages between water, land, and environmental resources. Therefore, the framework is based on transformative and circular models for informing strategic policy decisions towards sustainable land redistribution. The focus was on South Africa’s land redistribution plans and the implications on water and food security and rural development. The developed framework is designed to ensure the sustainability of agrarian reform and rural economic development. It is framed to address land and water accessibility inequalities, promote water and food security, and enhance rural development. A sustainable land redistribution increases the adaptive capacity of rural communities to climate change, enhances their resilience, and provides pathways towards Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
Socioeconomic development / Climate change / Agriculture / Food production / Indicators / Agrarian reform / Constitution / Rural development / Livelihoods / Sustainable Development Goals / Planning / Nexus / Frameworks / Land distribution / Food security / Water security / Land reform / Sustainable land management
Record No:H051229
Opportunities to improve eco-agriculture through transboundary governance in transfrontier conservation areasAuthor(s): Chitakira, M.; Nhamo, L.; Torquebiau, E.; Magidi, J.; Ferguson, W.; Mpandeli, S.; Mearns, K.; Mabhaudhi, Tafadzwanashe
Published year: 2022.
Journal: Diversity Pages: 14(6):461. (Special issue: The Human Dimension of Biodiversity Protection)
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Transfrontier Conservation Areas (TFCAs) are critical biodiversity areas for the conservation and sustainable use of biological and cultural resources while promoting regional peace, cooperation, and socio-economic development. Sustainable management of TFCAs is dependent on the availability of an eco-agriculture framework that promotes integrated management of conservation mosaics in terms of food production, environmental protection or the conservation of natural resources, and improved human livelihoods. As a developmental framework, eco-agriculture is significantly influenced by existing legal and governance structures at all levels; this study assessed the impact of existing legal and governance frameworks on eco-agriculture implementation in the Lubombo TFCA that cuts across the borders between Mozambique, Eswatini, and South Africa. The assessment used a mixed research method, including a document review, key informant interviews, and focus group discussions. Although the three countries have no eco-agriculture policies, biodiversity practices are directly or indirectly affected by some policies related to environmental protection, agriculture improvement, and rural development. The assessment found that South Africa has the most comprehensive policies related to eco-agriculture; Mozambican policies mainly focus on equity and involvement of disadvantaged social groups, while Eswatini is conspicuous for explicitly making it the responsibility of each citizen to protect and safeguard the environment. The protection of conservation areas is critical to preserving natural habitats and ensuring the continued provision of ecosystem services. The lack of transboundary governance structures results in the Lubombo TFCA existing as a treaty on paper, as there are no clear processes for transboundary cooperation and collaboration.
Local communities / Landscape approaches / Legislation / Policies / Sustainable livelihoods / Poverty alleviation / Resource conservation / Sustainable Development Goals / Ecosystems / Biodiversity conservation / Governance / Conservation areas / Eco-agriculture
Record No:H051227
E-flows for the Limpopo River Basin: risk of altered flows to the ecosystem services. Project report prepared by the International Water Management Institute (IWMI) for the United States Agency for International Development (USAID)Author(s): Oapos;Brien, G.; Dickens, Chris; Wade, M.; Stassen, R.; Wepener, V.; Diedericks, G.; MacKenzie, J.; Kaiser, A.; van der Waal, B.; Villholth, Karen; Ebrahim, Girma; Dlamini, V.; Magombeyi, Manuel
Published year: 2022.
Publisher(s): Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI); Washington, DC, USA: USAID
Pages: 144
Series: E-flows for the Limpopo River Basin: Report 8More... |
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Models / Cultural services / Fish / Ecological factors / Water quality / Water resources / Risk assessment / Ecosystem services / River basins / Environmental flows
Record No:H051957
E-flows for the Limpopo River Basin: environmental flow determination. Project report prepared by the International Water Management Institute (IWMI) for the United States Agency for International Development (USAID)Author(s): Oapos;Brien, G.; Dickens, Chris; Wade, M.; Stassen, R.; Diedericks, G.; MacKenzie, J.; Kaiser, A.; van der Waal, B.; Wepener, V.; Villholth, Karen; Ebrahim, Girma; Dlamini, V.; Magombeyi, Manuel
Published year: 2022.
Publisher(s): Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI); Washington, DC, USA: USAID
Pages: 209
Series: E-flows for the Limpopo River Basin: Report 7More... |
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Ecological factors / Water quality / Groundwater / Riparian vegetation / Invertebrates / Fish / Hydrology / Ecosystem services / River basins / Environmental flows
Record No:H051956
E-flows for the Limpopo River Basin: present ecological state - ecological response to change. Project report prepared by the International Water Management Institute (IWMI) for the United States Agency for International Development (USAID)Author(s): Oapos;Brien, G.; Dickens, Chris; Diedericks, G.; Kaiser, A.; Barendze, C.; Pearson, H.; LeRoux, H.; MacKenzie, J.; Gerber, S.; Petersen, R.; Dlamini, V.
Published year: 2022.
Publisher(s): Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI); Washington, DC, USA: USAID
Pages: 223
Series: E-flows for the Limpopo River Basin: Report 6More... |
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Surface water / Groundwater / Water quality / Livelihoods / Riparian vegetation / Macroinvertebrates / Fish / Ecosystem services / Ecological factors / River basins / Environmental flows
Record No:H051955
E-flows for the Limpopo River Basin: present ecological state - drivers of ecosystem change. Project report prepared by the International Water Management Institute (IWMI) for the United States Agency for International Development (USAID)Author(s): Oapos;Brien, G.; Dickens, Chris; Stassen, R.; Erasmus, H.; Herselman, S.; van der Waal, B.; Wepener, V.; Pearson, H.; LeRoux, H.; Villholth, Karen; Ebrahim, Girma; Magombeyi, Manuel; Riddell, E.; Petersen, R.
Published year: 2022.
Publisher(s): Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI); Washington, DC, USA: USAID
Pages: 296
Series: E-flows for the Limpopo River Basin: Report 5More... |
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Water quality / Geomorphology / Hydraulics / Surface water / Groundwater / Hydrology / Ecological factors / Ecosystems / River basins / Environmental flows
Record No:H051954
Groundwater for sustainable livelihoods and equitable growthAuthor(s): Re, V.; Manzione, R. L.; Abiye, T. A.; Mukherji, Aditi; MacDonald, A.
Published year: 2022.
Publisher(s): Leiden, Netherlands: CRC Press - Balkema
Pages: 367
Series: IAH - International Contributions to Hydrogeology 30More... |
DOI Groundwater for Sustainable Livelihoods and Equitable Growth explores how groundwater, often invisibly, improves peoples’ lives and livelihoods. This unique collection of 19 studies captures experiences of groundwater making a difference in 16 countries in Africa, South America and Asia. Such studies are rarely documented and this book provides a rich new collection of interdisciplinary analysis. The book is published in colour and includes many original diagrams and photographs.
Spring water, wells or boreholes have provided safe drinking water and reliable water for irrigation or industry for millennia. However, the hidden nature of groundwater often means that it’s important role both historically and in the present is overlooked. This collection helps fill this knowledge gap, providing a diverse set of new studies encompassing different perspectives and geographies. Different interdisciplinary methodologies are described that can help understand linkages between groundwater, livelihoods and growth, and how these links can be threatened by over-use, contamination, and ignorance.
Written for a worldwide audience of practitioners, academics and students with backgrounds in geology, engineering or environmental sciences; Groundwater for Sustainable Livelihoods and Equitable Growth is essential reading for those involved in groundwater and international development.
Case studies / Socioeconomic development / Households / Farmers / Smallholders / Rice / Stubble burning / Coastal areas / Villages / Rural areas / Periurban areas / Landscape conservation / Urban development / Strategies / Adaptation / Resilience / Climate change / Hydrogeology / Alluvial aquifers / Wells / Water springs / Watersheds / River basins / Water harvesting / Water supply / Legal frameworks / Water policies / Water governance / Water scarcity / Surface water / Conjunctive use / Water use / Small scale systems / Groundwater irrigation / Groundwater extraction / Groundwater recharge / Water security / Water resources / Equity / Sustainable livelihoods / Groundwater management
Record No:H051156
Water - energy - food nexus narratives and resource securities: a global south perspectiveAuthor(s): Mabhaudhi, Tafadzwanashe; Senzanje, A.; Modi, A.; Jewitt, G.; Massawe, F.
Published year: 2022.
Publisher(s): Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier
Pages: 332
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Case studies / Modelling / Spatial data / SADC countries / Capacity development / Farmers / Smallholders / Financing / Ecosystems / Environmental health / Public health / Catchment areas / Transboundary waters / Goal 7 Affordable and clean energy / Goal 6 Clean water and sanitation / Goal 2 Zero hunger / Sustainable Development Goals / Nexus / Food security / Energy resources / Water resources
Record No:H051168
Indigenous knowledge systems for the management of the Barotse Flood Plain in Zambia and their implications for policy and practice in the developing worldAuthor(s): Mapedza, Everisto; Rashirayi, T.; Xueliang, C.; Haile, Alemseged Tamiru; van Koppen, Barbara; Ndiyoi, M.; Senaratna Sellamuttu, S.
Published year: 2022.
Pages: pp.209-225
Series: Current Directions in Water Scarcity Research Volume 4More... |
DOI Most development planners and practitioners have often wrongly assumed that solutions for community challenges lie within the “western scientific knowledge” only. However, the recent studies have highlighted the relevance of Indigenous Knowledge to inform western scientific solutions. This study is on the Barotse Flood Plain of the Western Province of Zambia. Flood inundation understanding by the local communities has direct implications for their livelihood options and for the well-being of their households. The research found that there are a number of important local knowledge systems that are early warning systems based on observations of weather, water level and landscape, and animal behavior, which are widely disseminated through a specific communication network. The chapter concludes with a discussion on how the integration of Western scientific and Indigenous Knowledge Systems will better inform interventions to improve livelihood options for the communities within the Barotse Flood Plain and policy and practice within the developing world at large.
Case studies / Developing countries / Gender / Households / Villages / Climate change / Drought / Rain / Flooding / Policies / knowledge / Indigenous peoplesapos / Floodplains
Record No:H051167
Applying the WEF nexus at a local level: a focus on catchment levelAuthor(s): Walker, S.; Jacobs-Mata, Inga; Fakudze, Bhekiwe; Phahlane, M. O.; Masekwana, N.
Published year: 2022.
Pages: pp.111-144
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DOI The currently used water–energy–food (WEF) nexus philosophy and frameworks integrate the interconnections across the water, energy, food-agricultural sectors using a systems perspective. There are many challenges to model the interdependencies and trade-offs using a WEF nexus approach. Many tools and indices have been developed and used at the regional and national levels. However, there are few attempts to apply tools at a local and/or catchment level as described in this chapter for the Inkomati-Usuthu catchment in South Africa. The available tools were described according to inputs required and outputs produced together with both spatial and temporal scales and potential users. The data requirements for each sector were unpacked, and potential sources for local information are listed despite the wide set of data necessary. The way forward to applying these tools in the Crocodile and lower Komati river basins was considered in light of the facilitated stakeholder engagement to promote understanding of the scope of the WEF nexus and economic and policy implications.
Assessment / Climate change / Land use / Livelihoods / Frameworks / Models / Catchment areas / Nexus / Food security / Energy / Water resources
Record No:H051174
Enhancing sustainable human and environmental health through nexus planningAuthor(s): Nhamo, L.; Mpandeli, S.; Nhamo, S. P.; Liphadzi, S.; Mabhaudhi, Tafadzwanashe
Published year: 2022.
Pages: pp.199-222
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DOI A combination of climate change and accelerated population growth is instigating some of the worst challenges that humankind faces today that include resource depletion and degradation. Both built environment and ecological infrastructure have been modified and are creating novel socioecological interactions posing the risk of novel infectious diseases transmission to humans. The experiences of the COVID-19 exposed the vulnerability of human health from wildlife and the risk of novel socioecological interactions on livelihoods. This chapter enhances the preparedness and improves the resilience against novel pathogens by assessing vulnerability and the available options to reduce risk through the water–health–ecosystem–nutrition nexus. As a transformative, nexus planning provides integrated pathways toward resilience and preparedness to reduce health risks on humans posed by novel pathogens. A systematic review of literature facilitated an understanding of the trends of novel infectious diseases and the available options to improve sanitation, nutrition, and adaptative capacity in the advent of novel socioecological interactions. The aim is to guide policy formulations to achieve Sustainable Development Goals such as 3 (good health and wellbeing), 6 (clean water and sanitation), and 13 (climate action). Risk reduction framing in the health sector through nexus planning provides pathways toward healthy environments and mutual socioecological interactions.
Modelling / Water quality / Resilience / Vulnerability / Public health / Indicators / Sustainability / Planning / Nexus / Nutrition / Environmental health / Water availability
Record No:H051172
Transboundary WEF nexus analysis: a case study of the Songwe River BasinAuthor(s): Masia, S.; Susnik, J.; Jewitt, G.; Kiala, Z.; Mabhaudhi, Tafadzwanashe
Published year: 2022.
Pages: pp.91-109
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DOI Over the past decade, the water, energy, and food (WEF) nexus approach has evolved to become a focus of the Southern African Development Community (SADC) development strategies. However, a lack of empirical evidence, appropriate methods, and qualitative and quantitative tools to implement the WEF nexus approach has been highlighted. This chapter describes the application of the WEF nexus approach in the Songwe River Basin (SRB) located on the border between Malawi and Tanzania as a demonstration of how this lack of evidence and tools is starting to be addressed. The basin is currently facing rapid population growth, which is leading to a considerable increase in resource demand and environmental issues and has been identified as a priority basin for SADC. The SRB Development Programme (SRBDP) includes several projects that collectively aim to improve the environmental and socioeconomic status of the basin. The integrated approach proposed to assess the SRBDPapos;s expected outcomes through a WEF nexus lens is based on the development and application of qualitative and quantitative tools that support decision-makers to assess feasible sustainable development pathways in the basin, and more broadly in the SADC region. This chapter focuses on the qualitative analysis of the WEF nexus system and explains the process of identifying the major sectors and subsectors involved in the SRBDP, the main interlinkages between them, and potential synergies and trade-offs assessing how decisions made in a sector may influence others. The qualitative analysis of the SRB shows that although the projects included in the SRBDP are expected to have positive impacts on the environment and the socioeconomic system of the basin, downsides that may have an impact on human and ecosystem health are also possible. Early identification of such issues can help to limit detrimental impacts in the future. In the analysis, potential Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), objectives, and indicators that may be addressed in the SRB are identified, highlighting the importance of applying the holistic approach to enhance and boost the achievement of SDGs in the basin.
Case studies / River basins / Nexus / Energy / Food security / Transboundary waters
Record No:H051171
First biomonitoring of microplastic pollution in the Vaal River using Carp fish (Cyprinus carpio) “as a bio-indicator”Author(s): Saad, D.; Chauke, P.; Cukrowska, E.; Richards, H.; Nikiema, Josiane; Chimuka, L.; Tutu, H.
Published year: 2022.
Journal: Science of the Total Environment Pages: 836:155623
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DOI Fish inhabiting freshwater environments are susceptible to the ingestion of microplastics (MPs). Knowledge regarding MPs in freshwater fish in South Africa is very limited. In this study, the uptake of MPs by common carp (Cyprinus carpio) in the Vaal River in South Africa was assessed. MPs were detected in all of the twenty-six fish examined, 682 particles of MPs were recovered from the gastrointestinal tracts of the fish with an average of 26.23 12.57 particles/fish, and an average abundance of 41.18 52.81 particles/kg. The examination of the physical properties of MPs revealed a predominance on fibers (69%), small-sized particles of less than 0.5 mm (48%), as well as prevelance of coloured MPs (94%), mostly green, blue, and black. Using Raman Spectroscopy, the following plastic polymers were identified: high density polyethylene (HDPE), low density polyethylene (LDPE), polypropylene (PP), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE).
To the best of our knowledge, this study, is the first to report MPs uptake by freshwater biota in the Vaal River using common carp as a target organism. It provided evidence of MP contamination in the Vaal.
Health hazards / Rivers / Wastewater / Chemicophysical properties / Polymers / Biota / Freshwater / Aquatic organisms / Bioindicators / Cyprinus carpio / Common carp / Biomonitoring / Microplastic pollution
Record No:H051095
Community disaster exposure and first onset of depression: a panel analysis of nationally representative South African data, 2008–2017Author(s): Tomita, A.; Ncama, B. P.; Moodley, Y.; Davids, R.; Burns, J. K.; Mabhaudhi, Tafadzwanashe; Modi, A. T.; Slotow, R.
Published year: 2022.
Journal: PLOS Climate Pages: 1(4):e0000024
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Sub-Saharan Africa faces unprecedented disasters, with climate change expected to exacerbate the frequency and severity of unpredictable and stressful catastrophic events. Unlike developed nations, reconstruction in developing nations is hindered by resource constraints, with certain communities potentially experiencing multiple and enduring effects of disasters. Despite the potential danger of such cumulative community disaster exposure on mental health (e.g. depression), large-scale population-level evidence for the region is limited. We investigated the association between exposure to cumulative disaster and the first onset of depression in a nationally representative survey in South Africa. We used panel data from the South African National Income Dynamics Study (SA-NIDS) from 2008–2017, consisting of 17,255 adult study participants who were depression free at baseline. Risk of first depression onset between individuals exposed and unexposed to community disaster was measured, accounting for multiple disaster exposure over time by fitting generalized estimating equation (GEE) regression models. Data on the geographic location of disasters were obtained from the South African government gazette, and mapped with the government delineated SA-NIDS households’ locations. Of the sampled individuals, 2,986 were exposed to disaster during the study duration (17.3%). Increased cumulative community disaster was significantly associated with the likelihood of depression onset (adjusted relative risk [aRR] = 1.20, plt;0.01, 95% CI: 1.09–1.33), even after controlling for socio-demographic factors. In sub-group analyses, greater likelihood of depression onset was found among females [but not in men] (aRR = 1.23, plt;0.01, 95% CI: 1.09–1.38), Black African [but not in other population group] (aRR = 1.21, plt;0.01, 95% CI: 1.09–1.36), lower education attainment group [but not in tertiary and above educational attainment group] (aRR = 1.20, plt;0.01, 95% CI: 1.08–1.33), and lower income attainment group [but not in the top income quartile group] (aRR = 1.24, plt;0.01, 95% CI: 1.11–1.38), due to cumulative community disaster. Although cumulative community disaster exposure was significantly associated with the first onset of depression, its negative impact may be more pronounced among individuals considered chronically socially vulnerable (i.e. the groups above) in South Africa. Given that many individuals in South Africa rely on social, food parcel relief, and health services from government/public sector, timely access to community-based supportive intervention is needed for disaster survivors, prioritizing socially vulnerable groups to help mitigate problems associated with mental health challenges.
Models / Socioeconomic aspects / Depression / Mental health / Disaster risk reduction / Exposure / Communities
Record No:H051086
The dynamics of youth employment and empowerment in agriculture and rural development in South Africa: a scoping reviewAuthor(s): Geza, W.; Ngidi, M. S. C.; Slotow, R.; Mabhaudhi, Tafadzwanashe
Published year: 2022.
Journal: Sustainability Pages: 14(9):5041
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Over the years, South Africa has made significant investments aimed at transforming the agricultural sector to deliver on rural economic development and job creation. These investments have had varying levels of success; still, what is worrying is the high youth unemployment rate which is amongst the highest globally. We conducted a scoping review using the PRISMA-P guidelines to identify the challenges youth face in accessing sustainable employment in the agriculture sector. Peer-reviewed studies were retrieved from online databases (Web of Science, Cab Direct, and Science Direct) for 1994–2021. The findings showed that youth are still facing significant challenges in the demand and supply side of the labour market and lack of inclusivity in policy formulation and implementation, limiting their involvement in agriculture and rural development initiatives. Policies and strategies responding to these challenges exist, and the spectrum of support services provided are primarily focused on entrepreneurship. Yet, the implementation of programs and initiatives has not been successful. This could be attributed to the obstacles persisting in the sociopolitical environment in SA, causing additional barriers to program implementation. Therefore, to enhance youth involvement in agriculture and rural development, there is a need to connect more rural youth to support services, local employment programmes, and youth inclusion in policy formulation processes. Additionally, the focus of policy and programs should be broadened to cater to different youth knowledge and skill profiles.
Strategies / Inclusion / Unemployment / Rural development / Agriculture / Empowerment / Participation / Youth employment
Record No:H051085
Surface water-groundwater interactions and local land use control water quality impacts of extreme rainfall and flooding in a vulnerable semi-arid region of Sub-Saharan AfricaAuthor(s): Geris, J.; Comte, J.-C.; Franchi, F.; Petros, A. K.; Tirivarombo, S.; Selepeng, A. T.; Villholth, Karen G.
Published year: 2022.
Journal: Journal of Hydrology Pages: 609:127834
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While extreme rainfall events may provide rare opportunities for replenishment of surface water and groundwater resources in vulnerable (semi)arid areas, they are typically also associated with widespread flooding. The impacts on contaminant movement associated with spatio-temporally complex relationships between surface water and groundwater during such events in these regions are largely unknown. The catchment area (~4350 km2) upstream of Gaborone Dam on the Notwane River in south-east Botswana and northern South Africa experienced extreme rainfall and major flooding in 2016/17, following a severe 5-year drought. In this generally data-sparce area, we collected a unique data set that combined traditional water quantity observations with stable water isotope, major ion, trace metal and geophysical data. These were analysed to gain insights into water quantity and quality dynamics following flooding, including contaminant movement using trace metals as pollution indicators. Results revealed that the extreme rainfall and flooding was responsible for replenishment of surface water and groundwater resources, but also contaminant mobilisation from the surface. This subsequently resulted in increased concentrations of contaminants during the recession. Overall, hydrogeological heterogeneity dictated spatially variable surface water - groundwater interactions, characterised by poor connectivity in low productivity aquifer areas as opposed to good connectivity in moderate to high productivity aquifers. This in turn affected water quality dynamics and contamination, locally superimposed by land use impacts, primarily from urban landfill and local agricultural practices. Groundwater-connected streams had consistently lower (responses in) contaminants. We also found that Gaborone Reservoir facilitated prolonged conditions for recharge but likely also enhanced contamination of groundwater through maintaining a high water table in urban areas located immediately downstream. Management implications of our findings include a requirement for careful consideration of land use and landfill planning in relation to bedrock geology and presence of surface water reservoirs, conjunctive surface water and groundwater management, but also the need for even higher (space-time) resolution of monitoring in these data sparce environments. This could contribute to enhancing the benefits that extreme rainfall events provide in terms of surface water and groundwater resources replenishment for future dry seasons and periods of drought.
Extreme weather events / Groundwater recharge / Pollutants / Semiarid zones / Flooding / Water quality / Land use / Groundwater / Surface water
Record No:H051079
Rainfall shocks and crop productivity in Zambia: implication for agricultural water risk managementAuthor(s): Matchaya, Greenwell C.; Tadesse, G.; Kuteya, A. N.
Published year: 2022.
Journal: Agricultural Water Management Pages: 269:107648
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DOI This paper investigates the impact of erratic rainfall and related water problems on agricultural productivity. The paper also aims to shed light on the conceptual importance of understanding the incidence and impacts of rainfall shocks for choosing feasible agricultural water risk management strategies both at household and policy levels. To achieve these goals we develop a conceptual framework, use national representative data from Zambia’s crop estimates survey for 2017/2018 farming season, employ fixed effects regression approach, and find that dry spells, excessive floods, incidence of water logging are all detrimental to crop productivity. The crop-based equations also reveal the differential impacts of the rainfall shocks on different crops. Since the effect of water factors including dry spells, floods and water logging on agricultural productivity is dependent on the crop types, it is important for the Zambian government as well as other countries to take this into account when planning and implementing strategies for agricultural water risk management.
Households / Farmers / Policies / Dry spells / Waterlogging / Crops / Risk coping strategies / Risk management / Water management / Agricultural productivity / Rain
Record No:H051039
Visioning a food system for an equitable transition towards sustainable diets—a South African perspectiveAuthor(s): Sobratee, N.; Davids, R.; Chinzila, C. B.; Mabhaudhi, Tafadzwanashe; Scheelbeek, P.; Modi, A. T.; Dangour, A. D.; Slotow, R.
Published year: 2022.
Journal: Sustainability Pages: 14(6):3280
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The global goal to end hunger requires the interpretation of problems and change across multiple domains to create the scope for collaboration, learning, and impactful research. We facilitated a workshop aimed at understanding how stakeholders problematize sustainable diet transition (SDT) among a previously marginalized social group. Using the systems thinking approach, three sub-systems, namely access to dietary diversity, sustainable beneficiation of natural capital, and ‘food choice for well-being’, highlighted the main forces governing the current context, and future interventions of the project. Moreover, when viewed as co-evolving processes within the multi-level perspective, our identified microlevel leverage points—multi-faceted literacy, youth empowerment, deliberative policymaking, and promotion of sustainable diet aspirations—can be linked and developed through existing national macro-level strategies. Thus, co-designing to problematize transformational SDT, centered on an interdisciplinary outlook and informational governance, could streamline research implementation outcomes to re-structure socio-technical sectors and reconnect people to nature-based solutions. Such legitimate aspirations could be relevant in countries bearing complex socio-political legacies and bridge the local–global goals coherently. This work provides a collaborative framework required to develop impact-driven activities needed to inform evidence-based policies on sustainable diets.
Strategies / Socioeconomic aspects / Farmers / Smallholders / Stakeholders / Policies / Marginalization / Communities / Sustainable Development Goals / Agrifood systems / Healthy diets
Record No:H051024
Climate change, land cover change, and overharvesting threaten a widely used medicinal plant in South AfricaAuthor(s): Groner, V. P.; Nicholas, O.; Mabhaudhi, Tafadzwanashe; Slotow, R.; Akcakaya, H. R.; Mace, G. M.; Pearson, R. G.
Published year: 2022.
Journal: Ecological Applications Pages: 32(4):e2545
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Medicinal plants contribute substantially to the well-being of people in large parts of the world, providing traditional medicine and supporting livelihoods from trading plant parts, which is especially significant for women in low-income communities. However, the availability of wild medicinal plants is increasingly threatened; for example, the Natal Lily (Clivia miniata), which is one of the most widely traded plants in informal medicine markets in South Africa, lost over 40% of individuals over the last 90 years. Understanding the species’ response to individual and multiple pressures is essential for prioritizing and planning conservation actions. To gain this understanding, we simulated the future range and abundance of C. miniata by coupling Species Distribution Models with a metapopulation model (RAMAS-GIS). We contrasted scenarios of climate change (RCP2.6 vs. RCP8.5), land cover change (intensification vs. expansion), and harvesting (only juveniles vs. all life stages). All our scenarios pointed to continuing declines in suitable habitat and abundance by the 2050s. When acting independently, climate change, land cover change, and harvesting each reduced the projected abundance substantially, with land cover change causing the most pronounced declines. Harvesting individuals from all life stages affected the projected metapopulation size more negatively than extracting only juveniles. When the three pressures acted together, declines of suitable habitat and abundance accelerated but uncertainties were too large to identify whether pressures acted synergistically, additively, or antagonistically. Our results suggest that conservation should prioritize the protection of suitable habitat and ensure sustainable harvesting to support a viable metapopulation under realistic levels of climate change. Inadequate management of C. miniata populations in the wild will likely have negative consequences for the well-being of people relying on this ecosystem service, and we expect there may be comparable consequences relating to other medicinal plants in different parts of the world.
Models / Biodiversity / Conservation / Habitat loss / Species / Ecosystem services / Resource depletion / Medicinal plants / Land cover change / Climate change
Record No:H051023
IWMI Annual report 2021Author(s): International Water Management Institute (IWMI).
Published year: 2022.
Publisher(s): Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI)
Pages: 58
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Partnerships / Women / Social inclusion / Gender equality / Water law / Climate resilience / Climate change / Ecosystems / Innovation / Agrifood systems / Irrigation systems / Environmental flows / Sustainable Development Goals / Weather index insurance / Solar powered irrigation systems / Farmer-led irrigation / Research programmes / Water security / Water management
Record No:H051770
Operationalising hybrid water law for historical justiceAuthor(s): Mukuyu, Patience; van Koppen, Barbara; Jacobs-Mata, Inga
Published year: 2022.
Pages: 92
Series: WRC Report No. 3040/1/22More... |
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Communities / Rural areas / Small-scale irrigation / Farmers / Smallholders / Licences / Constitution / Agrarian reform / Infrastructure / Catchment areas / Water management / Water use / Water sharing / Water rights / Legal pluralism / Customary tenure / Water tenure / Strategies / Water policies / Legislation / Regulations / Water allocation / Water resources / Water law
Record No:H051685
The future of food: domestication and commercialization of indigenous food crops in Africa over the third decade (2012–2021)Author(s): Leakey, R. R. B.; Tientcheu Avana, M.-L.; Awazi, N. P.; Assogbadjo, A. E.; Mabhaudhi, Tafadzwanashe; Hendre, P. S.; Degrande, A.; Hlahla, S.; Manda, L.
Published year: 2022.
Journal: Sustainability Pages: 14(4):2355. (Special issue: Interdisciplinary Approaches to Mainstreaming Underutilized Crops)
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This paper follows the transition from ethnobotany to a deeper scientific understanding of the food and medicinal properties of African agroforestry tree products as inputs into the start of domestication activities. It progresses on to the integration of these indigenous trees as new crops within diversified farming systems for multiple social, economic and environmental benefits. From its advent in the 1990s, the domestication of indigenous food and non-food tree species has become a global programme with a strong African focus. This review of progress in the third decade is restricted to progress in Africa, where multi-disciplinary research on over 59 species has been reported in 759 research papers in 318 science publications by scientists from over 833 research teams in 70 countries around the world (532 in Africa). The review spans 23 research topics presenting the recent research literature for tree species of high priority across the continent, as well as that in each of the four main ecological regions: the humid zone of West and Central Africa; the Sahel and North Africa; the East African highlands and drylands; and the woody savannas of Southern Africa. The main areas of growth have been the nutritional/medicinal value of non-timber forest products; the evaluation of the state of natural resources and their importance to local people; and the characterization of useful traits. However, the testing of putative cultivars; the implementation of participatory principles; the protection of traditional knowledge and intellectual property rights; and the selection of elite trees and ideotypes remain under-researched. To the probable detriment of the upscaling and impact in tropical agriculture, there has been, at the international level, a move away from decentralized, community-based tree domestication towards a laboratory-based, centralized approach. However, the rapid uptake of research by university departments and national agricultural research centres in Africa indicates a recognition of the importance of the indigenous crops for both the livelihoods of rural communities and the revitalization and enhanced outputs from agriculture in Africa, especially in West Africa. Thus, on a continental scale, there has been an uptake of research with policy relevance for the integration of indigenous trees in agroecosystems and their importance for the attainment of the UN Sustainable Development Goals. To progress this in the fourth decade, there will need to be a dedicated Centre in Africa to test and develop cultivars of indigenous crops. Finally, this review underpins a holistic approach to mitigating climate change, as well as other big global issues such as hunger, poverty and loss of wildlife habitat by reaping the benefits, or ‘profits’, from investment in the five forms of Capital, described as ‘land maxing’. However, policy and decision makers are not yet recognizing the potential for holistic and transformational adoption of these new in
Highlands / Lowland / Drylands / Rural development / Poverty alleviation / Policies / Livelihoods / Food security / Natural resources management / Cultivation / Marketing / Trade / Vegetative propagation / Nonwood forest products / Nutritional value / Ethnobotany / Medicinal properties / Genetic improvement / Tree crops / Agroforestry / Commercialization / Domestication / Indigenous organisms / Food crops
Record No:H050971
Development and validation of a model for soil wetting geometry under moistube irrigationAuthor(s): Dirwai, T. L.; Senzanje, A.; Mabhaudhi, Tafadzwanashe
Published year: 2022.
Journal: Scientific Reports Pages: 12:2737
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We developed an empirical soil wetting geometry model for silty clay loam and coarse sand soils under a semi-permeable porous wall line source Moistube Irrigation (MTI) lateral irrigation. The model was developed to simulate vertical and lateral soil water movement using the Buckingham pi (p) theorem. This study was premised on a hypothesis that soil hydraulic properties influence soil water movement under MTI. Two independent, but similar experiments, were conducted to calibrate and validate the model using MTI lateral placed at a depth of 0.2 m below the soil surface in a soil bin with a continuous water supply (150 kPa). Soil water content was measured every 5 min for 100 h using MPS-2 sensors. Model calibration showed that soil texture influenced water movement (plt; 0.05) and showed a good ft for wetted widths and depths for both soils (nRMSE = 0.5–10%; NSE = 0.50; and d-index = 0.50. The percentage bias (PBIAS) statistic revealed that the models’ under-estimated wetted depth after 24 h by 21.9% and 3.9% for silty clay loam and sandy soil, respectively. Sensitivity analysis revealed agreeable models’ performance values. This implies the model’s applicability for estimating wetted distances for an MTI lateral placed at 0.2 m and MTI operating pressure of 150 kPa. We concluded that the models are prescriptive and should be used to estimate wetting geometries for conditions under which they were developed. Further experimentation under varying scenarios for which MTI would be used, including feld conditions, is needed to further validate the model and establish robustness. MTI wetting geometry informs placement depth for optimal irrigation water usage.
Silty soils / Clay loam soils / Sandy soils / Soil water movement / Soil water content / Soil hydraulic properties / Models / Geometry / Wetting front / Subsurface irrigation / Irrigation methods
Record No:H050970
Resilience and sustainability of the water sector during the COVID-19 pandemicAuthor(s): Goldin, J.; Nhamo, L.; Ncube, B.; Zvimba, J. N.; Petja, B.; Mpandeli, S.; Nomquphu, W.; Hlophe-Ginindza, S.; Greeff-Laubscher, M. R.; Molose, V.; Lottering, S.; Liphadzi, S.; Naidoo, D.; Mabhaudhi, Tafadzwanashe
Published year: 2022.
Journal: Sustainability Pages: 14(3):1482
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The COVID-19 pandemic brought unprecedented socio-economic changes, ushering in a “new (ab)normal” way of living and human interaction. The water sector was not spared from the effects of the pandemic, a period in which the sector had to adapt rapidly and continue providing innovative water and sanitation solutions. This study unpacks and interrogates approaches, products, and services adopted by the water sector in response to the unprecedented lockdowns, heralding novel terrains, and fundamental paradigm shifts, both at the community and the workplace. The study highlights the wider societal perspective regarding the water and sanitation challenges that grappled society before, during, after, and beyond the pandemic. The premise is to provide plausible transitional pathways towards a new (ab)normal in adopting new models, as evidenced by the dismantling of the normal way of conducting business at the workplace and human interaction in an era inundated with social media, virtual communication, and disruptive technologies, which have transitioned absolutely everything into a virtual way of life. As such, the novel approaches have fast-tracked a transition into the 4th Industrial Revolution (4IR), with significant trade-offs to traditional business models and human interactions.
Case studies / Stakeholders / Research projects / Public health / Sanitation / Sustainability / Resilience / Pandemics / COVID-19 / Water security
Record No:H050969
Zambia National Policy Dialogue summary report. Summary report of the National Policy Dialogue, Lusaka, Zambia, 18 August 2022Author(s): Nawiko, M.; Chomba, C.; Mambwe, M.; Nkanyani, S.; Mwamakamba, S.; Jacobs-Mata, Inga; Ires, Idil
Published year: 2022.
Publisher(s): Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). CGIAR Initiative on Diversification in East and Southern Africa
Pages: 18
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To address the knowledge and coordination gaps and foster an enabling policy and investment environment, the Food, Agriculture and Natural Resources Policy Analysis Network (FANRPAN), together with the Agriculture Consultative Forum (ACF) and the International Water Management Institute (IWMI) hosted its first National Policy Dialogue at the Radisson Blu Hotel in Lusaka, Zambia, on 18 August 2022. The Dialogue is part of the CGIAR initiative on Diversification in East and Southern Africa, launched by CGIAR (including IWMI, CIAT, CIMMYT, ILRI, IFPRI, IITA, and WorldFish).
Investment / Private sector / Livelihoods / Farmers / Smallholders / Stakeholders / Strategies / Climate change / Agribusiness / Diversification / Agricultural sector / Agricultural policies
Record No:H051683
Zambia agricultural policy profileAuthor(s): Nawiko, M.; Chomba, C.; Mambwe, M.; Nkanyani, S.; Mwamakamba, S.; Jacobs-Mata, Inga; Ires, Idil
Published year: 2022.
Publisher(s): Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). CGIAR Initiative on Diversification in East and Southern Africa
Pages: 11
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This paper aims to provide an overview of Zambian policies related to agriculture and climate adaptation in preparation for the Zambia National Policy Dialogue, scheduled for 18 August 2022 in Lusaka, Zambia. The dialogue is a joint programme with CGIAR Initiative on Diversification of East and Southern Africa led by International Water Management Institute (IWMI) Southern Africa, the Food, Agriculture and Natural Resources Policy Analysis Network (FANRPAN) South Africa, and Agricultural Consultative Forum (ACF) Zambia. The paper includes an overview of the economic and administrative profile of the country and a descriptive overview of the agricultural and climate policies that are expected to be critically debated at the Dialogue.
Strategies / Economic development / Agricultural sector / Food policies / Food security / Climate change / Diversification / Agricultural production / Agricultural policies
Record No:H051682
Kenya National Policy Dialogue summary report. Summary report of the National Policy Dialogue, Nairobi, Kenya, 21 November 2022Author(s): Laichena, J.; Kiptoo, E.; Nkanyani, S.; Mwamakamba, S.; Jacobs-Mata, Inga; Ires, Idil
Published year: 2022.
Publisher(s): Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). CGIAR Initiative on Diversification in East and Southern Africa
Pages: 20
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To address the knowledge and coordination gaps and foster an enabling policy and investment environment, the Food, Agriculture and Natural Resources Policy Analysis Network (FANRPAN), together with the International Water Management Institute (IWMI), and the local partner, the Kenya Institute for Public Policy Research and Analysis (KIPPRA) hosted the Kenya National Policy Dialogue at ILRI in Nairobi on 21 November 2022. The dialogue is part of the CGIAR initiative: Diversification and Intensification in East and Southern Africa, launched by CGIAR.
Farmers / Technology / Climate change / Multi-stakeholder processes / Investment / Value chains / Diversification / Climate-smart agriculture / Agribusiness / Policies / Agricultural production
Record No:H051681
Concept note for national policy hubs under Ukama UstawiAuthor(s): Ires, Idil
Published year: 2022.
Publisher(s): Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). CGIAR Initiative on Diversification in East and Southern Africa
Pages: 4
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National policy hubs aim to improve the enabling institutional and policy environment to guide climate-resilient agricultural transition in ESA. Specific hub activities can be described as the 4Ds (diagnose, design, develop, and deploy). Policy hubs diagnose the needs and knowledge gaps related to sustainable intensification and diversification of maize -mixed farming, de-risking through digitized agro-advisory services, agribusiness, empowerment, and multilevel scaling by aggregating research-based findings from the work packages and partners of Ukama Ustawi Initiative. This step is followed by designing and developing multistakeholder dialogues to communicate these findings with stakeholders, and consequently, informing policymaking and implementation on this basis. The first dialogue takes place in Zambia in August 2022, followed by Kenya and Zimbabwe. Finally, the hub will guide governments and other partners to deploy policies and strategies and follow up with policymaking and implementation through effective monitoring and evaluation mechanisms.
Multi-stakeholder processes / Policies / Climate resilience / Diversification / Sustainable intensification
Record No:H051678
Irrigation suitability mapping examples from Zimbabwe, Zambia, Malawi and KenyaAuthor(s): Mabhaudhi, Tafadzwanashe; Haileslassie, Amare; Magidi, J.; Nhamo, L.
Published year: 2022.
Publisher(s): Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). CGIAR Initiative on Diversification in East and Southern Africa
Pages: 52
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The irrigation suitability classification was achieved by using physical factors that include slope, rainfall, landuse, closeness to waterbodies (surface and groundwater) and soil characteristics for selected districts in Zimbabwe, Zambia, Malawi, and Kenya, some of the UU target countries. As cereals form the main food basket of the selected countries, and cereals are not tolerant to saline conditions, the report also provides maps showing high soil salinity areas of Makueni and Nakuru of Kenya, where soils are highly saline. However, soil salinity is insignificant in the other study districts and therefore not mapped. This report provides (a) a conceptual framework and detailed methodology for irrigation suitability mapping, including details of identified boundary maps and geospatial data, and (b) a synthesis model and maps on irrigation suitability mapping for the selected districts in the four target countries.
Socioeconomic aspects / Diversification / Slope / Groundwater / Surface water / Rain / Land cover / Land use / Soil texture / Planning / Mapping / Land suitability / Irrigation management
Record No:H051676
Report on integrating WEF Nexus into teaching and learning and on the outcome of the short training programmeAuthor(s): Tsvuura, S.; Senzanje, A.; Mudhara, M.; Mabhaudhi, Tafadzwanashe
Published year: 2022.
Publisher(s): Pretoria, South Africa: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). CGIAR Initiative on NEXUS Gains
Pages: 33
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This is a report on the survey of WEF Nexus teaching in selected higher education and tertiary institutions in South Africa, outcomes of the WEF Nexus short training programmes, and the development of WEF Nexus teaching material.
The report presents the survey results on WEF Nexus teaching in South African higher and tertiary education institutions. The main findings of the survey are that; there is general knowledge of the WEF Nexus in the country, some of the institutions have been involved in WEF Nexus apos;trainingapos; for a while now, WEF Nexus activities are found mainly in water-related departments at most institutions, WEF Nexus related work is mainly embedded in MSc and PhD research programmes, the WEF Nexus covered are wide but focused mainly on concepts, frameworks and application of models and tools. Most believed WEF Nexus should be focused on postgraduate students, and their institutions would welcome WEF Nexus-related teaching and learning.
The deliverable also reports two WEF Nexus short course training undertaken in 2021 and 2022, initially virtually (due to Covid-19 restrictions) and then in person in 2022. The short courses were very well received, attracting more than 80 participants worldwide for the virtual versions and some 50 students for the in-person training. Details of the course contents of the training are presented in the report.
Sustainable Development Goals / Training / Learning / Teaching / Curriculum / Educational institutions / Nexus approaches / Food security / Energy / Water resources
Record No:H051651
Digital technology to construct 3D hydrodynamic models for monitoring environmental flowsAuthor(s): Wade, M.; Kaizer, A.; McNeil, T.; O’Brien, G.
Published year: 2022.
Publisher(s): Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). CGIAR Initiative on Digital Innovation
Pages: 15
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To support the implementation of environmental flows (e-flows), we piloted a three-dimensional digital modeling approach to monitor the changes in river ecosystems. A high-resolution 3D model of study sites in the Crocodile River, South Africa, was constructed and used to test its utility and value to monitor changes in river ecosystem structure over time. The initial demonstration of the approach shows highly detailed 3D models of nine tracks across the study sites. The output represents the velocity-depth and bathymetry variability of each site in 3D. The dataset successfully demonstrated the potential value of adopting the approach for e-flow implementation to monitor the habitat dynamism to support the timely management of river health. In the next phase, this assessment will integrate the 3D modeling approach into a hydrodynamic modeling framework to investigate dynamic relationships between flow-ecosystem and ecosystem services.
Discharges / Habitats / Ecosystems / Rivers / Models / Hydrodynamics / Digital technology / Monitoring / Environmental flows
Record No:H051645
Artificial intelligence-based biomonitoring of water qualityAuthor(s): Pattinson, N. B.; Kuen, R.; Kuen, R.
Published year: 2022.
Publisher(s): Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). CGIAR Initiative on Digital Innovation
Pages: 32
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The miniSASS was developed as a citizen science tool for monitoring the health of river systems and reflecting the water quality through assessing macroinvertebrates communities. The miniSASS samples the macroinvertebrate community in a river reach and compares the community present to the expected community under ideal natural conditions. The information garnered during a survey relies heavily on the accurate identification of macroinvertebrates by lows killed citizen scientists. This leaves a potential for errors in identification which may impact the accuracy of results and, ultimately, of the river health assessment. In response, we initiated the development of a smartphone application with built-in machine-learning algorithms for the automatic, real-time identification of macroinvertebrates. This report presents our data, methodology, and preliminary results from the automated identification algorithms.
Machine learning / Macroinvertebrates / Citizen science / Rivers / Artificial intelligence / Biomonitoring / Water quality
Record No:H051644
Neglected and underutilised crops: a systematic review of their potential as food and herbal medicinal crops in South AfricaAuthor(s): Mudau, F. N.; Chimonyo, V. G. P.; Modi, A. T.; Mabhaudhi, Tafadzwanashe
Published year: 2022.
Journal: Frontiers in Pharmacology Pages: 12:809866
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The African continent harbours many native species with nutraceutical and pharmaceutical potential. This study reviewed underutilised crops in South Africa to determine their potential as food and herbal medicinal crops. Over 5,000 species have been identified and earmarked for their medical attributes in formal and informal setups. Researchers, plant breeders and policymakers have mostly ignored the development potential of these crops. Consequently, their value chains are poorly developed. In South Africa, there is a wide range of neglected and underutilised crops, which were historically popular and used by communities; however, over the years, they have lost their status within farming systems and been relegated to the status of neglected and underutilised. Recently, driven by the need to transition to more sustainable and resilient food systems, there has been renewed interest in their potential as food and herbal medicinal crops to establish new value chains that include vulnerable groups. They are now gaining global attention, and their conservation and sustainable utilisation are now being prioritized. The review confirmed that several of these crops possess nutraceutical and pharmaceutical properties, highlighting their potential for development as food and herbal medicines. However, current production levels are too low to meet the requirements for industrial development; research and development should focus on all aspects of their value chain, from crop improvement to utilisation. A transdisciplinary approach involving a wide range of actors is needed to develop the identified neglected and underutilised crops’ potential as food and herbal medicinal crops and support the development of new and inclusive value chains.
Capacity development / Food supplements / Diets / Sustainability / Pharmaceuticals / Nutraceuticals / Nutrition security / Food security / Underutilized species / Food crops / Medicinal plants
Record No:H050904
Predicting the chlorophyll content of maize over phenotyping as a proxy for crop health in smallholder farming systemsAuthor(s): Brewer, K.; Clulow, A.; Sibanda, M.; Gokool, S.; Naiken, V.; Mabhaudhi, Tafadzwanashe
Published year: 2022.
Journal: Remote Sensing Pages: 14(3):518
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Smallholder farmers depend on healthy and productive crop yields to sustain their socio-economic status and ensure livelihood security. Advances in South African precision agriculture in the form of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) provide spatially explicit near-real-time information that can be used to assess crop dynamics and inform smallholder farmers. The use of UAVs with remote-sensing techniques allows for the acquisition of high spatial resolution data at various spatio-temporal planes, which is particularly useful at the scale of fields and farms. Specifically, crop chlorophyll content is assessed as it is one of the best known and reliable indicators of crop health, due to its biophysical pigment and biochemical processes that indicate plant productivity. In this regard, the study evaluated the utility of multispectral UAV imagery using the random forest machine learning algorithm to estimate the chlorophyll content of maize through the various growth stages. The results showed that the near-infrared and red-edge wavelength bands and vegetation indices derived from these wavelengths were essential for estimating chlorophyll content during the phenotyping of maize. Furthermore, the random forest model optimally estimated the chlorophyll content of maize over the various phenological stages. Particularly, maize chlorophyll was best predicted during the early reproductive, late vegetative, and early vegetative growth stages to RMSE accuracies of 40.4 mol/m-2 , 39 mol/m-2 , and 61.6 mol/m-2 , respectively. The least accurate chlorophyll content results were predicted during the mid-reproductive and late reproductive growth stages to RMSE accuracies of 66.6 mol/m-2 and 69.6 mol/m-2 , respectively, as a consequence of a hailstorm. A resultant chlorophyll variation map of the maize growth stages captured the spatial heterogeneity of chlorophyll within the maize field. Therefore, the study’s findings demonstrate that the use of remotely sensed UAV imagery with a robust machine algorithm is a critical tool to support the decision-making and management in smallholder farms.
Unmanned aerial vehicles / Machine learning / Precision agriculture / Farming systems / Smallholders / Forecasting / Plant health / Chlorophylls / Maize
Record No:H050903
The influence of groundwater abstraction on interpreting climate controls and extreme recharge events from well hydrographs in semi-arid South AfricaAuthor(s): Sorensen, J. P. R.; Davies, J.; Ebrahim, Girma Y.; Lindle, J.; Marchant, B. P.; Ascott, M. J.; Bloomfield, J. P.; Cuthbert, M. O.; Holland, M.; Jensen, K. H.; Shamsudduha, M.; Villholth, Karen G.; MacDonald, A. M.; Taylor, R. G.
Published year: 2021.
Journal: Hydrogeology Journal Pages: 29(8):2773-2787
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There is a scarcity of long-term groundwater hydrographs from sub-Saharan Africa to investigate groundwater sustainability, processes and controls. This paper presents an analysis of 21 hydrographs from semi-arid South Africa. Hydrographs from 1980 to 2000 were converted to standardised groundwater level indices and rationalised into four types (C1–C4) using hierarchical cluster analysis. Mean hydrographs for each type were cross-correlated with standardised precipitation and streamflow indices. Relationships with the El Nino– Southern Oscillation (ENSO) were also investigated. The four hydrograph types show a transition of autocorrelation over increasing timescales and increasingly subdued responses to rainfall. Type C1 strongly relates to rainfall, responding in most years, whereas C4 notably responds to only a single extreme event in 2000 and has limited relationship with rainfall. Types C2, C3 and C4 have stronger statistical relationships with standardised streamflow than standardised rainfall. C3 and C4 changes are significantly (p lt; 0.05) correlated to the mean wet season ENSO anomaly, indicating a tendency for substantial or minimal recharge to occur during extreme negative and positive ENSO years, respectively. The range of different hydrograph types, sometimes within only a few kilometres of each other, appears to be a result of abstraction interference and cannot be confidently attributed to variations in climate or hydrogeological setting. It is possible that high groundwater abstraction near C3/C4 sites masks frequent small-scale recharge events observed at C1/C2 sites, resulting in extreme events associated with negative ENSO years being more visible in the time series.
Land use / Spatial distribution / Boreholes / Hydrogeology / El Nino-Southern Oscillation / Extreme weather events / Stream flow / River flow / Rain / Groundwater table / Catchment areas / Semiarid climate / Well hydrographs / Groundwater recharge / Groundwater extraction
Record No:H050671
Scaling up Index-based Flood Insurance (IBFI) for agricultural resilience and flood-proofing livelihoods in developing countriesAuthor(s): Amarnath, Giriraj; Malik, Ravinder Paul Singh; Taron, Avinandan
Published year: 2021.
Publisher(s): Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI)
Pages: 68
Series: IWMI Research Report 180More... |
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This research report presents the first comprehensive framework of business models in terms of developing, marketing and scaling Index-based flood insurance (IBFI). The report evaluated ten case studies on agricultural insurance schemes (macro, meso and micro levels), globally, to develop public-private partnership business models for creating value (product development) and capturing value (product marketing). This report highlights four broad groups of interrelated factors that influence the uptake and scaling of agricultural insurance: (i) behavioral factors that influence farmers’ enthusiasm to invest in insurance; (ii) financial factors that stipulate governments’ willingness to provide financial support; (iii) legal and regulatory factors, which set ground rules for fair business and govern their adherence by stakeholders; and (iv) facilitating factors, including product design and development, business models, research and development, data availability, and awareness creation, which help ensure an efficient supply of insurance services. In summary, the report highlights the need for designing innovative IBFI and its potential benefits for uptake, and efforts for implementing IBFI as a potential risk transfer tool for comprehensive climate risk management among small-scale and marginal farmers.
Case studies / Drought / Social aspects / Economic aspects / Legal aspects / Subsidies / Compensation / Crop losses / Flood damage / Rain / Rivers / Satellite observation / Climate change / Awareness raising / Farmers / Smallholders / Microfinance / Financial institutions / State intervention / Stakeholders / Public-private partnerships / Marketing / Product development / Business models / Risk transfer / Disaster risk management / Scaling / Developing countries / Livelihoods / Crop insurance / Agricultural insurance / Resilience / Flooding
Record No:H050608
Diamonds on the soles of their feet: groundwater monitoring in the Hout Catchment, South AfricaAuthor(s): Goldin, J.; Mokomela, R.; Kanyerere, T.; Villholth, Karen G.
Published year: 2021.
Journal: Journal of Education for Sustainable Development Pages: 15(1):25-50
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With the impulse to control and order the disorderly, the threads or tributaries of affect and emotion, which mimic the meanderings of the aquifer itself, are often oversimplified or ignored. These are not anomalies of citizen science (CS) but ‘normal’ and expected ‘disconnects’ that surface when working within a multidisciplinary environment. The article adds value to current discourse on CS by reflecting on the confusing configurations and shifting allegiances that are part and parcel of CS experience. In presenting research from a current project in the Hout Catchment, Limpopo Province in South Africa, it suggests that CS is often oversimplified and does not capture the array of emotions that emerge at multiple scales around CS projects. The authors reflect on the field, which is fraught, fragile and fleeting—and on the intrusions into the field—similar itself to an aquifer with its dykes and flows. Considering CS within the frame of feminist philosophy, it is emancipatory and personally transformative with the element of ‘surprise’ that the end point is undetermined—and the process, however much ‘planned’ is unknown. CS in this instance is a powerful tool for creating virtuous cycles of inclusion and equality and promoting sustainable development through improved water literacy through a grassroot, out-of-the-classroom pedagogy.
Case studies / Groundwater table / Sustainability / Empowerment / Rural communities / Farmers / Stakeholders / Rivers / Catchment areas / Water resources / Participatory action research / Citizen science / Monitoring / Groundwater management
Record No:H050493
The emergence of collectively owned self-supply water supply systems in rural South Africa – what can we learn from the Tshakhuma case in Limpopo?Author(s): Hofstetter, Moritz; van Koppen, Barbara; Bolding, A.
Published year: 2021.
Journal: Water SA Pages: 47(2):253-263
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Despite the rapid extension of public service delivery since the end of Apartheid, many rural citizens in South Africa still rely on their own initiatives and infrastructure to access water. They construct, improve, operate and maintain infrastructure of different complexities, from individual wells to complex collectively owned water schemes. While most of these schemes operate without legal recognition, they provide essential services to many households. In this article we will first provide an overview of the growing international body of literature describing self-supply as an alternative pathway for public service delivery. We then take a historical perspective on the role of communities and self-supply in South Africa and describe the emergence of six collectively owned, gravity-fed, piped schemes in Tshakhuma, Limpopo Province. We describe and compare these systems using key characteristics like resource access, investment, construction, operation, maintenance and institutional governance. We further assess their performance with regard to coverage, service level, reliability, governance structure, accountability and water quality. We do so because we are convinced that lessons learned from studying such schemes as locally adapted prototypes have the potential to improve public approaches to service delivery. The described cases show the willingness of community members to engage with service delivery and their ability to provide services in cases where the state has failed. The assessment also highlights problematic aspects of self-supply related to a lack of accountability, technical expertise and the exclusion of disadvantaged community members. By describing and assessing the performance of rural self-supply schemes, we aim to recognize, study and learn from such schemes. We consequently do not conclude this article by providing answers, but by raising some pertinent, policy-relevant questions.
Case studies / Households / Water quality / Water users / Infrastructure / Accountability / Investment / Governance / Institutions / Rural areas / Community involvement / Collective ownership / Water supply
Record No:H050441
Africa Agriculture Transformation Scorecard: performance and lessons. LesothoAuthor(s): Khesa, M.; Greffiths, Ikhothatseng; Matchaya, Greenwell; Nhlengethwa, Sibusiso; Fakudze, Bhekiwe
Published year: 2021.
Publisher(s): Pretoria, South Africa: Regional Strategic Analysis and Knowledge Support System for Southern Africa (ReSAKSS-SA); Kigali, Rwanda: AKADEMIYA2063
Pages: 8
Series: 2019 Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP) Biennial Review BriefMore... |
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This brief highlights Lesotho’s performance in the second BR and assesses challenges faced and lessons learned by Lesotho during the review. The brief also reviews policy and programmatic changes in Lesotho that can be attributed to the first (2017) and second BRs. It concludes by highlighting required policy actions for Lesotho to implement to meet the Malabo commitments by 2025.
SADC countries / Resilience / Climate change / Poverty / Financing / Agricultural trade / Accountability / Policies / Declarations / Agricultural development
Record No:H050447
Africa Agriculture Transformation Scorecard: performance and lessons. MozambiqueAuthor(s): Vilissa, D.; Nhlengethwa, Sibusiso; Matchaya, Greenwell; Wilson, D.; Greffiths, Ikhothatseng; Fakudze, Bhekiwe
Published year: 2021.
Publisher(s): Pretoria, South Africa: Regional Strategic Analysis and Knowledge Support System for Southern Africa (ReSAKSS-SA); Kigali, Rwanda: AKADEMIYA2063
Pages: 10
Series: 2019 Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP) Biennial Review BriefMore... |
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This brief highlights Mozambique’s performance in the second BR and assesses challenges faced and lessons learned by the country during the review. The brief also reviews policy and programmatic changes in Mozambique that can be attributed to the first (2017) and second BRs. It concludes by highlighting required policy actions for Mozambique to implement to meet the Malabo Commitments by 2025.
SADC countries / Investment / Accountability / Policies / Agricultural trade / Indicators / Declarations / Agricultural development
Record No:H050445
Africa Agriculture Transformation Scorecard: performance and lessons. BotswanaAuthor(s): Kibonilwe, D.; Fakudze, Bhekiwe; Matchaya, Greenwell; Baemedi, G. D.; Nhlengethwa, Sibusiso; Greffiths, Ikhothatseng
Published year: 2021.
Publisher(s): Pretoria, South Africa: Regional Strategic Analysis and Knowledge Support System for Southern Africa (ReSAKSS-SA); Kigali, Rwanda: AKADEMIYA2063
Pages: 6
Series: 2019 Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP) Biennial Review BriefMore... |
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This brief highlights Botswana’s performance in the second BR and assesses challenges faced and lessons learned by the country during the review. The brief also reviews policy and programmatic changes in Botswana which can be attributed to the first (2017) and second BRs and concludes by highlighting required policy actions for Botswana to meet the Malabo commitments by 2025.
SADC countries / Investment / Policies / Accountability / Indicators / Declarations / Agricultural development
Record No:H050444
Africa Agriculture Transformation Scorecard: performance and lessons. EswatiniAuthor(s): Mbuyisa, H.; Fakudze, Bhekiwe; Matchaya, Greenwell; Mndawe, H.; Nhlengethwa, Sibusiso; Greffiths, Ikhothatseng
Published year: 2021.
Publisher(s): Pretoria, South Africa: Regional Strategic Analysis and Knowledge Support System for Southern Africa (ReSAKSS-SA); Kigali, Rwanda: AKADEMIYA2063
Pages: 8
Series: 2019 Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP) Biennial Review BriefMore... |
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This brief highlights Eswatini’s performance in the second BR and assesses challenges faced and lessons learned by the country during the review process. The brief also reviews policy and programmatic changes in Eswatini that can be attributed to the first (2017) and second BRs. It concludes by highlighting required policy actions for Eswatini to implement to meet the Malabo Commitments by 2025.
SADC countries / Policies / Agricultural trade / Accountability / Indicators / Declarations / Agricultural development
Record No:H050443
Africa Agriculture Transformation Scorecard: performance and lessons. Southern African Development Community (SADC)Author(s): Matchaya, Greenwell; Nhlengethwa, Sibusiso; Panduleni, E.; Greffiths, Ikhothatseng; Fakudze, Bhekiwe
Published year: 2021.
Publisher(s): Pretoria, South Africa: Regional Strategic Analysis and Knowledge Support System for Southern Africa (ReSAKSS-SA); Kigali, Rwanda: AKADEMIYA2063
Pages: 8
Series: 2019 Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP) Biennial Review BriefMore... |
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This brief highlights the SADC region’s performance in the second BR and analyzes challenges faced and lessons learned by the region. The brief also reviews policy and programmatic changes in the SADC region induced by lessons from the inaugural 2017 and concludes by highlighting required policy actions for SADC to meet Malabo commitments by 2025.
Poverty / Accountability / Financing / Agricultural trade / Indicators / Declarations / Policies / SADC countries / Agricultural sector / Agricultural development
Record No:H050442
Global groundwater: source, scarcity, sustainability, security, and solutionsAuthor(s): Mukherjee, A.; Scanlon, B. R.; Aureli, A.; Langan, Simon; Guo, H.; McKenzie, A. A.
Published year: 2021.
Publisher(s): Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier
Pages: 676
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Modelling / Machine learning / Technology / River basins / Deltas / Hydrogeology / Cold zones / Arid zones / Urbanization / Sustainable Development Goals / Livelihoods / Drought / Climate change / Monitoring / Environmental control / Desalination / Freshwater / Brackish water / Surface water / Domestic water / Water use efficiency / International waters / Water storage / Agricultural production / Aquifers / Groundwater recharge / Arsenic / Pollutants / Chemical substances / Contamination / Water quality / Groundwater pollution / Groundwater irrigation / Water governance / Water supply / Water availability / Water security / Sustainability / Water scarcity / Water resources / Groundwater management
Record No:H050267
A review of trends in scientific coverage of water governance in South Africa and what this means for agenda-setting of public investment in water governance Ramp;DAuthor(s): Jacobs-Mata, Inga; Mukuyu, Patience; Dini, J.
Published year: 2021.
Journal: Water SA Pages: 47(1):10-23
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A review of global trends in water governance reveals a paradigm dominated by political and institutional change which becomes increasingly aligned with global shifts towards sustainability and also a rapid decline in the hydraulic mission. Closely aligned to these trends, but distinct in its own trajectory, South Africa’s water governance dynamics have evolved through a period of considerable socio-political change marked by inequitable resource allocation and water scarcity. This paper presents the results of a review of water governance research and development (Ramp;D) trends in South Africa, aimed at informing the national funding agency – the Water Research Commission (WRC) – in its agenda-setting process for future water governance research. Through a bibliometric analysis, a data-mining exercise, and stakeholder consultations, this paper distils four key areas of focus for the future of water governance research in South Africa: (i) that future water governance research needs to be more needs-based, solution-oriented and embedded within real-life contexts; (ii) the need for a paradigm shift in water governance research to a constructive, adaptive and rapid response research agenda in an environment of increasing change and uncertainty; (iii) the need for the enabling environment to be strengthened, including acknowledgement of the role of individuals as agents of change, and the role of WRC in establishing a community of practice for water governance experts that can respond to issues with agility; and (iv) a consolidation of fragmented project-based knowledge to a programmatic approach that builds the pipeline of expertise in the water governance Ramp;D domain.
Data mining / Institutions / Political aspects / Government / Trends / Funding / Research projects / Stakeholders / Water policy / Water management / Water resources / Integrated management / Bibliometric analysis / Research and development / Public investment / Water governance
Record No:H050260
The impact of COVID-19 on staple food prices: location mattersAuthor(s): Yade, M.; Matchaya, Greenwell; Karugia, J.; Goundan, A.; Guthiga, P.; Taondyande, M.; Odjo, S.; Nhlengethwa, S.
Published year: 2021.
Pages: pp.25-45
Series: ReSAKSS Annual Trends and Outlook Report 2021More... |
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This chapter summarizes the findings from analyses conducted by AKADEMIYA2063 on local staple food market dynamics during the COVID-19 pandemic in Africa. With the outbreak of the highly contagious virus in Africa in March 2020, various measures were implemented by African governments to contain its spread. These measures included bans on public gatherings and markets; restrictions on movement within and between countries; closures of schools, restaurants, and hotels; and curfews. All these measures were likely to cause market disruptions and revenue losses for vulnerable groups by disrupting supply and demand of agricultural staples, either directly or indirectly. The objective of these analytical studies is therefore to generate evidence on how the various COVID-19 response measures have affected food supply and demand patterns in Africa, taking into account the locational characteristics (that is, whether an area is urban or rural, has a surplus or deficit of the commodity in question, and is in a coastal or landlocked country) and whether the commodity is perishable or nonperishable. Such evidence can then be used to inform efforts to anticipate and respond to food crises arising from infectious disease outbreaks and the measures implemented to limit their spread.
Landlocked states / Coastal states / Perishable products / Millets / Garri / Rice / Maize flour / Rural areas / Urban areas / Markets / Forecasting / Food surplus / Food shortages / Pandemics / COVID-19 / Commodities / Food prices
Record No:H050841
Analysis of the determinants of public capital investments on agricultural water infrastructure in EswatiniAuthor(s): Nhlengethwa, Sibusiso; Matchaya, Greenwell; Greffiths, Ikhothatseng; Fakudze, Bhekiwe
Published year: 2021.
Journal: Business Strategy and Development Pages: 4(1):49-58. (Special issue: Sustainable Agriculture and Food Systems in Africa)
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DOI Infrastructure investment is one of the main preconditions for enabling developing countries to accelerate or sustain the pace of their development and achieve the Sustainable Development Goals. This paper examines the determinants of agricultural water infrastructure investments in the Kingdom of Eswatini. Using annual data (time series); Pearson Pair-wise Correlation, Unit-root tests and OLS regression techniques are applied to determine the relationship between public infrastructure investment and factors that influence public investments. Agricultural water infrastructure investment is found to be positively correlated to GDP, Sugar export income and FDI into agriculture. Past economic growth and sugar export values are the two critical determinants of agricultural water infrastructure investments in Eswatini. It can be safely construed that higher incomes as well as terms of trade for sugar, can improve spending on agriculture water investments. This is important because an increase in investments in water infrastructure may then help spur economic growth.
Public sector / Savings / Government / Financing / Income / Exports / Sugar industry / Sustainable development / Economic theories / Macroeconomic analysis / Gross national product / Economic growth / Public investment / Infrastructure / Water supply / Agriculture
Record No:H050166
Policy and programmatic changes resulting from the biennial reviews and agriculture joint sector reviews under the Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP). Third Biennial Review Brief: Africa-WideAuthor(s): Matchaya, Greenwell; Yade, M.; Guthiga, P.; Tefera, W.; Yamdjeu, A. W.
Published year: 2021.
Publisher(s): Pretoria, South Africa: Regional Strategic Analysis and Knowledge Support System for Eastern and Southern Africa (ReSAKSS-ESA); Kigali, Rwanda: AKADEMIYA2063
Pages: 12
Series: 2021 Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP) Biennial Review BriefMore... |
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This brief analyzes selected policy and programmatic changes reported by countries across Africa resulting from the BRs and the agricultural JSRs. It is based on data and other information collected using an online questionnaire from the Directors of Agricultural Planning, or their representatives, from 14 countries—Angola, Burkina Faso, Chad, Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Mali, Mozambique, Namibia, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, and Zambia— and from representatives of two RECs, the East African Community and the Southern African Development Community.
In addition, a review was conducted of the country BR briefs produced following the first BR of 2017 (AUC 2018) and the second of 2019 (AUC 2020) for several of these countries. The BR data reported by the countries was also analyzed.
Indicators / Declarations / Accountability / Inclusion / Participation / Stakeholders / Investment / Policies / Agricultural sector / Reviews / Development programmes / Agricultural development
Record No:H051551
Africa Agriculture Transformation Scorecard: performance and lessons. South AfricaAuthor(s): Makabanyane, W.; Nhlengethwa, Sibusiso; Matchaya, Greenwell; Bongeka, M.; Heidi, P.; Greffiths, Ikhothatseng; Fakudze, Bhekiwe
Published year: 2021.
Publisher(s): Pretoria, South Africa: Regional Strategic Analysis and Knowledge Support System for Southern Africa (ReSAKSS-SA); Kigali, Rwanda: AKADEMIYA2063
Pages: 9
Series: 2019 Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP) Biennial Review BriefMore... |
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This brief highlights South Africa’s performance in the second BR and assesses challenges faced and lessons learned by the South Africa team during the review process. The brief also reviews policy and programmatic changes in South Africa that can be attributed to the first (2017) and second BRs. It concludes by highlighting required policy actions for South Africa to meet the Malabo commitments by 2025.
SADC countries / Resilience / Climate change / Accountability / Policies / Poverty / Hunger / Investment / Finance / Agricultural trade / Declarations / Agricultural development
Record No:H051494
Africa Agriculture Transformation Scorecard: performance and lessons. ZimbabweAuthor(s): Nicholas, G.; Fakudze, Bhekiwe; Matchaya, Greenwell; Nhlengethwa, Sibusiso; Greffiths, Jacob
Published year: 2021.
Publisher(s): Pretoria, South Africa: Regional Strategic Analysis and Knowledge Support System for Southern Africa (ReSAKSS-SA); Kigali, Rwanda: AKADEMIYA2063
Pages: 6
Series: 2019 Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP) Biennial Review BriefMore... |
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This brief highlights Zimbabwe’s performance in the second BR and assesses challenges faced and lessons learned by the country during the review process. The brief also reviews policy and programmatic changes in Zimbabwe that can be attributed to the first (2017) and second BRs. It concludes by highlighting required policy actions for Zimbabwe to meet the Malabo Commitments by 2025.
SADC countries / Resilience / Climate change / Accountability / Policies / Poverty / Hunger / Investment / Finance / Agricultural trade / Declarations / Agricultural development
Record No:H051493
Africa Agriculture Transformation Scorecard: performance and lessons. NamibiaAuthor(s): Uushona, P.; Greffiths, Jacob; Matchaya, Greenwell; Nhlengethwa, Sibusiso; Fakudze, Bhekiwe; Sanda, S.
Published year: 2021.
Publisher(s): Pretoria, South Africa: Regional Strategic Analysis and Knowledge Support System for Southern Africa (ReSAKSS-SA); Kigali, Rwanda: AKADEMIYA2063
Pages: 7
Series: 2019 Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP) Biennial Review BriefMore... |
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This brief highlights Namibia’s performance in the second BR and assesses challenges faced and lessons learned by the country during the review process. The brief also reviews policy and programmatic changes in Namibia that can be attributed to the first (2017) and second BRs. It concludes by highlighting required policy actions for Namibia to meet the Malabo Commitments by 2025.
SADC countries / Resilience / Climate change / Accountability / Policies / Poverty / Hunger / Investment / Finance / Agricultural trade / Declarations / Agricultural development
Record No:H051492
Africa Agriculture Transformation Scorecard: performance and lessons. AngolaAuthor(s): Greffiths, Jacob Ikhothatseng; Matchaya, Greenwell; Nhlengethwa, Sibusiso; Fakudze, Bhekiwe; Jordao, K. V. M.; Manuvanga, K.; Pinto, B.
Published year: 2021.
Publisher(s): Pretoria, South Africa: Regional Strategic Analysis and Knowledge Support System for Southern Africa (ReSAKSS-SA); Kigali, Rwanda: AKADEMIYA2063
Pages: 7
Series: 2019 Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP) Biennial Review BriefMore... |
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This brief highlights Angola’s performance in the second BR and assesses challenges faced and lessons learned by the country during the review process. The brief also reviews policy and programmatic changes in Angola that can be attributed to the first (2017) and second BRs. It concludes by highlighting required policy actions for Angola to meet the Malabo Commitments by 2025.
SADC countries / Resilience / Climate change / Accountability / Policies / Poverty / Hunger / Investment / Finance / Agricultural trade / Indicators / Declarations / Agricultural development
Record No:H051490
E-flows for the Limpopo River Basin: specialist literature and data review. Project report prepared by the International Water Management Institute (IWMI) for the United States Agency for International Development (USAID)Author(s): Dickens, Chris; Oapos;Brien, G.; Stassen, R.; van der Waal, B.; MacKenzie, J.; Eriyagama, Nishadi; Villholth, Karen; Ebrahim, Girma; Magombeyi, Manuel; Wepener, V.; Gerber, S.; Kaiser, A.; Diedericks, G.
Published year: 2021.
Publisher(s): Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI); Washington, DC, USA: USAID
Pages: 252
Series: E-flows for the Limpopo River Basin: Report 4More... |
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Aquatic invertebrates / Fish / Vegetation / Hydraulics / Geomorphology / Water quality / Groundwater / Hydrology / River basins / Environmental flows
Record No:H051953
Informing equitable water and food policies through accurate spatial information on irrigated areas in smallholder farming systemsAuthor(s): Magidi, J.; van Koppen, Barbara; Nhamo, L.; Mpandeli, S.; Slotow, R.; Mabhaudhi, Tafadzwanashe
Published year: 2021.
Journal: Water Pages: 13(24):3627
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Accurate information on irrigated areas’ spatial distribution and extent are crucial in enhancing agricultural water productivity, water resources management, and formulating strategic policies that enhance water and food security and ecologically sustainable development. However, data are typically limited for smallholder irrigated areas, which is key to achieving social equity and equal distribution of financial resources. This study addressed this gap by delineating disaggregated smallholder and commercial irrigated areas through the random forest algorithm, a non-parametric machine learning classifier. Location within or outside former apartheid “homelands” was taken as a proxy for smallholder, and commercial irrigation. Being in a medium rainfall area, the huge irrigation potential of the Inkomati-Usuthu Water Management Area (UWMA) is already well developed for commercial crop production outside former homelands. However, information about the spatial distribution and extent of irrigated areas within former homelands, which is largely informal, was missing. Therefore, we first classified cultivated lands in 2019 and 2020 as a baseline, from where the Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) was used to distinguish irrigated from rainfed, focusing on the dry winter period when crops are predominately irrigated. The mapping accuracy of 84.9% improved the efficacy in defining the actual spatial extent of current irrigated areas at both smallholder and commercial spatial scales. The proportion of irrigated areas was high for both commercial (92.5%) and smallholder (96.2%) irrigation. Moreover, smallholder irrigation increased by over 19% between 2019 and 2020, compared to slightly over 7% in the commercial sector. Such information is critical for policy formulation regarding equitable and inclusive water allocation, irrigation expansion, land reform, and food and water security in smallholder farming systems.
Normalized difference vegetation index / Datasets / Sustainable development / Farmers / Crop production / Catchment areas / Cultivated land / Irrigated land / Rainfed farming / Spatial distribution / Water security / Food security / Food policies / Water policies / Irrigated farming / Farming systems / Smallholders
Record No:H050853
Hybrid water rights systems for pro-poor water governance in AfricaAuthor(s): Schreiner, B.; van Koppen, Barbara
Published year: 2020.
Journal: Water Pages: 12(1):155. (Special issue: Selected Papers from 2019 World Water Week)
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Water-permit systems are widely used across Africa as a blanket requirement for small and micro irrigation enterprises, as well as large enterprises. The present study aimed to, first, further understand the implications of permit systems for both the most vulnerable and the state, and, second, based on the findings, identify options for pro-poor water legislation that also meet the water governance requirements of the state. The growing recognition of the importance of farmer-led irrigation development for food security across the continent underlines the importance of these questions. Focusing on Kenya, Malawi, South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe, and other African countries, we found that permit systems criminalized instead of protected the water rights of small-scale farmers. Moreover, little if any attention is paid to the logistical burdens and costs to the state of implementing such systems relative to the intended revenue generation. As many small-scale farmers in Africa were found to operate under customary land and water tenure systems, the study proposes a hybrid system of water rights that formally recognizes such practices, along with the use of permits, including enforcement of conditions for large users, to serve the interests of both the state and small-scale farmers.
Irrigation / Small scale systems / Farmers / Smallholders / Water users / Legislation / Legal pluralism / Customary law / Licences / Water law / Water governance / Water rights
Record No:H050006
Addressing failed water infrastructure delivery through increased accountability and end-user agency: the case of the Sekhukhune District, South AfricaAuthor(s): Hofstetter, Moritz; Bolding, A.; van Koppen, Barbara
Published year: 2020.
Journal: Water Alternatives Pages: 13(3):843-863
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Despite progressive policies and a legal framework that includes the constitutional right to sufficient water, there are still enormous problems with water service delivery in low income rural South Africa. To understand the factors responsible for the observed discrepancy between ambitious policies and disappointing water service delivery, we undertook an analysis of the implementation of these policies in Sekhukhune District, South Africa; we scrutinised the public service water delivery in that district using an actor-oriented approach. We found that during the four phases of public water services delivery – identification, planning, construction and operation – practices often deviated from the stipulated policies; we also found that accountability relations between service delivery agencies and end users were undermined by gatekeeping and patronage. We argue that there is no need for major policy changes; we concluded from our research that by mobilising mechanisms that are based on existing policies, accountability relations can be strengthened and service delivery improved. We describe an experimental approach which focuses on budget transparency and end-user-driven development; it is an approach which aims at strengthening the agency of end users while limiting possibilities for rent-seeking and gatekeeping by councillors and contractors.
Patronage / Accountability / Political aspects / Community involvement / Investment / Financing / Project planning / Local government / Rural areas / Public services / Water policy / Infrastructure / Water supply
Record No:H049943
Integrated management of multiple water sources for multiple uses: rural communities in Limpopo Province, South AfricaAuthor(s): van Koppen, Barbara; Hofstetter, Moritz; Nesamvuni, A. E.; Chiluwe, Q.
Published year: 2020.
Journal: Water SA Pages: 46(1):1-11
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This study fills a knowledge gap about low-income rural communities’ holistic management of multiple water resources to meet their multiple needs through multiple or single-use infrastructure. Six low-income rural villages in Limpopo Province were selected with a diversity in: service levels, surface and groundwater resources, public infrastructure (designed for either domestic uses or irrigation but multiple use in reality) and self-supply (people’s individual or communal investments in infrastructure). Focusing on water-dependent livelihoods and water provision to homesteads, distant fields and other sites of use, three policy-relevant patterns were identified. First, most households have two or more sources of water to their homesteads as a vital buffer to irregular supplies and droughts. Second, infrastructure to homesteads is normally for domestic uses, livestock and, for many households, irrigation for consumption and sale. Public infrastructure to irrigate distant fields is multiple use. Exceptionally, self-supply point sources to distant fields are single use. Water bodies to other sites of use are normally multiple use. As for large-scale infrastructure, multiple-use infrastructure is cost-effective and water-efficient. Third, in four of the six villages people’s self-supply is a more important water source to homesteads than public infrastructure. In all villages, water provided through self-supply is shared. Self-supply improves access to water faster, more cost-effectively and more sustainably than public services do. In line with international debates, self-supply is there to stay and can be supported as a cost-effective and sustainable complementary mode of service delivery. A last potential policy implication regards community-driven planning, design and construction of water infrastructure according to people’s priorities. This may sustainably harness the above-mentioned advantages and, moreover, communities’ ability to manage complex multiple sources, uses and multiple-use infrastructure, whether public or self-supply, as a matter of daily life.
Livelihoods / Households / Villages / Sanitation / Water quality / Rainwater harvesting / Water use / Groundwater / Water resources / Water supply / Community involvement / Infrastructure / Communal irrigation systems / Rural communities / Water management / Integrated management / Multiple use water services
Record No:H050552
Public spending on agriculture in southern Africa: sectoral and intra-sectoral impact and policy implicationsAuthor(s): Matchaya, Greenwell C.
Published year: 2020.
Journal: Journal of Policy Modeling Pages: 42(6):1228-1247
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DOI The purpose of this paper is two-fold: firstly, it examines the relationship between public agriculture expenditure and agriculture sector growth, and secondly, it examines the heterogeneous effects of expenditure on agriculture growth depending on which subsectors within agriculture receive the investments. The co-integration analysis results offer insights into a number of issues: (i) it is found that agricultural expenditures are important for agriculture sector growth in Malawi, Eswatini (Swaziland) and Zambia and (ii) that within the agricultural sectors, investing in research and development, subsidies, and in neglected areas (livestock, fisheries) alongside crops can expand the agricultural sector more. Policy makers should increase public spending in agriculture but should also emphasize on improving intra-sectoral allocations, targeting areas that create sectoral growth.
Models / Forestry / Fisheries / Livestock / Crops / Investment / Inflation / Subsidies / Research / Policies / Gross agricultural product / Gross national product / Agricultural development / Spending / Public expenditure / Agricultural sector
Record No:H049865
Dynamics of the fertilizer value chain in MozambiqueAuthor(s): Zavale, H.; Matchaya, Greenwell; Vilissa, D.; Nhemachena, Charles; Nhlengethwa, Sibusiso; Wilson, D.
Published year: 2020.
Journal: Sustainability Pages: 12(11):4691
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Mozambique is characterized by low agricultural productivity, which is associated with low use of yield-enhancing agricultural inputs. Fertilizer application rate averaged 5.7 kg ha-1 in Mozambique during the period 2006 to 2015, considerably low by regional targets, yet constraints that affect fertilizer use have not been thoroughly investigated. This study examined the constraints on fertilizer value chains in Mozambique to contribute to fertilizer supply chain strengthening. We used a combination of multivariate analysis and descriptive methods. Our findings indicate that fertilizer use has both demand and supply constraints. Key demand-side constraints include liquidity challenges, limited awareness about the benefits of using fertilizer, and low market participation, while the main supply-side constraints include high transaction costs, limited access to finance, and lack of soil testing results and corresponding fertilizer recommendations by soil type and crop uptake. These results suggest that scaling up the input subsidy program through vouchers (either paper-based vouchers or e-vouchers) with demonstration plots and effective targeting could drive up smallholders’ demand for fertilizer and fertilizer supply by strengthening a sustainable network of wholesalers and retailers. This would likely boost agricultural productivity.
Households / Farmers / Smallholders / Soil types / Constraints / Wholesale marketing / Crop yield / Rice / Maize / Subsidies / Costs / Agricultural productivity / Farm inputs / Agricultural sector / Value chains / Fertilizer application
Record No:H049798
Managed aquifer recharge in Africa: taking stock and looking forwardAuthor(s): Ebrahim, Girma Y.; Lautze, Jonathan F.; Villholth, Karen G.
Published year: 2020.
Journal: Water Pages: 12(7):1844. (Special issue: Managed Aquifer Recharge for Water Resilience)
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Climatic variability and change result in unreliable and uncertain water availability and contribute to water insecurity in Africa, particularly in arid and semi-arid areas and where water storage infrastructure is limited. Managed aquifer recharge (MAR), which comprises purposeful recharge and storage of surface runoff and treated wastewater in aquifers, serves various purposes, of which a prominent one is to provide a means to mitigate adverse impact of climate variability. Despite clear scope for this technology in Africa, the prevalence and range of MAR experiences in Africa have not been extensively examined. The objective of this article is provide an overview of MAR progress in Africa and to inform the potential for future use of this approach in the continent. Information on MAR from 52 cases in Africa listed in the Global MAR Portal and collated from relevant literature was analyzed. Cases were classified according to 13 key characteristics including objective of the MAR project, technology applied, biophysical conditions, and technical and management challenges. Results of the review indicate that: (i) the extent of MAR practice in Africa is relatively limited, (ii) the main objective of MAR in Africa is to secure and augment water supply and balance variability in supply and demand, (iii) the surface spreading/infiltration method is the most common MAR method, (iv) surface water is the main water source for MAR, and (v) the total annual recharge volume is about 158 Mm3 /year. MAR schemes exist in both urban and rural Africa, which exemplify the advancement of MAR implementation as well as its out scaling potential. Further, MAR schemes are most commonly found in areas of high inter-annual variability in water availability. If properly planned, implemented, managed, maintained and adapted to local conditions, MAR has large potential in securing water and increasing resilience in Africa. Ultimately, realizing the full potential of MAR in Africa will require undertaking hydrogeological and hydrological studies to determine feasibility of MAR, especially in geographic regions of high inter-annual climate variability and growing water demand. This, supported by increased research to gauge success of existing MAR projects and to address challenges, would help with future siting, design and implementation of MAR in Africa.
Rain / Wastewater / Water reuse / Water supply / Water quality / Water availability / Climate change / Water security / Groundwater management / Aquifers / Groundwater recharge
Record No:H049796
Conclusions: implementation of the farming systems approach for African food securityAuthor(s): Garrity, D.; Dixon, J.; Mburathi, G.; Williams, Timothy Olalekan; Amede, T.
Published year: 2020.
Pages: pp.589-598
Series: Earthscan Food and Agriculture SeriesMore... |
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Households / Stakeholders / Institutions / Policies / Strategies / Rural development / Technology / Innovation platforms / Market access / Sustainability / Nutrition security / Intensification / Diversification / Food systems / Farming systems / Food security
Record No:H049743
Ways forward: strategies for effective science, investments and policies for African farming and food systemsAuthor(s): Dixon, J.; Garrity, D.; Mburathi, G.; Boffa, J.-M.; Amede, T.; Williams, Timothy Olalekan
Published year: 2020.
Pages: pp.562-588
Series: Earthscan Food and Agriculture SeriesMore... |
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Energy / Strategies / Social capital / Population / Farmers / Nonfarm income / Market access / Investment / Policies / Technology / Innovation platforms / Sustainability / Diversification / Intensification / Nutrition security / Food security / Agricultural development / Food systems / Farming systems
Record No:H049742
Farming and food systems potentialsAuthor(s): Dixon, J.; Boffa, J.-M.; Williams, Timothy Olalekan; de Leeuw, J.; Fischer, G.; van Velthuizen, H.
Published year: 2020.
Pages: pp.535-561
Series: Earthscan Food and Agriculture SeriesMore... |
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Ecosystem services / Natural resources management / Technology / Policies / Institutions / Strategies / Labour mobility / Living standards / Households / Poverty / Market access / Livestock / Nonfarm income / Farm size / Farmers / Agricultural population / Diversification / Intensification / Yield gap / Agricultural productivity / Nutrition security / Food security / Food systems / Farming systems
Record No:H049741
Farming systems and food security in Africa: priorities for science and policy under global changeAuthor(s): Dixon, J.; Garrity, D. P.; Boffa, J.-M.; Williams, Timothy Olalekan; Amede, T.; Auricht, C.; Lott, R.; Mburathi, G.
Published year: 2020.
Publisher(s): Oxon, UK: Routledge - Earthscan
Pages: 638
Series: Earthscan Food and Agriculture SeriesMore... |
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Strategies / Resilience / Ecosystem services / Maize / Root crops / Cereal crops / Tubers / Tree crops / Yield gap / Households / Socioeconomic environment / Hunger / Poverty / Living standards / Farmers / Smallholders / Women / Gender / Agricultural population / Human capital / Trade / Market access / Investment / Technology / Energy / Nutrition security / Natural resources / Water management / Soil fertility / Fertilizers / Drylands / Highlands / Forests / Agricultural extension / Fish culture / Livestock / Land tenure / Farm size / Diversification / Intensification / Agricultural productivity / Perennials / Agropastoral systems / Mixed farming / Large scale systems / Irrigated farming / Sustainable development / Peri-urban agriculture / Urban agriculture / Policies / Climate change / Food security / Farming systems
Record No:H049739
Global change and investments in smallholder irrigation for food and nutrition security in Sub-Saharan AfricaAuthor(s): Hanjra, Munir A.; Williams, Timothy O.
Published year: 2020.
Pages: pp.99-131
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Investments in irrigation contribute to poverty reduction and enhance food security. This paper considers irrigation investments more broadly in the context of rural–urban linkages and thus examines rural irrigation schemes and peri-urban and urban agriculture using freshwater, groundwater and wastewater. We present case studies from East, West and Southern Africa, while focusing on the imperative of smallholders and of food security and nutrition. Evidence from Big Data and telecoupling show that, amid global change and sustainability issues, irrigation development strengthens connections between humans and nature with notable benefits to food security. Transforming investments to feed the future generation require priority investments in irrigation, solar energy for groundwater pumping, groundwater development policy, and integration of peri-urban and urban agriculture into food systems. Equally important will be no-regret interventions in wastewater reuse, water storage and groundwater buffer, micro-irrigation, and wholesale reconfiguration of farming systems, through anticipatory investments, to safeguard food security and sustainability into the distant future.
Sustainability / Groundwater development / Surface water / Solar energy / Water policy / Water reuse / Wastewater irrigation / Public-private partnerships / Business models / Poverty / Small scale systems / Intensification / Peri-urban agriculture / Urban agriculture / Rural urban relations / Public investment / Irrigation schemes / Smallholders / Nutrition security / Food security
Record No:H049733
Hydrogeological characterization of crystalline aquifer in the Hout River Catchment, Limpopo Province, South AfricaAuthor(s): Abiye, T. A.; Tshipala, D.; Leketa, K.; Villholth, Karen G.; Ebrahim, Girma Y.; Magombeyi, Manuel; Butler, M.
Published year: 2020.
Journal: Groundwater for Sustainable Development Pages: 11:100406
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DOI This study attempted to conceptualize the hydrogeological setting of the Hout River Catchment, located in the Limpopo River Basin, using multiple methods that include groundwater flow patterns, structural analysis, stable (18O, 2H and 13C) and radiogenic (14C) isotopes of water and Water Table Fluctuation methods. The hydrogeological system of the catchment is represented by fractured crystalline basement aquifer as the main host for groundwater and is overlain by weathered rocks that act as a vadose zone and shallow aquifer in various places. Groundwater from the fractured basement rocks is the main source of water for large-scale irrigation and domestic use. Potential aquifers in the area are evident within the Hout River granitic gneiss and the Goudplaats granitic gneiss besides the younger granites as a result of fracturing and weathering. Groundwater flow map shows a flow pattern from the southern part of the catchment towards the north-eastern part of the catchment dictated by dolerite dykes and tectonic lineaments that trend in the ENE and E direction (088 and 075) with the dip angle of 50 to 55. The deeper aquifer in the southern and central part of the catchment contain old groundwater with high salinity due to long residence time. The stable isotopes further confirmed the limited possibility of local recharge, with rather dominance of regional groundwater circulation into the catchment. The northern part of the catchment seems to be receiving recent recharge with the groundwater of high 14C content derived from the mountains that border the catchment.
Rain / Isotopes / Groundwater irrigation / Groundwater recharge / Groundwater table / Groundwater flow / Catchment areas / Hydrogeology / Aquifers
Record No:H049720
Improving data quality for the CAADP [Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme] biennial review: a partnership initiative piloted in five countriesAuthor(s): Benin, S.; Karugia, J.; Matchaya, Greenwell; Yade, M.
Published year: 2020.
Publisher(s): Washington, DC, USA: International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI)
Pages: 54
Series: IFPRI Discussion Paper 01925More... |
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This paper presents results of a data partnership framework for strengthening evidence-based planning and implementation that was initiated in 2019 in five selected African countries (Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Senegal, and Togo) during the second round of the CAADP biennial review (BR) process. It analyzes the effect of the activities conducted on the data reporting rate and the quality of data reported in the five pilot countries, compared with what was achieved in like-pilot countries. The like-pilot countries are non-pilot countries that have characteristics like the pilot countries at the baseline which affect selection into the pilot or the data reporting and quality outcomes. Different methods (standard deviations, propensity score matching, and two-stage weighted regression) are used to identify the like-pilot countries, and a difference-in-difference method is used to estimate the effect of the pilot activities on the outcomes.
The capacity-strengthening activities focused on working with the country Biennial Review (BR) team to: assess the inaugural or 2018 BR process and identify the data gaps; constitute and train members of data clusters to compile and check the data for the 2020 BR; and then validate and submit the data. The findings show that the activities helped the pilot countries to improve their performance in the data reporting rate and the quality of data reported in the 2020 BR. The largest improvement is observed in Togo and Senegal, followed by Kenya and Malawi, and then Mozambique.
The average increase in the data reporting rate between 2018 and 2020 BRs for the pilot countries is greater than the average progress made in the like-pilot countries by about 6 to 9 % pts. This derives mostly from improvements in the data reporting rate for the indicators under theme 3 on ending hunger. Regarding the quality of data reported (measured as the percent of the data reported that have issues) too, the pilot countries on average performed better than the like-pilot countries, especially with respect to the data reported under themes 2 on investment in agriculture and 3 on ending hunger. But most of the estimated differences have low or no statistical significance. Implications for sustaining the progress made in the pilot countries, as well as for extending the activities to other countries, for the next rounds of the BR are discussed.
Organizations / Training / Stakeholders / Strategy planning / Hunger / Policy making / Knowledge management / Standards / Indicators / Assessment / Planning / Partnerships / Development programmes / Pilot projects / Agricultural development / Data management
Record No:H049714
An integrative analytical model for the water-energy-food nexus: South Africa case studyAuthor(s): Nhamo, L.; Mabhaudhi, T.; Mpandeli, S.; Dickens, Chris; Nhemachena, C.; Senzanje, A.; Naidoo, D.; Liphadzi, S.; Modi, A. T.
Published year: 2020.
Journal: Environmental Science and Policy Pages: 109:15-24
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The missing link between cross-sectoral resource management and full-scale adoption of the water-energy-food (WEF) nexus has been the lack of analytical tools that provide evidence for policy and decision-making. This study defined WEF nexus sustainability indicators, from where an analytical model was developed to manage WEF resources in an integrated manner using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). The model established quantitative relationships among WEF sectors, simplifying the intricate interlinkages among resources, using South Africa as a case study. A spider graph was used to illustrate sector performance as related to others, whose management is viewed either as sustainable or unsustainable. The model was then applied to assess progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals in South Africa. The estimated integrated indices of 0.155 and 0.203 for 2015 and 2018, respectively, classify South Africa’s management of resources as marginally sustainable. The model is a decision support tool that highlights priority areas for intervention.
Case studies / Performance evaluation / Models / Cereals / Agricultural productivity / Living standards / Development indicators / Sustainable Development Goals / Resilience / Climate change adaptation / Water productivity / Nexus / Food security / Energy / Water availability / Decision support systems
Record No:H049710
Faecal sludge management in Africa: socioeconomic aspects and human and environmental health implicationsAuthor(s): United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP); International Water Management Institute (IWMI).
Published year: 2020.
Publisher(s): Nairobi, Kenya: United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP); Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI)
Pages: 64
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Legal aspects / Institutions / Inclusion / Women / Gender / Business models / Technology / Good practices / Sustainable Development Goals / Trends / Value chains / Sanitation / Pit latrines / Septic tanks / Pathogens / Excreta / Treatment plants / Recycling / Waste disposal / Wastewater treatment / Health hazards / Public health / Environmental health / Socioeconomic aspects / Waste management / Faecal sludge
Record No:H050374
Demand-led extension: a gender analysis of attendance and key cropsAuthor(s): Williams, F. E.; Taron, Avinandan
Published year: 2020.
Journal: Journal of Agricultural Education and Extension Pages: 26(4):383-400
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Purpose: The need to increase women’s access to extension has been extensively discussed. This paper assesses women’s access to extension services through the Plantwise extension approach as a baseline for future comparison of women’s access through other extension approaches. It also assesses whether crops that men and women farmers seek plant health advice on are similar or not, and attempts to disperse assumptions that continue to be made about what crops women and men grow.
Approach: We analysed data from the Plantwise Online Management System for 13 countries using descriptive and inferential statistics.
Findings: We show that the Plantwise extension approach enables higher levels of women’s access than generally reported for agricultural extension, that the crops that women and men seek extension advice on is not gender dependent, and there are few clear distinctions between their crops of interest.
Practical implications: There is limited literature studying gender inclusiveness in different extension approaches. The findings add to the documentation of assessing women’s access to demand-driven extension.
Theoretical implications: Plantwise is a new extension approach which needs to be assessed from spatial and temporal perspectives to understand whether demand-driven extension enables increased women’s access over time.
Originality/value: Extension service provision is often based on assumptions about what crops are being grown. Small studies have challenged these assumptions, but this large dataset enables us to test these assumptions more thoroughly across 13 countries adding to the weight of evidence against the existence of women’s and men’s crops.
Cropping patterns / Male involvement / Women farmers / Farmer participation / s participation / Womenapos / Extension approaches / Gender analysis / Agricultural extension systems
Record No:H049538
Does relative deprivation induce migration?: evidence from Sub-Saharan AfricaAuthor(s): Kafle, Kashi; Benfica, R.; Winters, P.
Published year: 2020.
Journal: American Journal of Agricultural Economics Pages: 102(3):999-1019
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DOI This analysis revisits the decades-old relative deprivation theory of migration. In contrast to the traditional view that migration is driven by absolute income maximization, we test whether relative deprivation induces migration in the context of sub-Saharan Africa. Taking advantage of the internationally comparable longitudinal data from integrated household and agriculture surveys from Tanzania, Ethiopia, Malawi, Nigeria, and Uganda, we use panel fixed effects to estimate the effects of relative deprivation on migration decisions. Using per capita consumption expenditure and multidimensional wealth index as well-being measures, we find that a household’s migration decision is based not only on its absolute well-being level but also on the relative position of the household in the well-being distribution of the community in which it resides. We also discover that the effect of relative deprivation on migration is amplified in rural, agricultural, and male-headed households. Results are robust to alternative specifications including the use of Hausman Taylor Instrumental Variable (HTIV) estimator and pooled data across the five countries. Results confirm that the “migration-relative deprivation” relationship also holds in the context of sub-Saharan Africa. We argue that policies designed to check rural–urban migration through rural transformation and poverty reduction programs should use caution because such programs can increase economic inequality, which further increases migration flow.
Models / Economic aspects / Socioeconomic environment / Living standards / Migrants / Expenditure / Household consumption / Deprivation / Migration
Record No:H049532
Guidelines for community-led multiple use water services: evidence from rural South AfricaAuthor(s): van Koppen, Barbara; Molose, V.; Phasha, K.; Bophela, T.; Modiba, I.; White, M.; Magombeyi, Manuel S.; Jacobs-Mata, Inga
Published year: 2020.
Publisher(s): Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI)
Pages: 36
Series: IWMI Working Paper 194More... |
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The African Water Facility, together with the Water Research Commission, South Africa, as its implementing agent, supported the demonstration project Operationalizing community-led Multiple Use water Services (MUS) in South Africa. As knowledge broker and research partner in this project, the International Water Management Institute (IWMI) analyzed processes and impacts at the local level, where the nongovernmental organization Tsogang Water and Sanitation demonstrated community-led MUS in six diverse rural communities in two of the poorest districts of South Africa, Sekhukhune and Vhembe districts - Ga Mokgotho, Ga Moela and Phiring in the Sekhukhune District Municipality, and Tshakhuma, Khalavha and Ha Gumbu in Vhembe District Municipality. In conventional water infrastructure projects, external state or non-state agencies plan, diagnose, design and prioritize solutions, mobilize funding, and implement the procurement of materials, recruitment of workers and construction. However, this MUS project facilitated decision-making by communities, and provided technical and institutional advice and capacity development. Based on IWMI’s evidence, tools and manuals, the project team organized learning alliances and policy dialogues from municipal to national level on the replication of community-led MUS by water services authorities; government departments of water, agriculture, and others; employment generation programs; climate and disaster management; and corporate social responsibility initiatives.
This working paper synthesizes the lessons learned about the six steps of the community-led MUS process in all six communities. The step-wise process appeared to be welcome and effective across the board. The duration of the process and the costs of facilitation, technical and institutional capacity development, and engineering advice and quality control were comparable to conventional approaches. However, the respective responsibilities of the government and communities, also in longer-term co-management arrangements, depended on the type of infrastructure. Some communities were supported to improve their communal self supply systems. In other communities, the process enabled an extension of the reticulation of borehole systems owned, operated and maintained by municipalities. Almost all households used water supplies at homesteads for multiple purposes, underscoring synergies in cross-sectoral collaboration between the water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) and irrigation sectors.
Households / Villages / Wages / Labour / Inclusion / s participation / Womenapos / Climate change adaptation / Decision making / Nongovernmental organizations / State intervention / Capacity building / Institutions / Financing / Costs / Collaboration / Technical aid / Innovation / Construction / Boreholes / Infrastructure / Water quality / Water storage / Water management / Water resources / Integrated management / Participatory approaches / Planning / Small scale systems / Communal irrigation systems / Rural communities / Guidelines / Co-management / Water supply / Multiple use water services
Record No:H050124
Process and benefits of community-led multiple use water services: comparing two communities in South AfricaAuthor(s): van Koppen, Barbara; Magombeyi, Manuel S.; Jacobs-Mata, Inga; Molose, V.; Phasha, K.; Bophela, T.; Modiba, I.; White, M.
Published year: 2020.
Publisher(s): Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI)
Pages: 43
Series: IWMI Working Paper 193More... |
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The African Water Facility, together with the Water Research Commission, South Africa, as its implementing agent, supported the demonstration project Operationalizing community-led Multiple Use water Services (MUS) in South Africa. As knowledge broker and research partner in this project, the International Water Management Institute (IWMI) analyzed processes and impacts at the local level, where the nongovernmental organization Tsogang Water and Sanitation demonstrated community-led MUS in six diverse rural communities in two of the poorest districts of South Africa, Sekhukhune and Vhembe districts - Ga Mokgotho, Ga Moela and Phiring in the Sekhukhune District Municipality, and Tshakhuma, Khalavha and Ha Gumbu in Vhembe District Municipality. In conventional water infrastructure projects, external state and non-state agencies plan, diagnose, design and prioritize solutions, mobilize funding, and implement the procurement of materials, recruitment of workers and construction. However, this MUS project facilitated decision-making by communities, and provided technical and institutional advice and capacity development. Based on IWMI’s evidence, tools and manuals, the project team organized learning alliances and policy dialogues from municipal to national level on the replication of community-led MUS by water services authorities; government departments of water, agriculture, and others; employment generation programs; climate and disaster management; and corporate social responsibility initiatives.
This working paper reports on the local findings of Ga Mokgotho and Ga Moela villages, which had completed construction works. The paper presents an in-depth analysis from the preproject situation to each of the steps of the participatory process, and highlights the resulting benefits of more water, more reliable and sustainable supplies, and multiple benefits, including a 60% and 76% increase in the value of irrigated produce in Ga Mokgotho and Ga Moela, respectively. Women were the sole irrigation manager in 68% and 60% of the households in Ga Mokgotho and Ga Moela, respectively. The user satisfaction survey highlighted communities’ unanimous preference of the participatory process, capacity development and ownership compared to conventional approaches.
Villages / Rural areas / Nongovernmental organizations / State intervention / Capacity building / s participation / Womenapos / Income / Livelihoods / Households / Water users / Financing / Irrigated farming / Livestock / Domestic water / Water use / Water distribution / Groundwater / Geohydrology / Maintenance / Boreholes / Wells / Pumps / Infrastructure / Water storage / Water management / Water resources / Integrated management / Water availability / Access and benefit-sharing / Innovation / Participatory approaches / Communal irrigation systems / Water supply / Community management / Multiple use water services
Record No:H050123
An assessment of groundwater use in irrigated agriculture using multi-spectral remote sensingAuthor(s): Nhamo, Luxon; Ebrahim, Girma Yimer; Mabhaudhi, T.; Mpandeli, S.; Magombeyi, Manuel; Chitakira, M.; Magidi, J.; Sibanda, M.
Published year: 2020.
Journal: Physics and Chemistry of the Earth Pages: 115:102810
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DOI Declining water resources in dry regions requires sustainable groundwater management as trends indicate increasing groundwater use, but without accountability. The sustainability of groundwater is uncertain, as little is known about its extent and availability, a challenge that requires a quantitative assessment of its current use. This study assessed groundwater use for irrigated agriculture in the Venda-Gazankulu area of Limpopo Province in South Africa using crop evapotranspiration and irrigated crop area derived from the normalised difference vegetation index (NDVI). Evapotranspiration data was derived from the Water Productivity through Open access of Remotely sensed Actual Evapotranspiration and Interception (WaPOR) dataset (250 m resolution), and irrigated areas were characterised using dry season NDVI data derived from Landsat 8. Field surveys were conducted for four years to assess accuracy and for post-classification correction. Daily ET for the dry season (May to September) was developed from the actual ET for the irrigated areas. The irrigated areas were overlaid on the ET map to calculate ET for only irrigated land parcels. Groundwater use during the 2015 dry period was 3627.49 billion m3 and the irrigated area during the same period was 26% of cultivated land. About 82 435 ha of cultivated area was irrigated using 44 million m3 /ha of water, compared to 186.93 million m3 /ha on a rainfed area of 237 847 ha. Groundwater management is essential for enhancing resilience in arid regions in the advent of water scarcity.
Dry season / Satellite imagery / Irrigated land / Estimation / Evapotranspiration / Water productivity / Water management / Resilience / Climate change / Remote sensing / Irrigated farming / Crop water use / Groundwater assessment
Record No:H049420
Maize flour price trends in rural districts and urban districts of Lesotho under COVID-19Author(s): Nhlengethwa, Sibusiso; Matchaya, Greenwell; Greffiths, Jacob; Fakudze, Bhekiwe
Published year: 2020.
Journal: AKADEMIYA2063: Covid-19 Bulletin Pages: 15:1-5
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This bulletin focuses on the relationship between maize flour price trends and the actions in response to COVID-19 Pandemic in Lesotho. An understanding of food price movement is important for providing guidance on policy interventions that would ensure food security among households and the country at large.
Travel restrictions / Pandemics / COVID-19 / Markets / Urban areas / Rural areas / Economic trends / Forecasting / Food prices / Corn flour / Maize
Record No:H050168
Mutual accountability in African agricultural transformationAuthor(s): Ulimwengu, J. M.; Matchaya, Greenwell; Makombe, T.; Oehmke, J.
Published year: 2020.
Pages: pp.182-194
Series: ReSAKSS Annual Trends and Outlook Report 2020More... |
DOI |
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This chapter aims to deepen our understanding of both the conceptual framework of mutual accountability and its best practices in the context of agricultural transformation in Africa. We do so in three ways: documenting the need for and growth of mutual accountability mechanisms over time, discussing how mutual accountability processes contribute to agricultural transformation, and examining the effectiveness of the mutual accountability processes of choice— JSRs and the African agricultural BR. In the next section, we provide a brief review of the origins and theory of mutual accountability as well as its application in African agriculture. Following that, we discuss how mutual accountability is being operationalized through JSRs and the Malabo BR, and the effectiveness of the two processes. The section after empirically assesses the contribution of mutual accountability to agricultural transformation in Africa. The final section provides concluding remarks for driving agricultural transformation through mutual accountability processes.
Reviews / Indicators / Reforms / Institutions / Investment / Development programmes / Declarations / Multi-stakeholder processes / Policies / Accountability / Transformation / Agricultural sector
Record No:H050060
Estimating biomass of savanna grasslands as a proxy of carbon stock using multispectral remote sensingAuthor(s): Chapungu, L.; Nhamo, Luxon; Gatti, R. C.
Published year: 2020.
Journal: Remote Sensing Applications: Society and Environment Pages: 17:100275
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DOI Limited research has been done to estimate the root biomass (belowground biomass) of savanna grasslands. The advent of remote sensing and related products have facilitated the estimation of biomass in terrestrial ecosystems, providing a synoptic overview on ecosystems biomass. Multispectral remote sensing was used in this study to estimate total biomass (belowground and aboveground) of selected tropical savanna grassland species. Total biomass was estimated by assessing the relationship between aboveground and belowground biomass, the Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and belowground biomass, and NDVI and total biomass. Results showed a positive significant relationship (p ¼ 0.005) between belowground and aboveground biomass. NDVI was significantly correlated (p ¼ 0.0386) to aboveground biomass and the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) was 18.97 whilst the model BIAS was 0.019, values within acceptable ranges. A significant relationship (p ¼ 0) was found between belowground biomass and NDVI and the RMSE was 5.53 and the model BIAS was 0.0041. More so, a significant relationship (p ¼ 0.054) was observed between NDVI and total biomass. The positive relationships between NDVI and total grass biomass and the lack of bias in the model provides an opportunity to routinely monitor carbon stock and assess seasonal carbon storage fluctuations in grasslands. There is great potential in the ability of remote sensing to become an indispensable tool for assessing, monitoring and inventorying carbon stocks in grassland ecosystems under tropical savanna conditions.
Models / Landsat / Satellite imagery / Ecosystems / Greenhouse gas emissions / Climate change / Remote sensing / Estimation / Biomass / Grasslands / Savannas / Carbon stock assessments
Record No:H049412
Maize grain price trends in food surplus and deficit areas of Malawi under Covid-19Author(s): Matchaya, Greenwell; Fakudze, Bhekiwe; Nhlengethwa, Sibusiso; Greffiths, Ikhothatseng
Published year: 2020.
Journal: AKADEMIYA2063: Covid-19 Bulletin Pages: 11:1-5
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Understanding staple food price dynamics is important for planning and targeting of interventions to protect livelihoods among the poor and vulnerable in time of crisis.
Models / Forecasting / Rural areas / Urban areas / Domestic markets / COVID-19 / Grain / Maize / Food shortages / Food surplus / Economic trends / Food prices
Record No:H050047
Maize grain price trends in food surplus and deficit areas of Mozambique under Covid-19Author(s): Matchaya, Greenwell; Nhlengethwa, Sibusiso; Greffiths, Jacob; Fakudze, Bhekiwe
Published year: 2020.
Journal: AKADEMIYA2063: Covid-19 Bulletin Pages: 7:1-4
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This bulletin presents an overview of maize price movements in Mozambique with the view of investigating whether there may be a relationship between the incidence of Covid-19 and maize price changes in local markets.
Forecasting / Domestic markets / COVID-19 / Grain / Maize / Food shortages / Food surplus / Economic trends / Food prices
Record No:H050019
Joint strategic action plan for the Ramotswa Transboundary Aquifer AreaAuthor(s): Lazurko, Anita; Lautze, Jonathan; Villholth, Karen G.
Published year: 2020.
Publisher(s): Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI)
Pages: 8
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SADC countries / Institutions / Stakeholders / Monitoring / Sustainability / International cooperation / Aquifers / Action plans / Strategy planning / Groundwater management / International waters
Record No:H050172
E-flows for the Limpopo River Basin: basin report. Project report prepared by the International Water Management Institute (IWMI) for the United States Agency for International Development (USAID)Author(s): Dickens, Chris; Oapos;Brien, G.; Magombeyi, Manuel; Mukuyu, Patience; Ndlovu, B.; Eriyagama, Nishadi; Kleynhans, N.
Published year: 2020.
Publisher(s): Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI); Washington, DC, USA: USAID
Pages: 134
Series: E-flows for the Limpopo River Basin: Report 2More... |
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Boreholes / Aquifers / Catchment areas / Power plants / Dams / Infrastructure / Flooding / Drought / Runoff / Tributaries / Ecosystems / Hydrology / Water demand / Water balance / Water supply / Rainfall / Climate change / Water policies / Water quality / Water availability / Surface water / Groundwater recharge / Water use / Water resources / Socioeconomic aspects / Water requirements / Transboundary waters / River basin management / Environmental flows
Record No:H051951
Options for improving agricultural water productivity under increasing water scarcity in South AfricaAuthor(s): Mabhaudhi, T.; Mpandeli, S.; Nhamo, Luxon; Senzanje, A.; Chimonyo, V. G. P.; Modi, A.T.
Published year: 2019.
Pages: 14
More... South Africa is ranked among the thirty driest countries in the world, a challenge that is negatively affecting agricultural production. Other challenges such as population growth, rural-urban migration, changing food preferences and drought exacerbate pressure on agricultural water productivity. The review critically assessed the different considerations for increasing agricultural water productivity under water scarce conditions in South Africa. While under these conditions, irrigation may seem an obvious solution to increasing agricultural water productivity as a response to frequent droughts and mid-season dry spells. However, considerations on the availability of water and energy for irrigation expansion and the accessibility of irrigation services to different farming groups in the country. It is generally argued that irrigation is an expensive option and not necessarily readily accessible to most farmers.
There are prospects for tapping into South Africa’s groundwater resources but the extent to which they can contribute to expanding area under irrigation is contested given the challenges of quantifying and pumping the water. Most smallholder farmers currently lack access to water, energy, infrastructure and technical skills to irrigate thus making irrigation a challenging option in this sector. An alternative would be to explore rainwater harvesting and soil water conservation technologies, which involve inducing, collecting, storing and conserving runoff water for agriculture. The drawbacks to this are that, apart from scale issues, rainfall is becoming more erratic and droughts more frequent and hence the feasibility of this approach under frequent drought could be challenged.
Water use / Irrigation methods / Strategies / Water management / Farmers / Smallholders / Rainwater harvesting / Drought / Risks / Climate change / Water scarcity / Water productivity / Agricultural production
Record No:H049340
A model to integrate and assess water-energy-food nexus performance: South Africa case studyAuthor(s): Nhamo, Luxon; Mabhaudhi, T.; Mpandeli, S.
Published year: 2019.
Pages: 10
More... The main limiting factor impeding the operationalisation of the WEF nexus has been lack of metrics and tools to translate the concept into a fully-fledged operational framework to support policy and decision-making. This study developed a WEF nexus model by (i) defining WEF nexus sustainability indicators, and (ii) calculating composite indices for those indicators to establish numerical relationships among WEF nexus resources using South Africa as a case study. The composite indices show WEF nexus performance as well as monitoring and evaluation of WEF resources management. The indicators were integrated through the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) in a multicriteria decision-making (MCDM). The established quantitative relationships indicate resource utilisation, management and performance through a spider graph to illustrate WEF nexus performance, providing a general overview of the level of interactions, interrelationships and inter-connectedness of resources. The shape of the spider graph is determined by the level of the interdependencies and interactions among the WEF nexus sectors, whose management is viewed either as sustainable or unsustainable depending on the classification of the developed integrated index. The spider graph for South Africa showed an over-emphasis on food self-sufficiency and water productivity at the expense of other sectors. The deformed shape of the spider graph is a demonstration of the sectoral or “silo” approach in resource management. The calculated integrated WEF nexus index of 0.203 for South Africa classified the country under the low sustainability category. The developed model is a decision support tool that provides evidence for interventions in priority areas. The model demonstrates the capabilities of the WEF nexus to evaluate synergies and trade-offs in a systematic and integrated way to increases efficiency and productivity in resource management for sustainable development.
Case studies / Indicators / Sustainability / Living standards / Resilience / Climate change adaptation / Agricultural productivity / Water productivity / Water availability / Models / Nexus / Food security / Energy resources / Water resources
Record No:H049339
Observed controls on resilience of groundwater to climate variability in sub-Saharan AfricaAuthor(s): Cuthbert, M. O.; Taylor, R. G.; Favreau, G.; Todd, M. C.; Shamsudduha, M.; Villholth, Karen G.; MacDonald, A. M.; Scanlon, B. R.; Kotchoni, D. O. V.; Vouillamoz, J.-M.; Lawson, F. M. A.; Adjomayi, P. A.; Kashaigili, J.; Seddon, D.; Sorensen, J. P. R.; Ebrahim, Girma Yimer; Owor, M.; Nyenje, P. M.; Nazoumou, Y.; Goni, I.; Ousmane, B. I.; Sibanda, T.; Ascott, M. J.; Macdonald, D. M. J.; Agyekum, W.; Koussoube, Y.; Wanke, H.; Kim, H.; Wada, Y.; Lo, M.-H.; Oki, T.; Kukuric, N.
Published year: 2019.
Journal: Nature Pages: 572(7768):230-234
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Download Groundwater in sub-Saharan Africa supports livelihoods and poverty alleviation1,2 , maintains vital ecosystems, and strongly influences terrestrial water and energy budgets3 . Yet the hydrological processes that govern groundwater recharge and sustainability—and their sensitivity to climatic variability—are poorly constrained4,5 . Given the absence of firm observational constraints, it remains to be seen whether model-based projections of decreased water resources in dry parts of the region4 are justified. Here we show, through analysis of multidecadal groundwater hydrographs across sub-Saharan Africa, that levels of aridity dictate the predominant recharge processes, whereas local hydrogeology influences the type and sensitivity of precipitation–recharge relationships. Recharge in some humid locations varies by as little as five per cent (by coefficient of variation) across a wide range of annual precipitation values. Other regions, by contrast, show roughly linear precipitation–recharge relationships, with precipitation thresholds (of roughly ten millimetres or less per day) governing the initiation of recharge. These thresholds tend to rise as aridity increases, and recharge in drylands is more episodic and increasingly dominated by focused recharge through losses from ephemeral overland flows. Extreme annual recharge is commonly associated with intense rainfall and flooding events, themselves often driven by large-scale climate controls. Intense precipitation, even during years of lower overall precipitation, produces some of the largest years of recharge in some dry subtropical locations. Our results therefore challenge the ‘high certainty’ consensus regarding decreasing water resources4 in such regions of sub-Saharan Africa. The potential resilience of groundwater to climate variability in many areas that is revealed by these precipitation–recharge relationships is essential for informing reliable predictions of climate-change impacts and adaptation strategies.
Rain / Arid zones / Models / Hydrography / Hydrology / Precipitation / Observation / Groundwater table / Resilience / Climate change / Groundwater recharge
Record No:H049316
The water–energy–food nexus as a tool to transform rural livelihoods and well-being in southern AfricaAuthor(s): Mabhaudhi, T.; Nhamo, Luxon; Mpandeli, S.; Nhemachena, Charles; Senzanje, A.; Sobratee, N.; Chivenge, P. P.; Slotow, R.; Naidoo, D.; Liphadzi, S.; Modi, A. T.
Published year: 2019.
Journal: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health Pages: 16(16):1-20. (Special issue: Human Adaptation to Climate Change)
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About 60% of southern Africa’s population lives in rural areas with limited access to basic services and amenities such as clean and safe water, affordable and clean energy, and balanced and nutritious diets. Resource scarcity has direct and indirect impacts on nutrition, human health, and well-being of mostly poor rural communities. Climate change impacts in the region are manifesting through low crop yields, upsurge of vector borne diseases (malaria and dengue fever), and water and food-borne diseases (cholera and diarrhoea). This study applied a water–energy–food (WEF) nexus analytical livelihoods model with complex systems understanding to assess rural livelihoods, health, and well-being in southern Africa, recommending tailor-made adaptation strategies for the region aimed at building resilient rural communities. The WEF nexus is a decision support tool that improves rural livelihoods through integrated resource distribution, planning, and management, and ensures inclusive socio-economic transformation and development, and addresses related sustainable development goals, particularly goals 2, 3, 6 and 7. The integrated WEF nexus index for the region was calculated at 0.145, which is marginally sustainable, and indicating the region’s exposure to vulnerabilities, and reveals a major reason why the region fails to meet its developmental targets. The integrated relationship among WEF resources in southern Africa shows an imbalance and uneven resource allocation, utilisation and distribution, which normally results from a ‘siloed’ approach in resource management. The WEF nexus provides better adaptation options, as it guides decision making processes by identifying priority areas needing intervention, enhancing synergies, and minimising trade-offs necessary for resilient rural communities. Our results identified (i) the trade-offs and unintended negative consequences for poor rural households’ livelihoods of current silo approaches, (ii) mechanisms for sustainably enhancing household water, energy and food security, whilst (iii) providing direction for achieving SDGs 2, 3, 6 and 7.
Rural areas / SADC countries / Frameworks / Innovation / Indicators / Sustainable Development Goals / Climate change adaptation / Public health / Living standards / Rural communities / Food security / Energy generation / Water resources
Record No:H049315
Africa agriculture transformation scorecard performance and lessons for ZambiaAuthor(s): Sikombe, D.; Mbewe, C.; Matchaya, Greenwell; Nhemachena, Charles; Nhlengethwa, Sibusiso
Published year: 2019.
Publisher(s): Pretoria, South Africa: Regional Strategic Analysis and Knowledge Support System for Southern Africa (ReSAKSS-SA)
Pages: 9
Series: Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP) Biennial Review BriefMore... |
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To ensure that the Biannual Review (BR) process embodies the CAADP/Malabo principles, particularly focusing on Commitment 7 (enhancing mutual accountability for actions and results) of the Malabo Declaration, the African Union Commission (AUC) launched the Inaugural Biennial Review reporting mechanism on the implementation of the Malabo commitments. In line with the above continental commitment on mutual accountability, Zambia implemented the BR process to track progress in the implementation of the CAADP agenda, particularly the 2014 Malabo commitments. The process provided a platform for stakeholders in the agriculture sector (the public sector, private sector, development partners, civil society organizations, academia, and research institutions) to hold each other mutually accountable on both financial and nonfinancial commitments they made toward common development goals for the agriculture sector. The BR process also helped provide a platform for agriculture sector stakeholders to learn from each other (peer learning). The Biennial Review Report (BRR) fosters alignment, harmonization, and coordination among multisectoral efforts and multi-institutional platforms for peer review, mutual learning, and accountability. The objective of this brief is to analyze Zambiaapos;s performance and discuss lessons from the implementation of the inaugural CAADP BR mechanism.
Reviews / Investment / Indicators / Stakeholders / Institutions / Financing / Agricultural sector / SADC countries / Declarations / Development programmes / Transformation / Agricultural development
Record No:H049307
Guidelines and regulations for fecal sludge management from on-site sanitation facilitiesAuthor(s): Jayathilake, Nilanthi; Drechsel, Pay; Keraita, B.; Fernando, Sudarshana; Hanjra, M. A.
Published year: 2019.
Publisher(s): Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE)
Pages: 57
Series: Resource Recovery and Reuse Series 14More... |
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In low- and middle-income countries, the management of fecal sludge from on-site sanitation systems has received little attention over many decades, resulting in insufficient or missing regulations to guide investments and management options. To address this gap, this report examines existing and emerging guidelines and regulations for fecal sludge management (FSM) along the sanitation service chain (user interface, containment, emptying, transport, treatment, valorization, reuse or disposal). It also draws empirical examples from guidelines across the globe to support policy-makers, planners, and sanitation and health officers, as well as consultants in low- and middle-income countries in the development and design of local and national FSM guidelines and regulations.
European Union / Governmental organizations / Institutions / Stakeholders / Households / Urban areas / Land use / Occupational hazards / Environmental protection / Fuels / Energy generation / Composting / Organic fertilizers / Sewage sludge / Soil conditioners / Microplastics / Heavy metals / Pollutants / Aquaculture / Pathogens / Excreta / Public health / Operating costs / Transport / Septic tanks / Pit latrines / Waste treatment / Waste disposal / Technology / Frameworks / Sustainable Development Goals / Policies / Standards / Regulations / Guidelines / Sanitation / Faecal sludge / Reuse / Resource management / Resource recovery
Record No:H049291
Africa agriculture transformation scorecard performance and lessons for ZimbabweAuthor(s): Makotose, W.; Mayoyo, A.; Nicholas, G.; Nhemachena, Charles; Matchaya, Greenwell; Nhlengethwa, Sibusiso
Published year: 2019.
Publisher(s): Pretoria, South Africa: Regional Strategic Analysis and Knowledge Support System for Southern Africa (ReSAKSS-SA)
Pages: 8
Series: Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP) Biennial Review BriefMore... |
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The main objective of this BR brief is to summarize the performance, key issues, and recommendations for improving progress toward agricultural transformation in Zimbabwe. This brief provides recommendations and action items based on Zimbabwe’s performance in the inaugural BR mechanism to help the country improve its domestication and implementation of the Malabo Declaration commitments. In addition, recommendations are shared to help the country strengthen mutual accountability to actions and results, ultimately contributing to improving the country’s progress towards achieving the Malabo targets by 2025.
Investment / Reviews / Indicators / Agricultural sector / SADC countries / Declarations / Development programmes / Transformation / Agricultural development
Record No:H049289
Africa agriculture transformation scorecard performance and lessons for MalawiAuthor(s): Musopole, R.; Mwanaleza, E.; Matchaya, Greenwell; Nhlengethwa, Sibusiso; Nhemachena, Charles
Published year: 2019.
Publisher(s): Pretoria, South Africa: Regional Strategic Analysis and Knowledge Support System for Southern Africa (ReSAKSS-SA)
Pages: 8
Series: Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP) Biennial Review BriefMore... |
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In line with the continental commitment on mutual accountability, Malawi implemented the BR process to track progress in the implementation of the CAADP agenda, particularly the 2014 Malabo commitments. The process provided a platform for stakeholders in the agriculture sector (the public sector, private sector, development partners, civil society organizations, academia, and research institutions) to hold each other mutually accountable on both the financial and nonfinancial commitments they made on common development goals for the agriculture sector. The BR process also helped provide a platform for agriculture sector stakeholders to learn from each other (peer learning).
The objective of this brief is to present Malawi’s performance and discuss lessons from the implementation of the inaugural CAADP BR mechanism.
Reviews / Indicators / Agricultural sector / SADC countries / Declarations / Development programmes / Transformation / Agricultural development
Record No:H049288
Africa agriculture transformation scorecard performance and lessons for LesothoAuthor(s): Khesa, M.; Nhemachena, Charles; Matchaya, Greenwell; Nhlengethwa, Sibusiso
Published year: 2019.
Publisher(s): Pretoria, South Africa: Regional Strategic Analysis and Knowledge Support System for Southern Africa (ReSAKSS-SA)
Pages: 8
Series: Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP) Biennial Review BriefMore... |
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This BR brief shows that Lesotho was not on track to meet the Malabo Declaration targets for 2025. Three commitments were on track: recommitment to CAADP, boosting intra-Africa trade in agriculture, and mutual accountability for action and results, while the others were not on track. Lesotho was on track on 6 of the 43 indicators, highlighting the substantial efforts required to implement the commitments of the Malabo Declaration and national priorities in the agriculture sector.
This brief summarizes the performance, key issues, and recommendations for Lesotho from the inaugural BR report to help improve and strengthen the country’s efforts to domesticate and implement the commitments of the Malabo Declaration within its own national agricultural investment plan and strategy.
Financing / Investment / Reviews / Indicators / Agricultural sector / SADC countries / Declarations / Development programmes / Transformation / Agricultural development
Record No:H049287
Africa agriculture transformation scorecard performance and lessons for EswatiniAuthor(s): Mndawe, H.; Mbuyisa, H.; Nhlengethwa, Sibusiso; Matchaya, Greenwell; Nhemachena, Charles
Published year: 2019.
Publisher(s): Pretoria, South Africa: Regional Strategic Analysis and Knowledge Support System for Southern Africa (ReSAKSS-SA)
Pages: 7
Series: Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP) Biennial Review BriefMore... |
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The objective of this brief is to analyze Eswatini’s performance and discuss lessons from the implementation of the inaugural CAADP BR mechanism. Based on the results, recommendations are proposed for strengthening mutual accountability and performance of the agriculture sector in Eswatini. The analysis is based on results of the Africa Agriculture Transformation Scorecard (AATS) that was presented to African Heads of State and Government in January 2018. Additional information for the analysis came from technical notes in Eswatini’s BR report. Furthermore, experiences and lessons from continental and regional engagements in the implementation of the BR process were also integrated in the analysis.
Poverty / Hunger / SADC countries / Reviews / Agricultural sector / Declarations / Development programmes / Transformation / Agricultural development
Record No:H049286
Mainstreaming the Sustainable Development Goals in developing countriesAuthor(s): Dickens, Chris; Nhlengethwa, Sibusiso; Ndhlovu, Brown
Published year: 2019.
Publisher(s): Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI)
Pages: 23
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The United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development promises to achieve change in almost every aspect of life on Earth. Encompassing 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and 169 targets, the Agenda marks the first time in history when all nations have agreed on how to chart their future. The SDGs are not just a global reporting exercise, however, but rather involve a global program that embraces country-led efforts. Guided by the ideas contained in the 2030 Agenda, each nation must seek to become more prosperous and sustainable, while contributing to the global effort at the same time. If all the countries achieve this, we will have a sustainable planet and a secure future for all.
This document offers guidance on how developing countries can adapt the SDGs to their own contexts and priorities. It indicates important areas for developing countries to consider when creating their own program to achieve the SDGs, and provides examples of success to demonstrate concrete possibilities for progress.
Strategies / Risk assessment / Adaptability / Accountability / Impact assessment / Monitoring / Budgeting / Financing / Governance / Institutions / Government agencies / National planning / Development policies / Economic development / Awareness raising / Partnerships / Public-private cooperation / Multi-stakeholder processes / Development indicators / UN / Developing countries / Mainstreaming / Sustainable Development Goals
Record No:H049245
Small reservoirs in Africa: a review and synthesis to strengthen future investmentAuthor(s): Saruchera, D.; Lautze, Jonathan
Published year: 2019.
Publisher(s): Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI)
Pages: 45
Series: IWMI Working Paper 189More... |
DOI |
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Small reservoirs are a critical coping mechanism in water-stressed rural areas in Africa, providing immense livelihood benefits that include improved food and water security, entrepreneurial activities and climate resilience. Challenges associated with the implementation of investments in small reservoirs include appropriate site selection, weak institutions, insufficient maintenance and sedimentation. The findings from this study suggest that the benefits of small reservoirs may be tapped more efficiently by rehabilitating old sites rather than building new infrastructure. However, the findings also point to broader lessons on the need to change the way of doing business, i.e., to adopt a long-term, more holistic approach (or model) to the construction and maintenance of small reservoirs that matches the degree of the challenge associated with sustainably tapping the benefits of the water that they store.
Case studies / Livestock / Empowerment / Women’s participation / Gender / Entrepreneurship / Rural communities / Socioeconomic development / Funding / Financing / State intervention / Nongovernmental organizations / Impact assessment / Land use / Environmental sustainability / Public health / Household income / Living standards / Food security / Performance indexes / Infrastructure / Sedimentation / Dams / Water users / Water use / Water supply / Water institutions / Water storage / Water availability / Cost benefit analysis / Reinvestment / Irrigation investment / Irrigation management / Rehabilitation / Reservoirs / Small scale systems
Record No:H049244
Who works in agriculture?: exploring the dynamics of youth involvement in the agri-food systems of Tanzania and MalawiAuthor(s): Kafle, Kashi; Paliwal, N.; Benfica, R.
Published year: 2019.
Publisher(s): Rome, Italy: International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD)
Pages: 40
Series: IFAD Research Series 36More... |
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This analysis examines the dynamics of employment in agriculture and the agri-food system in Tanzania and Malawi by assessing the population age structure and movements of youth (aged 15-24) and young adults (aged 25-34) in and out of agriculture and the agri-food system. Using internationally comparable integrated household and agriculture surveys, we discover that the average age of a person who works in farming as own-farm labour is 34 years in Tanzania and 31 years in Malawi. Examination of the movements into and out of the agri-food system demonstrates a high degree of short-term stability of youth and young adult participation in farming in both countries. Specifically, 59 per cent of rural Tanzanian youth and 56 per cent of rural Malawian youth are consistently engaged in farming. Yet there is considerable mobility between different sectors of employment. More than 57 per cent of the youth cohort that was not involved in the agri-food system during the baseline entered the sector in the subsequent wave, and 12 per cent of those involved in the agri-food system during the baseline moved out of the sector in the subsequent wave. Even though the high degree of stability in farming participation is encouraging, it is likely that the poor economic prospects outside farming are what is driving strong participation in single-occupation farming. Given that increasing youth employment is a priority public policy for the Governments of Tanzania and Malawi, it is recommended that the countries attempt to diversify the rural economy by developing the many economic opportunities within the agri-food system.
Models / Socioeconomic environment / Households / Age groups / Age structure / Population / Farmers / Labour / Agricultural unemployment / Rural urban relations / Agrifood systems / Participation / Youth employment / Agricultural sector
Record No:H049175
Integrated hydrogeological modelling of hard-rock semi-arid terrain: supporting sustainable agricultural groundwater use in Hout catchment, Limpopo Province, South AfricaAuthor(s): Ebrahim, Girma Y.; Villholth, Karen G.; Boulos, M.
Published year: 2019.
Journal: Hydrogeology Journal Pages: 27(3):965-981
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An integrated hydrogeological modelling approach applicable to hard-rock aquifers in semi-arid data-scarce Africa was developed using remote sensing, rainfall-runoff modelling, and a three-dimensional (3D) dynamic model. The integrated modelling approach was applied to the Hout catchment, Limpopo Province, South Africa, an important agricultural region where groundwater abstraction for irrigation doubled during 1968–1986. Since the 1960s, groundwater levels in irrigated areas have displayed extended periods of decline with partial or full recovery in response to major decadal rainfall events or periods. The integrated dynamic 3D hydrogeological flow model, based on the One-Water Hydrologic Flow Model (MODFLOW-OWHM), helped to understand recharge and flow processes and inform water use and management. Irrigation abstraction was estimated based on irrigated crop area delineated using the Landsat Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and crop water requirements. Using groundwater level data, the model was calibrated (2008–2012) and validated (2013–2015). Estimated mean diffuse recharge (3.3 2.5% of annual rainfall) compared well with estimates from the Precipitation Runoff Modelling System model. Recharge and groundwater storage showed significant inter-annual variability. The ephemeral river was found to be losing, with mean net flux to the aquifer (focused recharge) of ~1.1% of annual rainfall. The results indicate a delicate human-natural system reliant on the small but highly variable recharge, propagating through variable pumping to an even more variable storage, making the combined system vulnerable to climate and anthropogenic changes. The integrated modelling is fundamental for understanding spatio-temporal variability in key parameters required for managing the groundwater resource sustainably.
Pumping / Precipitation / Climate change / Vegetation / Remote sensing / Rainfall-runoff relationships / Aquifers / Semiarid zones / Catchment areas / Water requirements / Water levels / Water use / Groundwater extraction / Groundwater recharge / Groundwater management / Sustainable agriculture / Modelling / Integrated management / Hydrogeology
Record No:H049181
An overview of water markets in southern Africa: an option for water management in times of scarcityAuthor(s): Matchaya, Greenwell; Nhamo, Luxon; Nhlengethwa, Sibusiso; Nhemachena, Charles
Published year: 2019.
Journal: Water Pages: 11(5):1-16
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Southern Africa faces acute water scarcity challenges due to drought recurrence, degradation of surface water resources, and the increasing demand of water from agriculture, which has to meet the growing food demands of an increasing population. These stressors require innovative solutions that ensure the sustainability of water resources, without which the consequences could be dire for a region exposed to a host of vulnerabilities, including climate change. This review outlines the role of water markets in water management in times of water scarcity, highlighting the drivers of water markets in southern Africa, such as water scarcity, transboundary nature of water resources, and their uneven distribution. The review further discusses the role of water markets in climate change adaptation. Related institutional and legal frameworks as well as water allocation mechanisms are explored, aiming at improving water markets governance. The impact of adaptation to new water regimes in the face of scarcity are assessed by considering characteristics of current markets as related to future opportunities. In a diverse region such as southern Africa with unevenly distributed water resources, advancing the concept of water markets could play an important role in mitigating water scarcity challenges and promoting regional integration through coordinated transboundary water transfers. The emergence of water markets in the region is influenced by the continued depletion of water resources, which is resulting in the adoption of innovative water marketing strategies, such as inter-farm sharing or farm joint venture systems and inter-basin and intra-basin water transfers. As the concept is new in the region, it still has challenges that include general market inefficiencies, high transaction costs, market information asymmetries, imperfect competition, and weak or absent robust institutional frameworks that can facilitate market development.
Risks / Legal frameworks / River basins / Water distribution / Water security / Water rights / Joint ventures / Water transfer / International waters / Water resources / Resilience / Rain / Arid climate / Drought / Climate change adaptation / Water scarcity / Water management / Water market
Record No:H049189
Decolonising peasants’ marginalisation in African water lawAuthor(s): van Koppen, Barbara; Schreiner, B.; Sithole, P.
Published year: 2019.
Journal: Journal of Water Law Pages: 26:51-61
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Marginalization / Water users / Land tenure / Water authorities / Licences / Legislation / Regulations / Water resources / Colonialism / Customary law / Water rights / Smallholders / Peasant workers / Water law
Record No:H049188
Youth participation in small-scale fisheries, aquaculture and value chains in Africa and the Asia-PacificAuthor(s): Arulingam, Indika; Nigussie, Likimyelesh; Senaratna Sellamuttu, Sonali; Debevec, Liza
Published year: 2019.
Publisher(s): Penang, Malaysia: CGIAR Research Program on Fish Agri-Food Systems
Pages: 66
Series: CGIAR Research Program on Fish Agri-Food Systems Program Report: FISH-2019-14More... |
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IWMI, a managing partner of FISH, conducted an assessment of youth participation in SSF, aquaculture and value chains between November 2017 and May 2018. The assessment was conducted in Africa and the Asia-Pacific, with a particular focus on the FISH focal countries of Egypt, Nigeria, Tanzania and Zambia in Africa and Bangladesh, Cambodia, Myanmar and Solomon Islands in the Asia-Pacific. The objectives of this study were to (i) assess the participation of youth in fisheries and aquaculture, including opportunities and challenges for participation, (ii) understand what WorldFish and key partners (government organizations, nongovernmental organizations [NGOs] and others) are doing in the focal countries in relation to youth participation, and (iii) (based on the former two points) provide potential areas for further research that could support improved youth participation in aquaculture, SSF and value chains. In this report, definitions of SSF and aquaculture are adopted from WorldFish.
Ecosystems / Agricultural sector / Political aspects / Economic aspects / International organizations / Stakeholders / State intervention / Working conditions / Social status / Decision making / Living standards / Technology / Strategies / Policies / Income generation / Financing / Land access / Education / Access to information / s empowerment / Womenapos / Gender / Fishers / Value chains / Aquaculture / Participation / Youth employment / Small-scale fisheries
Record No:H049615
The El Nino event of 2015-2016: climate anomalies and their impact on groundwater resources in East and Southern AfricaAuthor(s): Kolusu, S. R.; Shamsudduha, M.; Todd, M. C.; Taylor, R. G.; Seddon, D.; Kashaigili, J. J.; Ebrahim, Girma Y.; Cuthbert, M. O.; Sorensen, J. P. R.; Villholth, Karen G.; MacDonald, A. M.; MacLeod, D. A.
Published year: 2019.
Journal: Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Pages: 23: 1751-1762
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The impact of climate variability on groundwater storage has received limited attention despite widespread dependence on groundwater as a resource for drinking water, agriculture and industry. Here, we assess the climate anomalies that occurred over Southern Africa (SA) and East Africa, south of the Equator (EASE), during the major El Nio event of 2015–2016, and their associated impacts on groundwater storage, across scales, through analysis of in situ groundwater piezometry and Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite data. At the continental scale, the El Nio of 2015–2016 was associated with a pronounced dipole of opposing rainfall anomalies over EASE and Southern Africa, north–south of ~12 S, a characteristic pattern of the El Nio–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Over Southern Africa the most intense drought event in the historical record occurred, based on an analysis of the cross-scale areal intensity of surface water balance anomalies (as represented by the standardised precipitation evapotranspiration index – SPEI), with an estimated return period of at least 200 years and a best estimate of 260 years. Climate risks are changing, and we estimate that anthropogenic warming only (ignoring changes to other climate variables, e.g. precipitation) has approximately doubled the risk of such an extreme SPEI drought event. These surface water balance deficits suppressed groundwater recharge, leading to a substantial groundwater storage decline indicated by both GRACE satellite and piezometric data in the Limpopo basin. Conversely, over EASE during the 2015–2016 El Nio event, anomalously wet conditions were observed with an estimated return period of ~10 years, likely moderated by the absence of a strongly positive Indian Ocean zonal mode phase. The strong but not extreme rainy season increased groundwater storage, as shown by satellite GRACE data and rising groundwater levels observed at a site in central Tanzania. We note substantial uncertainties in separating groundwater from total water storage in GRACE data and show that consistency between GRACE and piezometric estimates of groundwater storage is apparent when spatial averaging scales are comparable. These results have implications for sustainable and climate-resilient groundwater resource management, including the potential for adaptive strategies, such as managed aquifer recharge during episodic recharge events.
Satellite observation / Satellite imagery / Evapotranspiration / Precipitation / Surface water / Water levels / Water balance / Drought / Rainfall / Climate change / Water storage / Water resources / Groundwater management / El Nino
Record No:H049164
Motivations of sustainable entrepreneurship and their impact of enterprise performance in Gauteng Province, South AfricaAuthor(s): Nhemachena, Charles; Murimbika, M.
Published year: 2019.
Journal: Business Strategy and Development Pages: 1(2):115-127
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The paper discussed motivations of sustainable entrepreneurship in Gauteng Province, South Africa, and estimated relationships between these motivations and enterprise performance. Despite the growing field of sustainable entrepreneurship, most of the available literature has been mainly theoretical and qualitative or has focused on developed countries. This paper contributes to addressing this gap through empirical analysis based on primary survey data from 91 sustainable entrepreneurs. Reliability of the performance and motivation scales were subjected to the Cronbachapos;s alpha coefficient test, and the results were acceptable. The exploratory factor analysis indicated that the motivations of sustainable entrepreneurship factored into 4 dimensions: extrinsic, intrinsic, income security and financial independence, and necessity motivations. Regression analysis revealed that extrinsic and intrinsic motivations are important determinants of enterprise performance. These motivations can be targeted to promote sustainable entrepreneurship in addition to complementary support such as improving business management skills and competencies of sustainable entrepreneurs.
Income / Business management / Financing / Performance evaluation / Sustainable development / Entrepreneurship
Record No:H048612
Preparedness or repeated short-term relief aid?: building drought resilience through early warning in southern AfricaAuthor(s): Nhamo, Luxon; Mabhaudhi, T.; Modi, A. T.
Published year: 2019.
Journal: Water SA Pages: 45(1): 75-85
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Southern Africa is highly vulnerable to drought because of its dependence on climate-sensitive sectors of agriculture, hydroenergy and fisheries. Recurring droughts continue to impact rural livelihoods and degrade the environment. Drought severity in southern Africa is exacerbated by poor levels of preparedness and low adaptive capacity. Whilst weather extremes and hazards are inevitable, the preparedness to manage such hazards determines their impact and whether they become disasters. Southern Africa is often caught unprepared by drought as existing early warning systems lack the drought forecasting component, which often results in reactionary interventions as opposed to well-planned and proactive response mechanisms. This study assesses the spatio-temporal changes of rainfall and aridity in southern Africa through an analysis of long-term precipitation and evaporation trends from 1960 to 2007. Stakeholder consultation was conducted in Madagascar, Malawi, Zambia and Zimbabwe during the peak of the 2015/16 drought, focusing on overall drought impacts, current water resource availability, existing early warning systems, adaptation mechanisms and institutional capacity to mitigate and manage droughts as part of overall disaster risk reduction strategies. Average rainfall has decreased by 26% in the region between 1960 and 2007, and aridity has increased by 11% between 1980 and 2007. The absence of drought forecasting and lack of institutional capacity to mitigate drought impede regional drought risk reduction initiatives. Existing multi-hazard early warning systems in the region focus on flooding and drought monitoring and assessment. Drought forecasting is often not given due consideration, yet it is a key component of early warning and resilience building. We propose a regional drought early warning framework, emphasising the importance of both monitoring and forecasting as being integral to a drought early warning system and building resilience to drought.
Weather forecasting / Environmental impact assessment / Monitoring / Rainfall / Natural disasters / Environmental degradation / Disaster risk reduction / Water resources / Water scarcity / Drought resistance / Early warning systems
Record No:H049087
Cereal production trends under climate change: impacts and adaptation strategies in Southern AfricaAuthor(s): Nhamo, Luxon; Matchaya, Greenwell; Mabhaudhi, T.; Nhlengethwa, Sibusiso; Nhemachena, Charles; Mpandeli, S.
Published year: 2019.
Journal: Agriculture Pages: 9(2): 1-17
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The increasing frequency and intensity of droughts and floods, coupled with increasing temperatures and declining rainfall totals, are exacerbating existing vulnerabilities in southern Africa. Agriculture is the most affected sector as 95% of cultivated area is rainfed. This review addressed trends in moisture stress and the impacts on crop production, highlighting adaptation possible strategies to ensure food security in southern Africa. Notable changes in rainfall patterns and deficiencies in soil moisture are estimated and discussed, as well as the impact of rainfall variability on crop production and proposed adaptation strategies in agriculture. Climate moisture index (CMI) was used to assess aridity levels. Southern Africa is described as a climate hotspot due to increasing aridity, low adaptive capacity, underdevelopment and marginalisation. Although crop yields have been increasing due to increases in irrigated area and use of improved seed varieties, they have not been able to meet the food requirements of a growing population, compromising regional food security targets. Most countries in the region depend on international aid to supplement yield deficits. The recurrence of droughts caused by the El Nio Southern Oscillation (ENSO) continue devastating the region, affecting livelihoods, economies and the environment. An example is the 2015/2016 ENSO drought that caused the region to call for international aid to feed about 40 million people. In spite of the water scarcity challenges, cereal production continues to increase steadily due to increased investment in irrigated agriculture and improved crop varieties. Given the current and future vulnerability of the agriculture sector in southern Africa, proactive adaptation interventions are important to help farming communities develop resilient systems to adapt to the changes and variability in climate and other stressors.
Economic aspects / Food security / Water scarcity / Rainfall / Temperature / Flooding / Drought / Climate change adaptation / Maize / Cereal products / Agricultural sector / Agricultural policy / Agricultural production
Record No:H049086
Regional trade integration in eastern and southern AfricaAuthor(s): Makochekanwa, A.; Matchaya, Greenwell
Published year: 2019.
Pages: pp.134-179
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SADC countries / Costs / Monitoring / Informal sector / Indicators / Market research / Exports / Imports / Tariffs / Domestic markets / Agricultural trade / Economic integration / Trade agreements / International trade / Regional development
Record No:H049471
Performance evaluation of CMORPH satellite precipitation product in the Zambezi BasinAuthor(s): Gumindoga, W.; Rientjes, T. H. M.; Haile, Alemseged Tamiru; Makurira, H.; Reggiani, P.
Published year: 2019.
Journal: International Journal of Remote Sensing Pages: 40(20):7730-7749
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DOI For evaluation of the Climate Prediction Center-MORPHing (CMORPH) satellite rainfall product in the Zambezi Basin, daily time series (1998–2013) of 60 rain gauge stations are used. Evaluations for occurrence and rain rate are at sub-basin scale and at daily, weekly, and seasonal timescale by means of probability of detection (POD), false alarm ratio (FAR), critical success index (CSI) and frequency bias (FBS). CMORPH predicts 60% of the rainfall occurrences. Rainfall detection is better for the wet season than for the dry season. Best detection is shown for rainfall rates smaller than 2.5 mm/day. Findings on error decomposition revealed sources of Hit, Missed and False rainfall bias. CMORPH performance (detection of rainfall occurrences and estimations for rainfall depth) at sub-basin scale increases when daily estimates are accumulated to weekly estimates. Findings suggest that for the Zambezi Basin, errors in CMORPH rainfall should be corrected before the product can serve applications such as in hydrological modelling that largely rely on reliable and accurate rainfall inputs.
Deltas / Hydrology / Observation / Meteorological stations / River basins / Performance evaluation / Weather forecasting / Satellites / Precipitation / Rain
Record No:H049388
Performance of bias-correction schemes for CMORPH rainfall estimates in the Zambezi River BasinAuthor(s): Gumindoga, W.; Rientjes, T. H. M.; Haile, Alemseged Tamiru; Makurira, H.; Reggiani, P.
Published year: 2019.
Journal: Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Pages: 23(7):2915-2938
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Satellite rainfall estimates (SREs) are prone to bias as they are indirect derivatives of the visible, infrared, and/or microwave cloud properties, and hence SREs need correction. We evaluate the influence of elevation and distance from large-scale open water bodies on bias for Climate Prediction Center-MORPHing (CMORPH) rainfall estimates in the Zambezi basin. The effectiveness of five linear/non-linear and time–space-variant/-invariant bias-correction schemes was evaluated for daily rainfall estimates and climatic seasonality. The schemes used are spatio-temporal bias (STB), elevation zone bias (EZ), power transform (PT), distribution transformation (DT), and quantile mapping based on an empirical distribution (QME). We used daily time series (1998–2013) from 60 gauge stations and CMORPH SREs for the Zambezi basin. To evaluate the effectiveness of the bias-correction schemes spatial and temporal crossvalidation was applied based on eight stations and on the 1998–1999 CMORPH time series, respectively. For correction, STB and EZ schemes proved to be more effective in removing bias. STB improved the correlation coefficient and Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency by 50 % and 53 %, respectively, and reduced the root mean squared difference and relative bias by 25 % and 33 %, respectively. Paired t tests showed that there is no significant difference (p- q) plots. The spatial cross-validation approach revealed that most bias-correction schemes removed bias by gt;28 %. The temporal cross-validation approach showed effectiveness of the bias-correction schemes. Taylor diagrams show that station elevation has an influence on CMORPH performance. Effects of distance gt;10 km from large-scale open water bodies are minimal, whereas effects at shorter distances are indicated but are not conclusive for a lack of rain gauges. Findings of this study show the importance of applying bias correction to SREs.
Rain gauges / Meteorological stations / Weather forecasting / Water resources / River basins / Performance evaluation / Satellite observation / Estimation / Precipitation / Rainfall patterns
Record No:H049387
Assessing climate change and adaptive capacity at local scale using observed and remotely sensed dataAuthor(s): Mpandeli, S.; Nhamo, Luxon; Moeletsi, M.; Masupha, T.; Magidi, J.; Tshikolomo, K.; Liphadzi, S.; Naidoo, D.; Mabhaudhi, T.
Published year: 2019.
Journal: Weather and Climate Extremes Pages: 26:100240
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Climate variability and change impacts are manifesting through declining rainfall totals and increasing frequency and intensity of droughts, floods and heatwaves. These environmental changes are affecting mostly rural populations in developing countries due to low adaptive capacity and high reliance on natural systems for their livelihoods. While broad adaptation strategies exist, there is need to contextualise them to local scale. This paper assessed rainfall, temperature and water stress trends over time in Capricorn District, South Africa, using Standardized Precipitation Index, Thermal Heat Index, and Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) as a proxy of water stress. Observed rainfall and temperature data from 1960 to 2015 was used to assess climatic variations, and NDVI was used to assess water stress from 2000 to 2019. Results show a marked increase in drought frequency and intensity, decreasing rainfall totals accompanied by increasing temperatures, and increasing water stress during the summer season. Long-term climatic changes are a basis to develop tailor-made adaptation strategies. Eighty-one percent of the cropped area in Capricorn District is rainfed and under smallholder farming, exposing the district to climate change risks. As the intensity of climate change varies both in space and time, adaptation strategies also vary depending on exposure and intensity. A combination of observed and remotely sensed climatic data is vital in developing tailor-made adaptation strategies.
Vegetation index / Heat stress / Agricultural production / Farmers / Smallholders / Strategies / Risk reduction / Resilience / Water stress / Temperature / Rain / Drought / Remote sensing / Assessment / Climate change adaptation
Record No:H049413
Global experiences on waste processing with black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens): from technology to businessAuthor(s): Joly, Gabrielle; Nikiema, Josiane
Published year: 2019.
Publisher(s): Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE)
Pages: 62
Series: Resource Recovery and Reuse Series 16More... |
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Black soldier fly colonies can produce about 100 times more protein per year than chicken or soybeans, not to mention cattle, on the same area of land. The flies can directly feed on different types of organic wastes, leapfrogging closed loop processes within a circular food economy. Also, where no protein is needed, for example, to feed fish or pigs, the larvae can be processed into high-quality biodiesel. However, can this be done at scale? The answer is ‘Yes’. The report showcases some of the leading global businesses in Black Soldier Fly production.
Case studies / Markets / Business models / Public health / Social benefits / Legal aspects / Environmental effects / Costs / Economic value / Economic impact / Monitoring / Infrastructure / Energy conservation / Nutrients / Fertilizers / Organic wastes / Residues / Chitin / Biodiesel / Biofuels / Biomass / Feedstocks / Animal feeding / Lipid content / Harvesting / Yields / Pupae / Larvae / Breeding / Insect farming / Bioconversion / Life cycle / Hermetia illucens / Black soldier fly / Technology / Waste reduction / Waste treatment / Waste management / Reuse / Resource management / Resource recovery
Record No:H049395
Drought challenges: policy options for developing countriesAuthor(s): Mapedza, Everisto; Tsegai, D.; Bruntrup, M.; McLeman, R.
Published year: 2019.
Publisher(s): Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier
Pages: 363
Series: Current Directions in Water Scarcity Research Volume 2More...
Communities / Pastoralists / Rural areas / Social protection / Households / Living standards / SADC countries / Drylands / Semiarid zones / Indigenous knowledge / Conflicts / Migration / Farmers / Smallholders / Small scale farming / Gender / Impact assessment / Strategies / Rainwater harvesting / Sustainable land management / Forage / Livestock management / Crop insurance / Legumes / Maize / Intercropping / Nexus / Water scarcity / Energy / Food security / Forecasting / Remote sensing / Satellite observation / Monitoring / Resilience / Disaster preparedness / Early warning systems / Weather hazards / Adaptation / Climate change mitigation / Developing countries / Policies / Drought tolerance
Record No:H049366
Complex interactions between climate change, sanitation, and groundwater quality: a case study from Ramotswa, BotswanaAuthor(s): McGill, B. M.; Altchenko, Yvan; Hamilton, S. K.; Kenabatho, P. K.; Sylvester, S. R.; Villholth, Karen G.
Published year: 2019.
Journal: Hydrogeology Journal Pages: 27(3):997-1015
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Groundwater quantity and quality may be affected by climate change through intricate direct and indirect mechanisms. At the same time, population growth and rapid urbanization have made groundwater an increasingly important source of water for multiple uses around the world, including southern Africa. The present study investigates the coupled human and natural system (CHANS) linking climate, sanitation, and groundwater quality in Ramotswa, a rapidly growing peri-urban area in the semi-arid southeastern Botswana, which relies on the transboundary Ramotswa aquifer for water supply. Analysis of long-term rainfall records indicated that droughts like the one in 2013–2016 are increasing in likelihood in the area due to climate change. Key informant interviews showed that due to the drought, people increasingly used pit latrines rather than flush toilets. Nitrate, fecal coliforms, and caffeine analyses of Ramotswa groundwater revealed that human waste leaching from pit latrines is the likely source of nitrate pollution. The results in conjunction indicate critical indirect linkages between climate change, sanitation, groundwater quality, and water security in the area. Improved sanitation, groundwater protection and remediation, and local water treatment would enhance reliable access to water, de-couple the community from reliance on surface water and associated water shortage risks, and help prevent transboundary tension over the shared aquifer.
Case studies / Human wastes / Caffeine / Faecal coliforms / Pit latrines / Drought / Rainfall / Aquifers / Contamination / Denitrification / Nitrates / Environmental protection / Environmental factors / Ecological factors / Water pollution / Wastewater treatment / Monitoring / Drinking water / Water security / Water supply / Water quality / Groundwater management / Sanitation / Climate change
Record No:H049051
Dams and malaria in Africa: time for actionAuthor(s): International Water Management Institute (IWMI).
Published year: 2018.
Publisher(s): Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI)
Pages: 8
Series: IWMI Water Policy Brief 40More... |
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Slope / River basins / Disease control / Disease transmission / Irrigation / Sustainable Development Goals / Health hazards / Dam construction / Reservoir operation / Water management / Water security / Water level / Water storage / Malaria / Mosquito-borne diseases
Record No:H048781
Improving the accuracy of remotely sensed irrigated areas using post-classification enhancement through UAV [Unmanned Aerial Vehicle] capabilityAuthor(s): Nhamo, Luxon; van Dijk, R.; Magidi, J.; Wiberg, David; Tshikolomo, K.
Published year: 2018.
Journal: Remote Sensing Pages: 10(5):1-12. (Special issue: Remote Sensing for Crop Water Management)
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Although advances in remote sensing have enhanced mapping and monitoring of irrigated areas, producing accurate cropping information through satellite image classification remains elusive due to the complexity of landscapes, changes in reflectance of different land-covers, the remote sensing data selected, and image processing methods used, among others. This study extracted agricultural fields in the former homelands of Venda and Gazankulu in Limpopo Province, South Africa. Landsat 8 imageries for 2015 were used, applying the maximum likelihood supervised classifier to delineate the agricultural fields. The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) applied on Landsat imageries on the mapped fields during the dry season (July to August) was used to identify irrigated areas, because years of satellite data analysis suggest that healthy crop conditions during dry seasons are only possible with irrigation. Ground truth points totaling 137 were collected during fieldwork for pre-processing and accuracy assessment. An accuracy of 96% was achieved on the mapped agricultural fields, yet the irrigated area map produced an initial accuracy of only 71%. This study explains and improves the 29% error margin from the irrigated areas. Accuracy was enhanced through post-classification correction (PCC) using 74 post-classification points randomly selected from the 2015 irrigated area map. High resolution aerial photographs of the 74 sample fields were acquired by an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) to give a clearer picture of the irrigated fields. The analysis shows that mapped irrigated fields that presented anomalies included abandoned croplands that had green invasive alien species or abandoned fruit plantations that had high NDVI values. The PCC analysis improved irrigated area mapping accuracy from 71% to 95%.
Crops / Vegetation index / Farmland / Landsat / Satellite imagery / Land cover mapping / Land use mapping / Unmanned aerial vehicles / Remote sensing / Irrigated sites
Record No:H048752
Opportunities for building resilience and lessons for navigating risks: dams and the water energy food nexusAuthor(s): Matthews, N.; McCartney, Matthew
Published year: 2018.
Journal: Environmental Progress and Sustainable Energy Pages: 37(1):56-61
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DOI After a hiatus through the 1990s and the early part of this century, rising energy demand, new private sector financing options and countries pursuing food security, modernization and economic growth have spurred a new era of large dam development. Currently an estimated 3700 dams are planned or under construction globally (Zarfl et al., [2015] 77, 161–170). Many of the challenges faced in the context of the water-energy-food nexus are brought into sharp focus by large dam construction. Dams can safeguard food production, provide an important source of income and relatively cheap electricity, and can have direct and indirect benefits for poor people. Too often, however, they have created significant and poorly mitigated environmental and social costs (WCD, [2000] London: Earthscan Publications Ltd). Adverse impacts on ecosystem services caused by dam construction can have profound implications for the health, resilience and livelihoods of the poor. This article explores the challenges facing decision makers with regards to building resilience and navigating risk within the water-energy-food nexus and dams. It draws from two progressive case studies, one in Africa and one in Asia, to highlight lessons learned from nexus approaches including the need for meaningful participation, transparency in decision making, and valuing ecosystem services. The case studies examined contain relevant lessons for global agreements including the Sustainable Development Goals and the Paris Agreement because unlike the Millennium Development Goals, they are expected to address interlinkages and tradeoffs across the nexus. The implications of the increasing trend of public private partnerships to finance, build, and operate hydropower dams is discussed. The article concludes by demonstrating that although mitigating impacts across the nexus and social-ecological resilience presents challenges and requires overcoming complexity, the need to tackle these is greater than ever.
Case studies / Rivers / Flooding / Social impact / Environmental impact / Decision making / Income / Food security / Energy / Dam construction / Resilience / Ecosystem services / Hydropower
Record No:H048124
The water-energy-food nexus: climate risks and opportunities in southern AfricaAuthor(s): Nhamo, Luxon; Ndlela, B.; Nhemachena, Charles; Mabhaudhi, T.; Mpandeli, S.; Matchaya, Greenwell
Published year: 2018.
Journal: Water Pages: 10(5):1-18
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The discourse on the need for water, energy, and food security has dominated the development agenda of southern African countries, centred on improving livelihoods, building resilience, and regional integration. About 60% of the population in the Southern African Development Community (SADC) live in rural areas relying mainly on rainfed agriculture, lacking access to clean water and energy, yet the region is endowed with vast natural resources. The water-energy-food (WEF) nexus is a conceptual framework that presents opportunities for greater resource coordination, management, and policy convergence across sectors. This is particularly relevant in the SADC region as resources are transboundary and supports efforts linked to regional integration and inclusive socio-economic development and security. We conducted an appraisal of WEF-related policies and institutions in SADC and identified linkages among them. The present ‘silo’ approach in resource management and allocation, often conducted at the national level, contributes to the region’s failure to meet its development targets, exacerbating its vulnerabilities. The lack of coordination of WEF nexus synergies and trade-offs in planning often threatens the sustainability of development initiatives. We highlighted the importance of the WEF nexus to sustainably address the sectoral coordination of resources through harmonised institutions and policies, as well as setting targets and indicators to direct and monitor nexus developments. We illustrate the significance of the nexus in promoting inclusive development and transforming vulnerable communities into resilient societies. The study recommends a set of integrated assessment models to monitor and evaluate the implementation of WEF nexus targets. Going forward, we propose the adoption of a regional WEF nexus framework.
Assessment / Models / Policies / Institutions / Regional development / SADC countries / Agricultural production / Poverty / Living standards / Sustainable Development Goals / River basins / International waters / Resilience / Climate change / Nexus / Food security / Energy resources / Water availability / Water resources
Record No:H048729
Systematic evaluation of scenario assessments supporting sustainable integrated natural resources management: evidence from four case studies in AfricaAuthor(s): Reinhardt, J.; Liersch, S.; Abdeladhim, M. A.; Diallo, M.; Dickens, Chris; Fournet, S.; Hattermann, F. F.; Kabaseke, C.; Muhumuza, M.; Mul, Marloes L.; Pilz, T.; Otto, I. M.; Walz, A.
Published year: 2018.
Journal: Ecology and Society Pages: 23(1):1-34
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Scenarios have become a key tool for supporting sustainability research on regional and global change. In this study we evaluate four regional scenario assessments: first, to explore a number of research challenges related to sustainability science and, second, to contribute to sustainability research in the specific case studies. The four case studies used commonly applied scenario approaches that are (i) a story and simulation approach with stakeholder participation in the Oum Zessar watershed, Tunisia, (ii) a participatory scenario exploration in the Rwenzori region, Uganda, (iii) a model-based prepolicy study in the Inner Niger Delta, Mali, and (iv) a model coupling-based scenario analysis in upper Thukela basin, South Africa. The scenario assessments are evaluated against a set of known challenges in sustainability science, with each challenge represented by two indicators, complemented by a survey carried out on the perception of the scenario assessments within the case study regions. The results show that all types of scenario assessments address many sustainability challenges, but that the more complex ones based on story and simulation and model coupling are the most comprehensive. The study highlights the need to investigate abrupt system changes as well as governmental and political factors as important sources of uncertainty. For an in-depth analysis of these issues, the use of qualitative approaches and an active engagement of local stakeholders are suggested. Studying ecological thresholds for the regional scale is recommended to support research on regional sustainability. The evaluation of the scenario processes and outcomes by local researchers indicates the most transparent scenario assessments as the most useful. Focused, straightforward, yet iterative scenario assessments can be very relevant by contributing information to selected sustainability problems.
Case studies / Political aspects / River basins / Watersheds / Stakeholders / Assessment / Sustainability / Participatory research / Natural resources management
Record No:H048530
Measuring baseline agriculture-related sustainable development goals index for southern AfricaAuthor(s): Nhemachena, Charles; Matchaya, Greenwell; Nhemachena, C. R.; Karuaihe, S.; Muchara, B.; Nhlengethwa, Sibusiso
Published year: 2018.
Journal: Sustainability Pages: 10(3):1-16
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Sustainable development has become the main focus of the global development agenda as presented in the 2015 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). However, for countries to assess progress, they need to have reliable baseline indicators. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to develop a composite baseline index of the agriculture-related SDGs in Southern Africa to guide progress reporting. The paper identified eight of the SDG indicators related to the agriculture sector. The paper relies on data for indicators from five SDGs (SDGs 1, 2, 6, 7 and 15). Applying the arithmetic mean method of aggregation, an agriculture-related SDG composite index for Southern Africa between zero (0 = poor performance) and 100 (best possible performance) was computed for thirteen countries that had data on all identified indicators. The results show that the best performing countries (Botswana, Angola, Namibia, Zambia and South Africa) in the assessment recorded high scores in SDGs 1, 2 and 7. The three countries (Democratic Republic of Congo, Zimbabwe and Madagascar) that performed poorly on both SDG 1 and 2 also had the least scores on the overall agriculture-related SDG composite index. The water stress indicator for SDG 6 recorded the worst performance among most countries in the region. Possible approaches to improve the contribution of agriculture to SDGs may include investing more resources in priority areas for each agriculture-related SDG depending on baseline country conditions. The implementation, monitoring and evaluation of regional and continental commitments in the agriculture sector and the SDGs are critical for achievement of the targets at the national and local levels. While the methods employed are well-grounded in literature, data unavailability for some of the SDGs in some countries presented a limitation to the study, and future efforts should focus on collecting data for the other SDGs in order to permit a wider application.
Food security / Poverty / Agricultural policy / Agricultural sector / Agriculture / Sustainable Development Goals
Record No:H048613
Reflections on the Green Growth Index for developing countries: a focus of selected African countriesAuthor(s): Kararach, G.; Nhamo, G.; Mubila, M.; Nhamo, S.; Nhemachena, Charles; Babu, S.
Published year: 2018.
Journal: Development Policy Review Pages: 36(S1):O432-O454
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DOI This article presents a pilot and baseline African Green Growth Index (AGGI). The work is premised on the importance of Africa implementing green growth strategies. Baseline indicators allow countries to monitor progress towards green growth transition. The AGGI incorporates 48 indicators applied to 22 countries that had the requisite data. What emerges is that 18 out of the 22 African countries sampled scored 50 percentage points and above. The countries scoring below this threshold were: Egypt, Algeria, Nigeria and South Africa. The top five countries on the AGGI (as ranked from 1-5) were: Namibia, Zambia, Ghana, Tanzania and Togo. The authors recommend that for wider acceptance across the continent, the AGGI should work towards incorporating all 54 nations.
Governance / Gender / Environmental management / Resource management / Socioeconomic environment / Poverty / Economic aspects / Developing countries
Record No:H048611
A regional scale ecological risk framework for environmental flow evaluationsAuthor(s): O’Brien, G. C.; Dickens, Chris; Hines, E.; Wepener, V.; Stassen, R.; Landis, W. G.
Published year: 2018.
Journal: Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Pages: 22(2):957-975
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Recent developments in Environmental Flow (E-flow) frameworks advocate holistic, regional scale, probabilistic E-flow assessments that consider flow and non-flow drivers of change in socio-ecological context as best practice. Regional Scale ecological risk assessments of multiple sources, stressors and diverse ecosystems that address multiple social and ecological endpoints, have been undertaken internationally at different spatial scales using the relative-risk model since the mid 1990apos;s. With the recent incorporation of Bayesian belief networks into the relative-risk model, a robust regional scale ecological risk assessment approach is available that can contribute to achieving the best practice recommendations of E-flow frameworks. PROBFLO is a regional scale, holistic E-flow assessment method that incorporates the relative-risk model and Bayesian belief networks (BN-RRM) into a transparent probabilistic modelling tool that addresses uncertainty explicitly. PROBFLO has been developed to holistically evaluate the socio-ecological consequences of historical, current and future altered flows in the context of non-flow drivers and generate E-flow requirements on regional scales spatial scales. The approach has been implemented in two regional scale case studies in Africa where its flexibility and functionality has been demonstrated. In both case studies the evidence based outcomes facilitated informed environmental management decision making, in the context of social and ecological aspirations. This paper presents the PROBFLO approach as applied to the Senqu River catchment in Lesotho and further developments and application in the Mara River catchment in Kenya and Tanzania. The ten BN-RRM procedural steps incorporated in PROBFLO are demonstrated with examples from both case studies. Outcomes allowed stakeholders to consider sustainable social and ecological E-flow trade-offs between social and ecological endpoints. PROBFLO can be incorporated into adaptive management processes and contribute to the sustainable management of the use and protection of water resources.
Case studies / Uncertainty / Mapping / Stakeholders / Catchment areas / Decision making / Best practices / Water management / Water resources / Ecological factors / Risk assessment / Environmental management / Environmental sustainability / Environmental impact assessment / Environmental flows
Record No:H048063
Exploring ways to increase public investments in agricultural water management and irrigation for improved agricultural productivity in Southern AfricaAuthor(s): Nhemachena, Charles; Matchaya, Greenwell; Nhlengethwa, Sibusiso; Nhemachena, C. R.
Published year: 2018.
Journal: Water SA Pages: 44(3): 474-481
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This paper explores ways to increase public investments in agricultural water management and irrigation for improved agricultural productivity in Southern Africa, with a specific focus on Malawi, Mozambique and Zambia. The analysis was based on a critical review of literature and assessment of the national agricultural investment plans and agricultural/water policies in the study countries. Despite the potential to improve agricultural productivity, irrigation does not currently play a significant role in Southern African agriculture. There have been efforts and formal commitments at the continental, regional and country levels to promote investments in agricultural water management and irrigation to improve and sustain agricultural productivity. However, despite these commitments, actual implementation has been a challenge and the first 5 years of national agricultural investment plans have passed or are now coming to an end without much progress having been made regarding actual investments. Lack of adequate resources and institutional capacity have been some of the challenges affecting implementation of the investment plans to meet commitments in sustainable land and water management. Overall, as countries plan for the second phase of the CAADP programme, there are opportunities to ensure that investments in agricultural water management and irrigation and complementary technologies are prioritised and allocated adequate resources for implementation.
Subsistence / Rural areas / Farmers / Sustainability / Land management / Policy making / Food security / Natural resources management / Water storage / Water use efficiency / Water policy / Productivity / Irrigation management / Water management / Agriculture / Public investment
Record No:H049102
Commercial farmers’ strategies to control water resources in South Africa: an empirical view of reformAuthor(s): Mendez-Barrientos, L. E.; Kemerink, J. S.; Wester, P.; Molle, Francois
Published year: 2018.
Journal: International Journal of Water Resources Development Pages: 34(2):245-258
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DOI This article shows how large-scale commercial farmers, individually and collectively, are responding to land and water reform processes in the Thukela River basin, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. With a high degree of innovative agency, commercial farmers have effectively executed four strategies, enabling them to adapt and use their access to resources to neutralize multiple water reform efforts that once promised to be catalysts for inclusive change in the post-apartheid era. It is likely that policy alone will not facilitate the envisioned transformation, if local practices are not sufficiently understood and anticipated by the governmental officials charged with the implementation of water reform processes.
Reservoirs / Catchment areas / Domestic trade / Infrastructure / Irrigation water / Water user associations / Water rights / Legislation / Land reform / Water policy / Strategies / Farmers / Commercial farming / Water resources
Record No:H048575
Advances in groundwater governanceAuthor(s): Villholth Karen G.; Lopez-Gunn, E.; Conti, K.; Garrido, A.; Van Der Gun, J.
Published year: 2018.
Publisher(s): Leiden, Netherlands: CRC Press
Pages: 594
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Institutions / European Union / River basins / International waters / Surface water / Land management / Land use / Energy resources / Public health / Equity / Social aspects / Poverty / Capacity building / Education / Aquifers / Groundwater extraction / Groundwater management / Conflict / Cooperation / Incentives / Economic aspects / Collective action / Participatory management / Stakeholders / Legislation / Legal aspects / Sustainable Development Goals / Ecology / Water policy / Water resources / Water management / Water governance
Record No:H048538
Prospects for improving irrigated agriculture in Southern Africa: linking water, energy and foodAuthor(s): Mabhaudhi, T.; Mpandeli, S.; Nhamo, Luxon; Chimonyo, V. G. P.; Nhemachena, Charles; Senzanje, A.; Naidoo, D.; Modi, A. T.
Published year: 2018.
Journal: Water Pages: 10(12):1-16
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Increasing agricultural productivity has always been a prominent feature on the regional agenda due to a high incidence of food and nutrition insecurity. This review assessed the current status of irrigated agriculture in southern Africa from a water–energy–food (WEF) nexus perspective. Gaps and opportunities for improving irrigated agriculture within the context of the WEF nexus were also assessed in terms of the feasible limits to which they can be exploited. Southern Africa faces water scarcity, and climate projections show that member states will face increased physical and/or economic water scarcity by as early as 2025, which will have negative impacts on water, energy and food production. Recurrent droughts experienced across the region reaffirm the sensitive issues of food and energy insecurity as well as water scarcity. Projections of an increasing population within the region indicate increased water, energy and food demand. With agriculture already accounting for about 70% of water withdrawals, increasing the area under irrigation will place additional demand on already strained energy grids and scarce water resources. This poses the question—is increasing irrigated agriculture a solution to improving water access, food security and energy supply? While there are prospects for increasing the area under irrigation and subsequent improvement in agricultural productivity, adopting a WEF nexus approach in doing so would mitigate trade-offs and unintended consequences. Consideration of the WEF nexus in integrated resources planning and management eliminates the possibilities of transferring problems from one sector to other, as it manages synergies and trade-offs. While it is acknowledged that improving water productivity in irrigated agriculture could reduce water and energy use while increasing yield output, there is a need to decide how such savings would then be reallocated. Any intervention to increase the irrigated area should be done in the context of a WEF nexus analytical framework to guide policy and decision-making. Technical planning should evolve around the WEF nexus approach in setting targets, as WEF nexus indicators would reveal the performance and impact of proposed interventions on any of the three WEF nexus components.
Capacity building / Farmers / Smallholders / Dams / Infrastructure / Nexus / Energy resources / Water accounting / Water productivity / Food production / Food insecurity / Food security / Agriculture / Irrigated farming / Small scale farming / Farming systems
Record No:H049042
The North West dolomite aquifers, South Africa: a stalled opportunity for water security and developmentAuthor(s): Cobbing, J.
Published year: 2018.
Publisher(s): Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI)
Pages: 20
Series: Groundwater Solutions Initiative for Policy and Practice (GRIPP) Case Profile Series 03More... |
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The karst dolomite aquifers of the North West Province in South Africa are among the most important in the nation. They serve as key water sources for municipal water supply and irrigation, and are also ecologically important in supplying springs that feed important rivers. Over-abstraction and consequent falling groundwater levels jeopardize water supply security, with increasing costs and risks to sustainable development. Better aquifer and conjunctive water management would improve water supply security and lower costs, with wider benefits to many sectors. This GRIPP Case Profile discusses these challenges and management experiences through the examples of two representative North West dolomite aquifers - the Grootfontein and Steenkoppies aquifers. These aquifers are relatively well understood hydrogeologically, and modern South African water law mandates sustainable use. Yet, underperforming collaboration between stakeholders using and managing the aquifers at various levels, and poor support from the national authority have led to an entrenched suboptimal equilibrium where stakeholders are reluctant to change behavior, despite awareness of the negative outcomes. Neither prescriptive local nor top-down organization has been effective. The synthesis argues for prioritized input from a legally mandated and capacitated convening authority (the national Department of Water and Sanitation) to catalyze and support effective local stakeholder groups and other governance initiatives. It calls for a renewed effort by this convening authority and other stakeholders, emphasizing mutually beneficial or “win-win” outcomes.
Costs / Farmers / Stakeholders / Hydrogeology / Local authorities / Municipal authorities / Policy making / Regulations / Legal aspects / Public health / Dolomite / Water institutions / Water supply / Water quality / Water user associations / Water governance / Water resources development / Groundwater extraction / Groundwater level / Groundwater management / Aquifers
Record No:H048970
Climate change adaptation through the water-energy-food nexus in southern AfricaAuthor(s): Mpandeli, S.; Naidoo, D.; Mabhaudhi, T.; Nhemachena, Charles; Nhamo, Luxon; Liphadzi, S.; Hlahla, S.; Modi, A. T.
Published year: 2018.
Journal: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health Pages: 15(10):1-19
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Climate change is a complex and cross-cutting problem that needs an integrated and transformative systems approach to respond to the challenge. Current sectoral approaches to climate change adaptation initiatives often create imbalances and retard sustainable development. Regional and international literature on climate change adaptation opportunities and challenges applicable to southern Africa from a water-energy-food (WEF) nexus perspective was reviewed. Specifically, this review highlights climate change impacts on water, energy, and food resources in southern Africa, while exploring mitigation and adaptation opportunities. The review further recommends strategies to develop cross-sectoral sustainable measures aimed at building resilient communities. Regional WEF nexus related institutions and legal frameworks were also reviewed to relate the WEF nexus to policy. Southern Africa is witnessing an increased frequency and intensity in climate change-associated extreme weather events, causing water, food, and energy insecurity. A projected reduction of 20% in annual rainfall by 2080 in southern Africa will only increase the regional socio-economic challenges. This is exacerbating regional resource scarcities and vulnerabilities. It will also have direct and indirect impacts on nutrition, human well-being, and health. Reduced agricultural production, lack of access to clean water, sanitation, and clean, sustainable energy are the major areas of concern. The region is already experiencing an upsurge of vector borne diseases (malaria and dengue fever), and water and food-borne diseases (cholera and diarrhoea). What is clear is that climate change impacts are cross-sectoral and multidimensional, and therefore require cross-sectoral mitigation and adaptation approaches. In this regard, a wellcoordinated and integrated WEF nexus approach offers opportunities to build resilient systems, harmonise interventions, and mitigate trade-offs and hence improve sustainability. This would be achieved through greater resource mobilisation and coordination, policy convergence across sectors, and targeting nexus points in the landscape. The WEF nexus approach has potential to increase the resilience of marginalised communities in southern Africa by contributing towards attaining the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, and 13).
Hydropower / Nutrition / Economic aspects / Public health / Sanitation / Agricultural production / Communities / Sustainable development / Nexus / Food security / Food resources / Energy resources / Water management / Water resources / Climate change adaptation
Record No:H048960
Income growth, population and savings in the Southern Africa development community regionAuthor(s): Matchaya, Greenwell; Nhemachen, Charles; Nhlengenthwa, Sibusiso
Published year: 2018.
Journal: South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences Pages: 21(1):1-9
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Download Background: The Southern Africa Development Community (SADC) faces pervasive income stagnation, high inequality, increasing population growth rates and poverty. For example, despite that half of SADC countries are low middle income (as opposed to low income), high inequality implies that many people in the region still live in poverty. While literature is replete with theories linking low incomes to population growth and savings, empirical evidence is context specific and often mixed.; Aim: There is a dearth of strong empirical evidence that shows empirical linkages between population growth rates, incomes and savings in the SADC and this article aims to investigate these linkages. Specifically, the aim is to empirically understand the impact of population growth, savings and investment in human capital, on incomes.; Setting: We focus our investigation on the Southern Africa Development Community (SADC), which comprises 16 countries namely, Angola, Botswana, Namibia, Lesotho, Swaziland, South Africa, Malawi, Mozambique, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Tanzania, Democratic Republic of Congo, Madagascar, Mauritius, Seychelles and Comoros.; Methods: To achieve the goals of this study, we analyse data from 1977 to 2014 obtained from the World Bank databases and use ordinary least squares, fixed effects, random effects and Arellano-Bond dynamic panel-data estimation techniques to investigate the relationships between incomes, population growth and savings.; Results: Our findings support the existence of a negative relationship between high population growth rates and income per capita, as well as a positive relationship between capital accumulation (human capital), savings and income per capita growth. Shares of savings in relation to gross domestic product (GDP) of countries in the SADC stand at under 16% of GDP (compared to shares of over 30% in developed countries) and are particularly worrisome.; Conclusion: There is a case for a concerted effort by the SADC Member States to control population growth, encourage schooling and, further, encourage a ‘savings culture’ in order for the SADC region to achieve its aspirations of eradicating poverty and hunger as outlined in Agenda 2063 and even the Sustainable Development Goals.
Investment / Econometric models / Human capital / Savings / Poverty / Population growth / Income generation / Economic growth / Development programmes / Community development
Record No:H048959
A hybrid approach to decolonize formal water law in AfricaAuthor(s): van Koppen, Barbara; Schreiner, B.
Published year: 2018.
Publisher(s): Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI)
Pages: 45
Series: IWMI Research Report 173More... |
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In recent decades, many countries in sub-Saharan Africa have pursued national water permit systems, derived from the colonial era and reinforced by “global best practice.” These systems have proved logistically impossible to manage and have worsened inequality in water access. A new study conducted by the International Water Management Institute (IWMI) and Pegasys Institute, with support from the UK government, traces the origins of these systems, and describes their implementation and consequences for rural smallholders in five countries – Kenya, Malawi, South Africa, Uganda and Zimbabwe. The authors of this report propose a hybrid water use rights system to decolonize Africa’s water law, lighten the administrative burden on the state and make legal access to water more equitable. This would strengthen smallholder irrigation, which is vital for boosting Africa’s food production and making it more resilient in the face of worsening drought.
Marginalization / Equity / Small scale systems / Regulations / Political aspects / Rural population / Investment / Authorities / State intervention / Economic aspects / Colonialism / Water security / Water distribution / Water governance / Water policy / Water allocation / Water management / Water rights / Water use / Water users / Water resources / Water law / Customary law / Legal pluralism / Legislation
Record No:H048956
Joint ventures in the Flag Boshielo Irrigation Scheme, South Africa: a history of smallholders, states and businessAuthor(s): van Koppen, Barbara; Tapela, B. N.; Mapedza, Everisto
Published year: 2018.
Publisher(s): Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI)
Pages: 43
Series: IWMI Research Report 171More... |
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The report analyzes the changing tripartite constellations between South African black smallholders, the pre- and post-apartheid state, and the country’s large-scale agribusiness and irrigation industry. A recent mode of farming is the ‘joint venture’, in which smallholders hand over land and share in the net profits, while a strategic partner manages the cultivation with own inputs and equipment, and markets the output. With a focus on the 13 sub-schemes of the Flag Boshielo irrigation scheme in the former homeland of Lebowa (current Limpopo Province), the report analyzes the emergence of six joint ventures - the collapse of three and the troubled continuation of the other three. For the government’s support to joint ventures as one of the options of the revitalization of smallholder irrigation schemes in former homelands, it is recommended to ensure there is a robust bilateral contract between smallholders and the strategic partner, to strengthen land tenure arrangements, and to diversify irrigation technologies for women and men smallholders.
Accountability / Policy making / Cotton / Crop production / State intervention / Labour / Infrastructure / Food security / Water resources development / Contract farming / Public-private cooperation / Gender / Resettlement / Land ownership / Land tenure / Irrigated farming / Small scale systems / Agricultural policy / Farming systems / Agribusiness / Farmers / Smallholders / Irrigation schemes / Joint ventures
Record No:H048492
The Zambezi River Basin: water and sustainable developmentAuthor(s): Lautze, Jonathan; Phiri, Z.; Smakhtin, Vladimir; Saruchera, D.
Published year: 2017.
Publisher(s): Oxon, UK: Routledge - Earthscan
Pages: 255
Series: Earthscan Series on Major River Basins of the WorldMore...
Gender / Energy generation / Food production / Wetlands / Fisheries / Mining / Industrial development / Irrigation systems / Irrigated farming / Urbanization / Agriculture / Ecosystem services / Sustainable agriculture / Rainfall-runoff relationships / Evapotranspiration / Temperature / Drought / Flooding / Climate change / Economic aspects / Groundwater management / Wastewater treatment / International waters / Surface water / Water requirements / Water demand / Water security / Water reuse / Water quality / Water power / Water availability / Water use / Water resources / River basin management
Record No:H048269
Scaling up sustainable land management and restoration of degraded landAuthor(s): Thomas, R. J.; Reed, M.; Clifton, K.; Appadurai, A. N.; Mills, A. J.; Zucca, C.; Kodsi, E.; Sircely, J.; Haddad, F.; von Hagen, C.; Mapedza, Everisto; Wolderegay, K.; Shalander, K.; Bellon, M.; Le, Q. B.; Mabikke, S.; Alexander, S.; Leu, S.; Schlingloff, S.; Lala-Pritchard, T.; Mares, V.; Quiroz, R.
Published year: 2017.
Publisher(s): Bonn, Germany: United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification
Pages: 25
Series: Global Land Outlook Working PaperMore... |
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With current rates of land degradation reaching ten to twelve million ha per year, there is an urgent need to scale up and out successful, profitable and resource-efficient sustainable land management practices to maintain the health and resilience of the land that humans depend on. As much as 500 million out of two billion ha of degraded land, mainly in developing countries, have restoration potential, offering an immediate target for restoration and rehabilitation initiatives.1 In the past, piecemeal approaches to achieving sustainable land management have had limited impact. To achieve the ambitious goals of alleviating poverty, securing food and water supplies, and protecting the natural resource base, we need to recognize the inter-connectedness of the factors driving land degradation, so that solutions can be taken to scale, transforming management practices for millions of land users. An analysis of the critical barriers and incentives to achieve scaling up suggests that the most appropriate options should be selected through the involvement of stakeholders at all levels, from local to national and international. New incentives for land managers as well as the public and private sectors are required to achieve a land degradation-neutral world.
Case studies / Biodiversity / Highlands / Cost effectiveness analysis / Value chain / Economic aspects / Landscape / Farmland / Communities / Farmers / Incentives / Private sector / Policy making / Capacity building / Agroforestry / Stakeholders / Land degradation / Land management / Sustainable development
Record No:H048257
Zambezi river basinAuthor(s): McCartney, Mathew; Beilfuss, R.; Rebelo, Lisa-Maria
Published year: 2017.
Pages: pp.1243-1250
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Mangroves / Natural resources / Downstream / Upstream / Dams / Tourism / Livestock / Wetlands / Fisheries / Agriculture / Ecosystem services / Living standards / Hydrology / Biodiversity / River basin management
Record No:H048802
Smallholder irrigation schemes in the Limpopo Province, South AfricaAuthor(s): van Koppen, Barbara; Nhamo, Luxon; Cai, Xueliang; Gabriel, M. J.; Sekgala, M.; Shikwambana, S.; Tshikolomo, K.; Nevhutanda, S.; Matlala, B.; Manyama, D.
Published year: 2017.
Publisher(s): Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI)
Pages: 36
Series: IWMI Working Paper 174More... |
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A survey of 76 public smallholder irrigation schemes in the Limpopo Province was jointly conducted by the International Water Management Institute (IWMI), Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (DAFF), South Africa, and the Limpopo Department of Agriculture and Rural Development (LDARD), as part of the ‘Revitalization of Smallholder Irrigation in South Africa’ project. About one-third of those schemes was fully utilized; one-third partially utilized; and one-third not utilized in the winter of 2015; however, no single socioeconomic, physical, agronomic and marketing variable could explain these differences in utilization. Sale, mostly for informal markets, appeared the most important goal. Dilapidated infrastructure was the most important constraint cited by the farmers. The study recommends ways to overcome the build-neglect-rebuild syndrome, and to learn lessons from informal irrigation, which covers an area three to four times as large as public irrigation schemes in the province.
State intervention / Utilization / Farmers / Vegetables / Soils / Land ownership / Land tenure / Irrigated land / Poverty / Marketing / Farmland / Seasonal cropping / Rehabilitation / Infrastructure / Water quality / Water resources / Gender / Social aspects / Smallholders / Small scale systems / Irrigation schemes
Record No:H048142
Water security for productive economies: applying an assessment framework in southern AfricaAuthor(s): Holmatov, Bunyod; Lautze, Jonathan; Manthrithilake, Herath; Makin, Ian
Published year: 2017.
Journal: Physics and Chemistry of the Earth Pages: 100:258-269
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DOI Achieving water security has emerged as a major objective in Africa, yet an analytical or diagnostic framework for assessing water security in African countries is not known to exist. This paper applies one key dimension of the 2016 Asian Development Bankapos;s (ADB) Asian Water Development Outlook (AWDO) to assess levels of water security for productive economies in countries of the Southern African Development Community (SADC). Economic aspects of water security cover four areas: economic activities in the broad sense, agriculture, electricity, and industry. Water security in each area is measured through application of a set of indicators; results of indicator application are then aggregated to determine economic water security at a country-level. Results show that economic water security in SADC is greatest in the Seychelles and South Africa, and lowest in Madagascar and Malawi. Opportunities for strengthening economic water security in the majority of SADC countries exist through improving agricultural water productivity, strengthening resilience, and expanding sustainable electricity generation. More profoundly, this paper suggests that there is clear potential and utility in applying approaches used elsewhere to assess economic water security in southern Africa.
SADC countries / Indicators / Gross national product / Resilience / Drought / Water stress / Water supply / Water resources / Industrial uses / Electricity generation / Agricultural production / Economic aspects / Water productivity / Water security
Record No:H048773
Agricultural growth trends and outlook for LesothoAuthor(s): Nhemachena, Charles; Matchaya, Greenwell; Nhlengethwa, Sibusiso
Published year: 2017.
Publisher(s): Washington, DC, USA: International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI); Pretoria, South Africa: International Water Management Institute (IWMI)
Pages: 30
Series: ReSAKSS-SA Annual Trends and Outlook Report 2016More... |
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Development programmes / Arable land / Soils / Agroecological zones / Expenditure / Agricultural trade / Gross national product / Economic indicators / Equity / Poverty / Living standards / Socioeconomic environment / Climate change / Environmental effects / Agricultural productivity / Agricultural production / Performance evaluation / Agricultural sector / Agricultural development
Record No:H048751
Water-energy-food nexus: principles and practicesAuthor(s): Salam, P. A.; Shrestha, S.; Pandey, Vishnu Prasad; Anal, A. K.
Published year: 2017.
Publisher(s): NJ, USA: Wiley; Washington, USA: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
Pages: 252
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Case studies / Filtration / Riverbanks / Research institutions / Cultivation / Rice / Crop production / Carbon footprint / Climate change / Rural areas / River basins / International waters / International cooperation / Developing countries / Sustainable Development Goals / Policy making / Development policy / Nexus / Food security / Food resources / Energy resources / Water management / Water resources
Record No:H048731
Mapping irrigated areas in the Limpopo Province, South AfricaAuthor(s): Cai, Xueliang; Magidi, J.; Nhamo, Luxon; van Koppen, Barbara
Published year: 2017.
Publisher(s): Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI)
Pages: 37
Series: IWMI Working Paper 172More... |
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This report summarizes the findings of a collaborative effort to map and assess irrigated areas in the Limpopo Province, South Africa. The study was conducted by the International Water Management Institute (IWMI) in collaboration with the Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (DAFF) and the Limpopo Department of Agriculture and Rural Development (LDARD), as part of the DAFF-supported ‘Revitalization of irrigation in South Africa’ project. Based on a combination of Landsat and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) satellite data, previous irrigated area mapping exercises carried out by DAFF and three-field ground truthing (GT) surveys, a total of 1.6 million hectares (Mha) of cropland were identified, with 262,000 ha actually irrigated in the 2015 winter season. The study also found that only 29% of all land equipped with center pivots was actually irrigated.
Capacity building / Surveys / Smallholders / Irrigation operation / Developing countries / Food production / Winter crops / Seasonal cropping / Groundwater irrigation / Surface water / Water security / Water resources / Sustainable development / Mapping / Satellite imagery / Remote sensing / Land cover / Rainfed farming / Agricultural development / Cultivated land / Agricultural land / Irrigated land
Record No:H048084
Strengthening mutual accountability and performance in agriculture in Southern AfricaAuthor(s): Nhemachena, Charles; Matchaya, Greenwell; Nhlengethwa, Sibusiso
Published year: 2017.
Journal: South African Journal of Science Pages: 113(5/6):1-7
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We critically assessed experiences in the implementation of agricultural joint sector reviews in supporting mutual accountability in Southern Africa, focusing on the lessons learned, the challenges and recommendations for improvement. Empirical data were gathered from four countries that have implemented joint sector reviews: Malawi, Mozambique, Swaziland and Zambia. The results show that recent efforts to conduct joint sector review assessments in these countries have raised the quest for increased accountability for action and results. Despite progress to strengthen mutual accountability in the countries, monitoring and evaluation capacity remains a concern, especially at sub-national levels. The mutual accountability process and implementation of the agricultural joint sector review processes in the respective countries have come a long way in facilitating sector-wide engagement of stakeholders in planning, implementation and monitoring and evaluation of agricultural policies and programmes. These processes are critical to ensure effective implementation and realisation of development impacts of agricultural priorities in the national agricultural investment plans.
Financing / Monitoring / Implementation / Planning / Stakeholders / Accountability / Evaluation / Investment / Agricultural policy / Agricultural sector
Record No:H048610
Estimation of household income diversification in South Africa: a case study of three provincesAuthor(s): Mathebula, J.; Jonas, S.; Nhemachena, Charles
Published year: 2017.
Journal: South African Journal of Science Pages: 113(1/2):1-9
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We estimated household income diversification in settlement types of the poorest provinces in South Africa – the Eastern Cape, Limpopo and KwaZulu-Natal. We obtained data from the 2010/2011 Income and Expenditure Survey from Statistics South Africa and Wave 3 data from the National Income Dynamics Study. We used the number of income sources, the number of income earners and the Shannon Diversity Index to estimate income diversification in the study provinces. The results show that households in the traditional and urban formal areas diversified income sources to a greater extent than households in urban informal and rural formal settlements. The varied degrees of income diversification in the three provinces suggest that targeted policy initiatives aimed at enhancing household income are important in these provinces.
Case studies / Social aspects / Financing / Labour / Businesses / Economic aspects / Living standards / Poverty / Rural areas / Urban areas / Income / Households / Diversification
Record No:H047999
An analysis of the productivity and technical efficiency of smallholder irrigation in EthiopiaAuthor(s): Makombe, G.; Namara, R. E.; Awulachew, S. B.; Hagos, Fitsum; Kanjere, M.
Published year: 2017.
Journal: Water SA Pages: 43(1):48-57
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Agriculture is the mainstay of Ethiopia’s economy, contributing more than 40% to GDP and providing a livelihood to about 80% of the population. Agriculture is dominated by smallholders growing predominantly rainfed cereals, making economic performance dependent on rainfall availability. This study used the stochastic frontier production function to analyse the productivity and technical efficiency of 4 different agricultural production systems in Ethiopia; namely, irrigated seasonal farms on traditional irrigation systems, irrigated seasonal farms on modern communal irrigation systems, rainfed seasonal farms for farmers who have access to irrigation and rainfed seasonal farms for farmers who do not have access to irrigation. Simple random samples of farmers were selected from lists of farmers. The sample of farmers constituted 122 from the traditional irrigated sites, 281 from the modern communal irrigated sites and 350 from the control rainfed sites of farmers without access to irrigation. For those farmers, from both traditional and modern communal irrigation, who also had access to rainfed farms, their rainfed farms were included in the sample of rainfed with access to irrigation. This sample constituted 434 farmers. The marginal productivity of land on modern communal irrigation systems shows that this is the smallholder irrigation option that should be developed by the Government of Ethiopia. However, the marginal productivity of land in the ‘rainfed without access to irrigation’ category is higher than that of the traditional irrigated system. Thus additional developed land should be put under ‘rainfed without access to irrigation’ before it is put under traditional irrigation; otherwise it should be developed into modern communal irrigation. The average technical efficiency for the modern irrigated system was estimated to be about 71%, whereas this was estimated to be 78% for the ‘rainfed without access to irrigation’ system. There are potential gains to be realised in improving efficiency in these two systems.
Catchment areas / Climate change / Hydrology / Farmland / Living standards / Risk reduction / Remote sensing / Indigenous knowledge / Natural disasters / Households / Satellite imagery / Satellite observation / Floodplains
Record No:H047929
Living with floods – household perception and satellite observations in the Barotse floodplain, ZambiaAuthor(s): Cai, Xueliang; Haile, Alemseged Tamiru; Magidi, J.; Mapedza, Everisto; Nhamo, Luxon
Published year: 2017.
Journal: Physics and Chemistry of the Earth Pages: 100:278-286
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DOI The Barotse Floodplain, a designated Ramsar site, is home to thousands of indigenous people along with an extensive wetland ecosystem and food production system. Increasingly it is also a popular tourist destination with its annual Kuomboka festival which celebrates the relocation of the king and the Lozi people to higher ground before the onset of the ood season. This paper presents an integrated approach which cross validates and combines the oodplain residentsapos; perceptions about recent oods with information on ood inundation levels derived from satellite observations. Local residentsapos; surveys were conducted to assess farmers’ perception on the ooding patterns and the impact on their livelihoods. Further, a series of ood inundation maps from 1989 to 2014 generated from remotely sensed Landsat imagery were used to assess the recent patterns of oods. Results show that the oodplain has a population of 33 thousand living in 10,849 small permeant or temporary buildings with a total cropland area of 4976 ha. The oodplain hydrologyand ooding patterns have changed, con rmed by both surveys and satellite image analysis, due to catchment development and changing climate. The average annual inundated areas have increased from about 316 thousand ha in 1989e1998 to 488 thousand ha in 2005 e2014. As a result the inundated cropland and houses increased from 9% to 6% in 1989 to 73% and 47% in 2014, respectively. The timing of the oods has also changed with both delaying and early onset happening more frequently. These changes cause increasing dif culties in ood forecast and preparation using indigenous knowledge, therefore creating greater damages to crops, livestock, and houses. Current oodplain management system is inadequate and new interventions are needed to help manage the oods at a systematic manner.
Farmland / Satellite imagery / Satellite observation / Living standards / Households / Risk prevention / Remote sensing / Indigenous knowledge / Hydrology / Floodplains / Natural disasters
Record No:H047877
Improving gender equity in irrigation: application of a tool to promote learning and performance in Malawi and UzbekistanAuthor(s): Lefore, Nicole; Weight, Elizabeth; Mukhamedova, Nozilakhon
Published year: 2017.
Publisher(s): Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE)
Pages: 31
Series: WLE Research for Development (R4D) Learning Series 6More... |
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This paper provides a brief synthesis of research conducted on gender in irrigation, and the tools and frameworks used in the past to promote improvement for women in on-farm agricultural water management. It then presents results from the pilot of the Gender in Irrigation Learning and Improvement Tool (GILIT) in locations in Malawi and Uzbekistan in 2015. Through the results of the tool, the paper looks at benefit sharing between men and women farmers: (i) access to irrigation scheme resources (including information, for example, in the design phase; land, water and other inputs); (ii) participation in scheme management; and (iii) access to scheme benefits, including access to market information, packaging and payments. The indicators for the tool were modelled after principles reflected in existing gender policies and strategies, and intended to improve performance at field level in line with national and regional goals. The paper concludes with informal and formal constraints to gender-equitable outcomes from irrigation investments identified during the pilot, and suggests how the tool can be used by various development actors to improve the benefits for women from investments in agricultural water management.
State intervention / Decision making / Resource management / Stakeholders / Community involvement / Investment / Market access / Farmers / Water allocation / Water management / Productivity / Agricultural production / Agricultural extension / On-farm production / Assessment / Improvement / Participation / Irrigation schemes / Men / Women’s participation / Women / Performance evaluation / Training programmes / Learning / Gender equity / Research and development
Record No:H048368
Determining wetland spatial extent and seasonal variations of the inundated area using multispectral remote sensingAuthor(s): Nhamo, Luxon; Magidi, J.; Dickens, Chris
Published year: 2017.
Journal: Water SA Pages: 43(4):543-552
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Wetlands can only be well managed if their spatial location and extent are accurately documented, which presents a problem as wetland type and morphology are highly variable. Current efforts to delineate wetland extent are varied, resulting in a host of inconsistent and incomparable inventories. This study, done in the Witbank Dam Catchment in Mpumalanga Province of South Africa, explores a remote-sensing technique to delineate wetland extent and assesses the seasonal variations of the inundated area. The objective was to monitor the spatio-temporal changes of wetlands over time through remote sensing and GIS for effective wetland management. Multispectral satellite images, together with a digital elevation model (DEM), were used to delineate wetland extent. The seasonal variations of the inundated area were assessed through an analysis of monthly water indices derived from the normalised difference water index (NDWI). Landsat images and DEM were used to delineate wetland extent and MODIS images were used to assess seasonal variation of the inundated area. A time-series trend analysis on the delineated wetlands shows a declining tendency from 2000 to 2015, which could worsen in the coming few years if no remedial action is taken. Wetland area declined by 19% in the study area over the period under review. An analysis of NDWI indices on the wetland area showed that wetland inundated area is highly variable, exhibiting an increasing variability over time. An overlay of wetland area on cultivated land showed that 21% of the wetland area is subjected to cultivation which is a major contributing factor to wetland degradation.
Catchment areas / Dam construction / Ecosystems / Sustainable development / Satellite imagery / Multispectral imagery / Spatial planning / GIS / Remote sensing / Flooding / Wetlands
Record No:H048390
IntroductionAuthor(s): Phiri, Z.; Lautze, Jonathan; Smakhtin, Vladimir; Saruchera, D.
Published year: 2017.
Pages: pp.1-6
Series: Earthscan Series on Major River Basins of the WorldMore...
Sustainability / Agricultural production / Poverty / Riparian zones / Economic growth / River basin management
Record No:H048270
Water governance and collective action: multi-scale challengesAuthor(s): Suhardiman, Diana; Nicol, Alan; Mapedza, Everisto
Published year: 2017.
Publisher(s): Oxon, UK: Routledge - Earthscan
Pages: 190
Series: Earthscan Water TextMore... |
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River basin management / Cooperation / Mining / Gold / Lakes / Stakeholders / Peasant workers / Land ownership / Agriculture / Community involvement / Cooperatives / Groundwater / Watersheds / Dams / Political aspects / International waters / Water control / Water management / Water security / Water law / Collective action / Water governance
Record No:H048342
Achieving sustainable development goal 6 in the Zambezi River BasinAuthor(s): Guppy, L.; Qadir, M.; Lautze, Jonathan
Published year: 2017.
Pages: pp.234-248
Series: Earthscan Series on Major River Basins of the WorldMore...
Local communities / Freshwater / Water scarcity / Water reuse / Water pollution / Water quality / Sanitation / Drinking water / River basin management / Sustainable development
Record No:H048281
Water securityAuthor(s): Saruchera, D.; Lautze, Jonathan; Nhamo, Luxon; Holmatov, B.
Published year: 2017.
Pages: pp.215-233
Series: Earthscan Series on Major River Basins of the WorldMore...
Energy resources / Agriculture / Environmental flows / River basin management / Investment / Sanitation / Water requirements / Water use / Water supply / Water security
Record No:H048280
Transboundary water cooperation: taking stock and looking forwardAuthor(s): Saruchera, D.; Lautze, Jonathan; Mwale, J.; Chikozho, C.; Shela, O. N.
Published year: 2017.
Pages: pp.175-192
Series: Earthscan Series on Major River Basins of the WorldMore...
Intensification / Riparian zones / Capacity building / Economic growth / Water law / International waters / International cooperation
Record No:H048278
Urbanization, water quality and water reuseAuthor(s): Hanjra, Munir A.; Drechsel, Pay; Masundire, H. M.
Published year: 2017.
Pages: pp.158-174
Series: Earthscan Series on Major River Basins of the WorldMore...
Environmental health / Mining / Public health / Sanitation / Solid wastes / Waste disposal / Sustainable development / Environmental protection / Wastewater treatment / Human behaviour / Water reuse / Water quality / Water resources / Urbanization
Record No:H048277
Ecosystem services: opportunities and threatsAuthor(s): McCartney, Matthew; Nyambe, I. A.
Published year: 2017.
Pages: pp.125-157
Series: Earthscan Series on Major River Basins of the WorldMore...
Population growth / Wetlands / Cultural factors / Fisheries / Wetlands / Water use / Water resources / Poverty / Living standards / Climate change / Economic development / Riparian zones / Farmers / Ecosystem services
Record No:H048276
Climate change vulnerability and riskAuthor(s): Beilfuss, R. D.; Nhemachena, Charles
Published year: 2017.
Pages: pp.50-81
Series: Earthscan Series on Major River Basins of the WorldMore...
Institutional constraints / Environmental flows / Ecosystem services / Financial situation / Water power / Hydrological factors / Productivity / Agricultural production / Dam construction / Rainfall-runoff relationships / Precipitation / Evapotranspiration / Temperature / Climate change
Record No:H048273
Availability and use of water resourcesAuthor(s): Cai, X.; Altchenko, Yvan; Chavula, G.
Published year: 2017.
Pages: pp.7-28
Series: Earthscan Series on Major River Basins of the WorldMore...
Food security / Investment / Economic aspects / Climate change / Reservoir storage / Dams / Groundwater / Domestic water / Surface water / Water demand / Water supply / Water storage / Water use / Water availability / Water management / Water resources
Record No:H048271
Identifying opportunities to improve governance of aquatic agricultural systems through participatory action researchAuthor(s): Apgar, J. M.; Cohen, P. J.; Ratner, B. D.; de Silva, Sanjiv; Buisson, Marie-Charlotte; Longley, C.; Bastakoti, Ram C.; Mapedza, Everisto
Published year: 2017.
Journal: Ecology and Society Pages: 22(1):1-13
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Challenges of governance often constitute critical obstacles to efforts to equitably improve livelihoods in social-ecological systems. Yet, just as often, these challenges go unspoken, or are viewed as fixed parts of the context, beyond the scope of influence of agricultural, development, or natural resource management initiatives. What does it take to get governance obstacles and opportunities out in the open, creating the space for constructive dialogue and collective action that can help to address them? We respond to this question by comparing experiences of participatory action research (PAR) in coastal and floodplain systems in four countries (Zambia, Solomon Islands, Bangladesh, and Cambodia) with a focus on understanding how to build more equitable governance arrangements. We found that governance improvement was often an implicit or secondary objective of initiatives that initially sought to address more technical natural resource or livelihood-related development challenges. We argue that using PAR principles of ownership, equity, shared analysis, and feedback built trust and helped to identify and act upon opportunities to address more difficult-to-shift dimensions of governance particularly in terms of stakeholder representation, distribution of authority, and accountability. Our findings suggest that the engaged and embedded approach of researcher-facilitators can help move from identifying opportunities for governance change to supporting stakeholders as they build more equitable governance arrangements.
Ecological factors / Accountability / Stakeholders / Ownership / Living standards / Floodplains / Resource management / Authorities / Governance / Research / Collective action / Participatory approaches / Equity / Agricultural systems / Aquatic environment
Record No:H047980
Increasing productivity and improving livelihoods in aquatic agricultural systems: a review of interventionsAuthor(s): Joffre, O. M.; Castine, S. A.; Phillips, M. J.; Senaratna Sellamuttu, Sonali; Chandrabalan, D.; Cohen, P.
Published year: 2017.
Journal: Food Security Pages: 9(1):39-60
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DOI The doubling of global food demand by 2050 is driving resurgence in interventions for agricultural intensification. Globally, 700 million people are dependent on floodplain or coastal systems. Increased productivity in these aquatic agricultural systems is important for meeting current and future food demand. Agricultural intensification in aquatic agricultural systems has contributed to increased agricultural production, yet these increases have not necessarily resulted in broader development outcomes for those most in need. Here we review studies of interventions that have sought to improve productivity in aquatic agricultural systems in Bangladesh, Cambodia and Zambia. We review evidence of development outcomes from these interventions and the particular role of participatory approaches in intervention design and deployment. There was evidence of increases in productivity in 20 of the 31 studies reviewed. Yet, productivity was only measured beyond the life of the intervention in one case, income and food security improvements were rarely quantified, and the social distribution of benefits rarely described. Participatory approaches were employed in 15 studies, and there was some evidence that development outcomes were more substantial than in cases that were less participatory. To explore the impact of participatory approaches further, we examined five empirical cases. Review and empirical cases provide preliminary evidence suggesting participatory approaches contribute to ensuring agriculture and aquaculture interventions into aquatic agricultural systems may better fit local contexts, are sustained longer, and are more able to deliver development benefits to those most in need. A worthy focus of future research would be comparison between outcomes achieved from interventions with differing levels of participation, and the social differentiation of outcomes.
Case studies / Horticulture / Livestock / Rice / Fisheries / Community involvement / Floodplains / Intensification / Income / Participatory approaches / Nutrition / Food production / Food demand / Food security / Productivity / Living standards / Agricultural systems / Aquatic environment
Record No:H047944
Improving water sustainability and food security through increased crop water productivity in MalawiAuthor(s): Nhamo, Luxon; Mabhaudhi, T.; Magombeyi, Manuel
Published year: 2016.
Journal: Water Pages: 8(9):1-12
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Agriculture accounts for most of the renewable freshwater resource withdrawals in Malawi, yet food insecurity and water scarcity remain as major challenges. Despite Malawi’s vast water resources, climate change, coupled with increasing population and urbanisation are contributing to increasing water scarcity. Improving crop water productivity has been identified as a possible solution to water and food insecurity, by producing more food with less water, that is, to produce “more crop per drop”. This study evaluated crop water productivity from 2000 to 2013 by assessing crop evapotranspiration, crop production and agricultural gross domestic product (Ag GDP) contribution for Malawi. Improvements in crop water productivity were evidenced through improved crop production and productivity. These improvements were supported by increased irrigated area, along with improved agronomic practices. Crop water productivity increased by 33% overall from 2000 to 2013, resulting in an increase in maize production from 1.2 million metric tons to 3.6 million metric tons, translating to an average food surplus of 1.1 million metric tons. These developments have contributed to sustainable improved food and nutrition security in Malawi, which also avails more water for ecosystem functions and other competing economic sectors.
Smallholders / Irrigation systems / Rainfed farming / Maize / Urbanization / Population growth / Evapotranspiration / Agricultural production / Sustainability / Crop production / Freshwater / Water use / Water scarcity / Water productivity / Water management / Food security
Record No:H047747
An assessment of the impact of climate change on plant species richness through an analysis of the normalised difference water index (NDWI) in Mutirikwi Sub-catchment, ZimbabweAuthor(s): Chapungu, L.; Nhamo, Luxon
Published year: 2016.
Journal: South African Journal of Geomatics Pages: 5(2):244-268
More... This study assesses the effects of climate change on vegetative species diversity exploring the usefulness of the Normalised Difference Water Index (NDWI) in predicting spatio-temporal diversity variations. The relationship between species richness and climatic variables of rainfall and temperature is explored based on species data collected from the field over a 3 year period and climate data collected from four local weather stations. Relationship between NDWI and species diversity indices is examined to confirm the usefulness of Remote Sensing in predicting vegetative diversity. The resultant predictive model was used to estimate changes in species richness over a 27 year period (1987-2014). The species diversity data was then regressed with climatic data for the same period. The results show a significant (Plt;0.05) correlation between species diversity and the two climatic variables. The results also indicate that there is a significant positive (P=0.0001; a=0.05; R2=0.565) relationship between species richness and NDWI. This implies that the NDWI is essential when assessing changes in species diversity over time. The Mann Kendall test revealed a decrease, though not statistically significant, in the rainfall received within the catchment over the period and significant variability. The minimum and maximum temperatures over the period were significantly increasing. These changes in climate variables were matched with a decrease in species richness. Some species tend to be succumbing to the environmental changes influenced by climate change resulting in their changes in phenology, abundance and distribution.
Satellite imagery / Environmental impact / Vegetative period / Remote sensing / Meteorological stations / Temperature / Rainfall patterns / Catchment areas / Biodiversity / Species / Plants / Climate change
Record No:H047746
Estimating shallow groundwater availability in small catchments using streamflow recession and instream flow requirements of rivers in South AfricaAuthor(s): Ebrahim, Girma Y.; Villholth, Karen G.
Published year: 2016.
Journal: Journal of Hydrology Pages: 541:754-765
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Groundwater is an important resource for multiple uses in South Africa. Hence, setting limits to its sustainable abstraction while assuring basic human needs is required. Due to prevalent data scarcity related to groundwater replenishment, which is the traditional basis for estimating groundwater availability, the present article presents a novel method for determining allocatable groundwater in quaternary (fourth-order) catchments through information on streamflow. Using established methodologies for assessing baseflow, recession flow, and instream ecological flow requirement, the methodology develops a combined stepwise methodology to determine annual available groundwater storage volume using linear reservoir theory, essentially linking low flows proportionally to upstream groundwater storages. The approach was trialled for twenty-one perennial and relatively undisturbed catchments with long-term and reliable streamflow records. Using the Desktop Reserve Model, instream flow requirements necessary to meet the present ecological state of the streams were determined, and baseflows in excess of these flows were converted into a conservative estimates of allocatable groundwater storages on an annual basis. Results show that groundwater development potential exists in fourteen of the catchments, with upper limits to allocatable groundwater volumes (including present uses) ranging from 0.02 to 3.54 × 106 m3 a-1 (0.10–11.83 mm a-1) per catchment. With a secured availability of these volume 75% of the years, variability between years is assumed to be manageable. A significant (R2 = 0.88) correlation between baseflow index and the drainage time scale for the catchments underscores the physical basis of the methodology and also enables the reduction of the procedure by one step, omitting recession flow analysis. The method serves as an important complementary tool for the assessment of the groundwater part of the Reserve and the Groundwater Resource Directed Measures in South Africa and could be adapted and applied elsewhere.
Uncertainty / Time series analysis / Ecological factors / Rain / Drainage / Hydrogeology / Recharge / Aquifers / Models / Stream flow / Rivers / Catchment areas / Water storage / Water allocation / Water availability / Groundwater assessment
Record No:H047700
The impact of investment in smallholder irrigation schemes on irrigation expansion and crop productivity in MalawiAuthor(s): Nhamo, Luxon; Matchaya, Greenwell; Nhemachena, Charles; van Koppen, Barbara
Published year: 2016.
Journal: African Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics Pages: 11(2):141-153
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Reliance on rainfall for agriculture and increased climate change and variability pose growing production risks in developing countries. Agriculture in Sub-Saharan Africa is dominated by smallholder farmers who depend mainly on rain-fed agriculture, putting food security at both household and national levels at risk, especially in the event of drought. Investment in smallholder irrigation becomes a priority in developing countries if food security and national development goals are to be met, as their economies are agro-based. This study evaluates the impact of investment in smallholder irrigation schemes in Malawi on improving crop production and productivity in comparison with rain-fed agriculture. The area under smallholder irrigation schemes increased from 15 988 ha in 2003 to about 42 986 ha in 2011, contributing immensely to national food production. Irrigated maize production increased from 78 159 tons in 2000 to 544 378 tons in 2013.
Impact assessment / Nutrition / Irrigated land / Rice / Maize / Households / Food security / Drought / Climate change / Water resources / Agriculture / Rainfed farming / Farmers / Smallholders / Investment / Crop production / Irrigation systems / Irrigation schemes
Record No:H047598
Southern Africa’s water-energy nexus: towards regional integration and developmentAuthor(s): Mabhaudhi, T.; Mpandeli, S.; Madhlopa, A.; Modi, A. T.; Backeberg, G.; Nhamo, Luxon
Published year: 2016.
Journal: Water Pages: 8(6):1-21
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The Southern African Development Community’s (SADC) water and energy sectors are under increasing pressure due to population growth and agricultural and industrial development. Climate change is also negatively impacting on the region’s water and energy resources. As the majority of SADC’s population lives in poverty, regional development and integration are underpinned by water and energy security as the watercourses in the region are transboundary in nature. This paper reviews the region’s water and energy resources and recommends policies based on the water–energy nexus approach. This is achieved by reviewing literature on water and energy resources as well as policy issues. Water resources governance provides a strong case to create a water–energy nexus platform to support regional planning and integration as SADC countries share similar climatic and hydrological conditions. However, there has been a gap between water and energy sector planning in terms of policy alignment and technical convergence. These challenges hinder national policies on delivering economic and social development goals, as well as constraining the regional goal of greater integration. Regional objectives on sustainable energy and access to clean water for all can only be achieved through the recognition of the water–energy nexus, championed in an integrated and sustainable manner. A coordinated regional water–energy nexus approach stimulates economic growth, alleviates poverty and reduces high unemployment rates. The shared nature of water and energy resources requires far more transboundary water–energy nexus studies to be done in the context of regional integration and policy formulation.
Population growth / Riparian zones / Economic development / Poverty / River basins / International waters / Water requirements / Water supply / Water scarcity / Watercourses / Agriculture / Energy generation / Energy resources / Water resources / Regional development / Sustainable development / Policy making
Record No:H047590
Institutional arrangements for the use of treated effluent in irrigation, western Cape, South AfricaAuthor(s): Saldias, C.; Speelman, S.; van Koppen, Barbara; van Huylenbroeck, G.
Published year: 2016.
Journal: International Journal of Water Resources Development Pages: 32(2):203-218
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Wastewater is increasingly regarded as a valuable resource, but to fully and safely exploit the potential, sound institutional arrangements governing its reuse are crucial. This article presents a case study of a self-managed irrigation scheme in Western Cape, South Africa, that uses treated effluent directly, formally and safely. By applying the Institutional Analysis and Development framework, the variables within the context, action arena and patterns of interaction that have enabled this outcome are systematically identified and evaluated. Key variables include: water scarcity; an effective policy and regulatory framework; public pollution prevention awareness; self-organization; and capital-intensive water use linked to profitable markets.
Case studies / Sustainability / Equity / Farmers / Water policy / Water scarcity / Irrigation schemes / Institutional development / Financing / Wastewater irrigation / Water reuse / Wastewater treatment
Record No:H047064
Decentralised water governance in Zimbabwe: disorder within orderAuthor(s): Mapedza, Everisto; Manzungu, E.; Rosen, T.; Ncube, P.; van Koppen, Barbara
Published year: 2016.
Journal: Water Resources and Rural Development Pages: 8:1-11
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DOI The Decentralised Water reform process in Zimbabwe has largely been informed by the Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) process based on the 1992 Dublin Principles onWater. The attempt to reform one sector (water), under the IWRM rubric, when other key sectors are in disarray (agriculture, energy) and when social and government institutions, in general, are not functioning as they should, made it more complicated. The decentralised water reform process, with support from a number of donors, was perceived to be a technical process which would result in better water management in Zimbabwe. The research in Zimbabwe, however, shows that instead of establishing order within the water sector, the reform process has largely been disorderly since it downplays the political nature of the water reform process. In attempting to change the water legislation, the reform brought out the different and competing interests on water. The economic crisis, the contested land reform process that ensued, resulted in disorder which benefited those who are politically connected. This paper contributes to the scholarship on the need to have a better political economy approach to development interventions such as water reform as they have to play out in political, social and economic contexts which will impact on human livelihoods.
Catchment areas / Water users / Water management / Water resources / Integrated management / Social aspects / Economic aspects / Political aspects / Land reform / Decentralization / Water governance
Record No:H047587
Joint venture schemes in Limpopo Province and their outcomes on smallholder farmers livelihoodsAuthor(s): Mapedza, Everisto; van Koppen, Barbara; Sithole, P.; Bourblanc, M.
Published year: 2016.
Journal: Physics and Chemistry of the Earth Pages: 92:92-98
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DOI Joint Venture schemes based on the floppy irrigation technology are being promoted in the post-Apartheid South Africaapos;s Limpopo Province. Access to land and water resources in South Africa are largely viewed as a mechanism for re-dressing the Apartheid injustices. This research was part of a broader applied research to help inform irrigation practise in the Limpopo Province. The research used literature review, key informant interviews and a questionnaire survey. The overall research question sought to understand how the Joint Venture Schemes had benefited the smallholder farmers. This paper argues that the joint venture partnership created a new injustice. Firstly, the Joint Venture Scheme design is fundamentally a bad idea which disempower farmers not only to water access but also land as well. The choice of the ‘efficient’ floppy irrigation technology was made by the state and entailed that land had to be managed as a single unit. In order to make more effective use of this highly sophisticated new technology, the smallholder farmers also needed to go into a joint venture partnership with a white commercial farmer. By virtue of signing the Joint Venture agreement the farmers were also forfeiting their land and water rights to be used for crop production. The smallholder farmers lost access to their water and land resources and were largely relegated to sharing profits – when they exist - with hardly any skills development despite what was initially envisaged in the Joint Venture partnership. Secondly, the implementation of the JVS has been skewed from the start which explains the bad results. This paper further shows how the negative outcomes affected women in particular. As the smallholder farmers argue the technological options chosen by the state have excluded both male and female farmers from accessing and utilising their land and water resources in order to improve their livelihoods; it has entrenched the role of the state and the private interests at the expense of the smallholder male and female farmers in whose name the irrigation funding was justified. The paper concludes by offering recommendations on how joint venture schemes can be genuinely participatory and meaningfully address the rural livelihoods.
Sustainability / Multiple use / Water use / Water resources / Land resources / Female labour / Male labour / Gender / Sprinkler irrigation / Irrigation schemes / Living standards / Smallholders
Record No:H047393
Managing change to implement integrated urban water management in African citiesAuthor(s): Bahri, A.; Brikke, F.; Vairavamoorthy, Kalanithy
Published year: 2016.
Journal: Aquatic Procedia Pages: 6:3-14
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With increasing pressures from global changes (urbanization, climate change, etc.), cities in Africa will experience difficulties in efficiently managing water resources. Most of the urbanization in Africa over the next 30 years will occur in fast-growing small towns that lack mature infrastructure. This offers a unique opportunity to implement innovative solutions based on integrated urban water management (IUWM). While IUWM approaches have been widely reported in the literature, their application has been limited. This paper describes the African Water Facility’s experience in applying the approach to three projects, in the Seychelles, Zimbabwe and Democratic Republic of Congo, which illustrate the types of challenges faced in different institutional frameworks and contexts (such as islands, a small town and a megacity). The paper identifies the critical issues for improving uptake and scaling up, including strong leadership, the commitment of government and the institutions involved, and a formal programme of capacity building and technical assistance.
Case studies / Project planning / Stakeholders / Institutional development / Climate change / Population growth / Urbanization / Infrastructure / Water governance / Sustainability / Water security / Water use / Sanitation / Drinking water / Water supply / Approaches / Integrated management / Urban areas / Water management
Record No:H048031
Factors influencing the effectiveness of productivity-enhancing interventions: an assessment of selected programsAuthor(s): Karugia, J.; Massawe, S.; Guthiga, P.; Ogada, M.; Nwafor, M.; Chilonda, Pius; Musaba, E.
Published year: 2016.
Pages: pp.247-333
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Case studies / Capacity building / Farmers / Gender / Policy / Political aspects / Local government / Farming systems / Investment / Financial situation / Partnerships / Group approaches / Leadership / Community involvement / Environmental sustainability / Performance indexes / Performance evaluation / Program effectiveness / Development projects / Intervention / Productivity / Agricultural production
Record No:H048032
Agricultural growth trends and outlook for Southern Africa: promoting agricultural trade to enhance resilience in Southern AfricaAuthor(s): Matchaya, Greenwell; Nhlengethwa, Sibusiso; Nhemachena, Charles
Published year: 2016.
Publisher(s): Washington, DC, USA: International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI); Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI)
Pages: 84
Series: ReSAKSS-SA Annual Trends and Outlook Report 2013More... |
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Poverty / Socioeconomic environment / Cereal products / Drought / Production costs / Market information services / Food prices / Trade liberalization / Community development / Economic indicators / Agricultural products / Agricultural trade / Agricultural budgets / Agricultural policy / Agricultural development
Record No:H047998
Initial effects of fertilization and canopy management on flowering and seed and oil yields of Jatropha curcas L. in MalawiAuthor(s): Negussie, A.; Achten, W. M. J.; Norgrove, L.; Mekuria, Wolde; Hadgu, K. M.; De Both, G.; Leroy, B.; Hermy, M.; Muys, B.
Published year: 2016.
Journal: BioEnergy Research Pages: 9:1231-1240
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DOI Appropriate canopy management, including planting density and pruning, and application of fertilizer may increase flowering success and seed and oil yields of Jatropha curcasL.Twofieldexperimentswereperformedfrom2009to 2011 in Balaka, Malawi, to assess the effect of planting density and pruning regime and single fertilizer application (N, P, and K) on male and female flower number and seed and oil yields of J. curcas. Planting density influenced flower sex ratio and female flower number. Branch pruning treatments did not influence the flower sex ratio but reduced seed and final oil yield by 55 % in the following year. It is claimed that J.curcas can be grown on soils with low nutrient content, but this study revealed that yield was low for non-fertilized trees. WeobservedhigherseedandoilyieldsathigherNapplication rates(upto20342%seedand20445%oilyieldincrease) compared with the non-fertilized control. The study suggests thatcurrentlyusedheavypruningpracticeisnotrecommended for J.curcas cultivation, although it needs further longer term investigation. Applying nitrogen fertilizer is effective in increasing yield.
Soil sampling / Spacing / Planting / Pruning implements / Agronomic practices / Agronomy / Bioenergy / Biofuels / Jatropha curcas / Oilseeds / Seed production / Flowering / Canopy / Inorganic fertilizers / Nitrogen fertilizers / Fertilization / Fertilizer application
Record No:H047879
Watershed moments: a photographic anthology celebrating 30 years of research for a water-secure world (1985–2015 and beyond)Author(s): International Water Management Institute (IWMI).
Published year: 2016.
Publisher(s): Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI)
Pages: 96
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Dams / Rural communities / Food security / Urbanization / Rain / Environmental effects / Soils / Equity / s participation / Womenapos / Gender / Floodplains / Households / Living standards / River basins / Farmers / Pumps / Sprinkler irrigation / Irrigation systems / Multiple use / Wastewater / Groundwater / Water security / Water governance / Water reuse / Water quality / Water balance / Water use / Water management / Water resources / Watersheds / Sustainable agriculture
Record No:H047829
Prospects for improving irrigated agriculture in southern Africa – linking water, energy and foodAuthor(s): Mabhaudhi, T.; Mpandeli, S.; Chimonyo, V. G. P.; Nhamo, Luxon; Backeberg, G.; Modi, A. T.
Published year: 2016.
Pages: 10
More... Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) faces high incidence of food and nutrition insecurity. Consequently, increasing agricultural productivity has always featured prominently on regional agenda. The Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme’s (CAADP) set a target to expand the area under irrigation by at least 5 million ha by 2025. This review assessed the current status of irrigated agriculture in SSA from a water–energy–food nexus perspective, focusing on southern Africa. Gaps and opportunities for improving irrigated agriculture were also assessed in terms of the feasible limits to which they can be exploited. Sub-Saharan Africa faces water scarcity and projections show that countries in SSA will face increased physical and / or economic water scarcity by 2025. However, with agriculture already accounting for more than 60% of water withdrawals, increasing area under irrigation could worsen the problem of water scarcity. Recurrent droughts experienced across SSA reaffirm the sensitive issue of food insecurity and water scarcity. The region also faces energy insecurity with most countries experiencing chronic power outages. Increasing area under irrigation will place additional demand on the already strained energy grids. Projections of an increasing population within SSA indicate increased food and energy demand; a growing middle class also adds to increasing food demand. This poses the question - is increasing irrigated agriculture a solution to water scarcity, food insecurity and energy shortages? This review recommends that, whilst there are prospects for increasing area under irrigation and subsequent agricultural productivity, technical planning should adopt a water–energy–food nexus approach to setting targets. Improving water productivity in irrigated agriculture could reduce water and energy use while increasing yield output.
Capacity building / Farmers / Smallholders / Dam construction / Infrastructure / Energy consumption / Energy demand / Nutritional losses / Water use efficiency / Water scarcity / Water productivity / Food production / Food insecurity / Food security / Cultivated land / Rainfed farming / Agriculture / Irrigated farming / Small scale farming / Farming systems
Record No:H047846
Business models for fecal sludge managementAuthor(s): Rao, Krishna C.; Kvarnstrom, E.; Di Mario, L.; Drechsel, Pay
Published year: 2016.
Publisher(s): Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE)
Pages: 80
Series: Resource Recovery and Reuse Series 06More... |