Economist – Agricultural Water Management
Office: IWMI – Southern Africa
Email: m.hanjra (at) cgiar.org
Expertise:
Water and food security, Pro-poor intervention, Wastewater economics, Water-food-energy nexus, Water and climate adaptations.
Before IWMI:
(Content pending)
Languages:
(Content pending)
More Info
Recent Publications
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Projects
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All Publications
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Drechsel, Pay; Otoo, Miriam; Hanjra, Munir A. 2022. Resource recovery from wastewater and the consumer point of view: social, cultural and economic aspects. In Pikaar, I.; Guest, J.; Ganigue, R.; Jensen, P.; Rabaey, K.; Seviour, T.; Trimmer, J.; van der Kolk, O.; Vaneeckhaute, C.; Verstraete, W. (Eds.). Resource recovery from water: principles and application. London, UK: IWA Publishing. pp.383-414. [DOI]
Fulltext (2.63 MB)
Fulltext (2.63 MB)
Marketing / Financial analysis / Awareness / Women / Gender / Sanitation / Phosphorus / Organic matter / Nutrients / Recycling / Drinking water / Water use / Risk / Health hazards / Water reuse / Economic aspects / Cultural factors / Social aspects / Wastewater treatment / Wastewater aquaculture / Wastewater irrigation / Resource recovery
Record No:H050912
Record No:H050912
Hanjra, Munir A.; Williams, Timothy O. 2020. Global change and investments in smallholder irrigation for food and nutrition security in Sub-Saharan Africa. In Gomez y Paloma, S.; Riesgo, L.; Louhichi, K. (Eds.). The role of smallholder farms in food and nutrition security. Cham, Switzerland: Springer. pp.99-131. [DOI]
Fulltext (640 KB)
Fulltext (640 KB)
Investments in irrigation contribute to poverty reduction and enhance food security. This paper considers irrigation investments more broadly in the context of rural–urban linkages and thus examines rural irrigation schemes and peri-urban and urban agriculture using freshwater, groundwater and wastewater. We present case studies from East, West and Southern Africa, while focusing on the imperative of smallholders and of food security and nutrition. Evidence from Big Data and telecoupling show that, amid global change and sustainability issues, irrigation development strengthens connections between humans and nature with notable benefits to food security. Transforming investments to feed the future generation require priority investments in irrigation, solar energy for groundwater pumping, groundwater development policy, and integration of peri-urban and urban agriculture into food systems. Equally important will be no-regret interventions in wastewater reuse, water storage and groundwater buffer, micro-irrigation, and wholesale reconfiguration of farming systems, through anticipatory investments, to safeguard food security and sustainability into the distant future.
Sustainability / Groundwater development / Surface water / Solar energy / Water policy / Water reuse / Wastewater irrigation / Public-private partnerships / Business models / Poverty / Small scale systems / Intensification / Peri-urban agriculture / Urban agriculture / Rural urban relations / Public investment / Irrigation schemes / Smallholders / Nutrition security / Food security
Record No:H049733
Record No:H049733
Drechsel, Pay; Hanjra, Munir A. 2018. Wastewater for agriculture, forestry and aquaculture - Section iv. In Otoo, Miriam; Drechsel, Pay (Eds.). Resource recovery from waste: business models for energy, nutrient and water reuse in low- and middle-income countries. Oxon, UK: Routledge - Earthscan. pp.548-774.
Fulltext (6.99 MB)
Fulltext (6.99 MB)
Case studies / Aquifers / Downstream / Urban areas / Deltas / Domestic water / Farmers / Freshwater / Private investment / Private sector / Health hazards / Carbon dioxide / Emission reduction / Greenhouse gases / Hydropower / Municipal wastes / Partnerships / Public-private cooperation / Fish feeding / Risk reduction / Semiarid zones / Arid regions / Deserts / Household wastes / Suburban areas / Environmental impact assessment / Socioeconomic environment / Waste water treatment plants / State intervention / Sanitation / Solid wastes / Household wastes / Sewage sludge / Market economies / Industrial wastewater / Composting / Water reuse / Fruit products / Wood production / Supply chain / Cost recovery / Resource recovery / Business models / Aquaculture / Forestry / Agriculture / Wastewater irrigation / Wastewater treatment
Record No:H048676
Record No:H048676
Drechsel, Pay; Otoo, Miriam; Rao, Krishna C.; Hanjra, Munir A. 2018. Business models for a circular economy: introduction - Section I. In Otoo, Miriam; Drechsel, Pay (Eds.). Resource recovery from waste: business models for energy, nutrient and water reuse in low- and middle-income countries. Oxon, UK: Routledge - Earthscan. pp.4-31.
Fulltext (3.63 MB)
Fulltext (3.63 MB)
Equity / Social aspects / Food chains / Risk management / Sustainable Development Goals / Environmental health / Environmental management / Organic matter / Nutrients / Resource recovery / Sanitation / Waste management / Economic aspects / Models / Business management
Record No:H048697
Record No:H048697
Hanjra, Munir A.; Rao, Krishna C.; Danso, G. K.; Amerasinghe, Priyanie; Drechsel, Pay. 2018. Wastewater as a commodity driving change - Business Model 23. In Otoo, Miriam; Drechsel, Pay (Eds.). Resource recovery from waste: business models for energy, nutrient and water reuse in low- and middle-income countries. Oxon, UK: Routledge - Earthscan. pp.745-759.
Fulltext (1.16 MB)
Fulltext (1.16 MB)
Risk reduction / Health hazards / Environmental impact assessment / Supply chain / Market economies / Business models / Household wastes / Domestic consumption / Wastewater irrigation / Wastewater treatment
Record No:H048693
Record No:H048693
Hanjra, Munir A.; Drechsel, Pay. 2018. Cities as their own downstream user (Towards managed aquifer recharge) - Case Study. In Otoo, Miriam; Drechsel, Pay (Eds.). Resource recovery from waste: business models for energy, nutrient and water reuse in low- and middle-income countries. Oxon, UK: Routledge - Earthscan. pp.720-732.
Fulltext (984 KB)
Fulltext (984 KB)
Health hazards / Risk reduction / Environmental impact assessment / Water reuse / Water management / Supply chain / Business models / Agriculture / Domestic consumption / Wastewater treatment / Groundwater recharge / Aquifers / Downstream
Record No:H048691
Record No:H048691
Drechsel, Pay; Hanjra, Munir A. 2018. Inter-sectoral water exchange - Business Model 20. In Otoo, Miriam; Drechsel, Pay (Eds.). Resource recovery from waste: business models for energy, nutrient and water reuse in low- and middle-income countries. Oxon, UK: Routledge - Earthscan. pp.691-697.
Fulltext (932 KB)
Fulltext (932 KB)
Health hazards / Environmental impact assessment / Risk reduction / Supply chain / Business models / Industrial uses / Domestic consumption / Wastewater treatment / Water availability
Record No:H048688
Record No:H048688
Drechsel, Pay; Danso, G. K.; Hanjra, Munir A. 2018. Flexible wastewater-freshwater swap (Llobregat delta, Spain) - Case Study. In Otoo, Miriam; Drechsel, Pay (Eds.). Resource recovery from waste: business models for energy, nutrient and water reuse in low- and middle-income countries. Oxon, UK: Routledge - Earthscan. pp.679-690.
Fulltext (1.17 MB)
Fulltext (1.17 MB)
Case studies / Supply chain / Market economies / Business models / Water reuse / Water supply / Water management / Water resources / Integrated management / Farmers / Deltas / Freshwater / Wastewater treatment
Record No:H048687
Record No:H048687
Danso, G. K.; Hanjra, Munir A.; Drechsel, Pay. 2018. Fixed wastewater-freshwater swap (Mashhad Plain, Iran) - Case Study. In Otoo, Miriam; Drechsel, Pay (Eds.). Resource recovery from waste: business models for energy, nutrient and water reuse in low- and middle-income countries. Oxon, UK: Routledge - Earthscan. pp.670-678.
Fulltext (1.12 MB)
Fulltext (1.12 MB)
Case studies / Supply chain / Business models / Water rights / Water scarcity / Urban areas / Freshwater / Wastewater treatment
Record No:H048686
Record No:H048686
Drechsel, Pay; Danso, G. K.; Hanjra, Munir A. 2018. Viability gap funding (As Samra, Jordan) - Case Study. In Otoo, Miriam; Drechsel, Pay (Eds.). Resource recovery from waste: business models for energy, nutrient and water reuse in low- and middle-income countries. Oxon, UK: Routledge - Earthscan. pp.642-655.
Fulltext (1.19 MB)
Fulltext (1.19 MB)
Case studies / Environmental impact / Socioeconomic environment / Supply chain / Business models / Market economies / Emission reduction / Carbon dioxide / Biogas / Hydropower / Wastewater treatment
Record No:H048684
Record No:H048684
Drechsel, Pay; Hanjra, Munir A. 2018. Leapfrogging the value chain through aquaculture - Business Model 18. In Otoo, Miriam; Drechsel, Pay (Eds.). Resource recovery from waste: business models for energy, nutrient and water reuse in low- and middle-income countries. Oxon, UK: Routledge - Earthscan. pp.631-638.
Fulltext (976 KB)
Fulltext (976 KB)
Environmental impact assessment / Health hazards / Risk reduction / Business models / Wastewater treatment / Household wastes / Aquaculture / Supply chain
Record No:H048683
Record No:H048683
Drechsel, Pay; Skillicorn, P.; Buijs, J.; Hanjra, Munir A. 2018. Wastewater for the production of fish feed (Bangladesh) - Case Study. In Otoo, Miriam; Drechsel, Pay (Eds.). Resource recovery from waste: business models for energy, nutrient and water reuse in low- and middle-income countries. Oxon, UK: Routledge - Earthscan. pp.606-616.
Fulltext (1.03 MB)
Fulltext (1.03 MB)
Case study / Socioeconomic environment / Supply chain / Business models / Market economies / Cultivation / Crop production / Sewage / Fish culture / Fish feeding / Wastewater treatment
Record No:H048681
Record No:H048681
Drechsel, Pay; Hanjra, Munir A. 2018. Wastewater for greening the desert - Business Models 17. In Otoo, Miriam; Drechsel, Pay (Eds.). Resource recovery from waste: business models for energy, nutrient and water reuse in low- and middle-income countries. Oxon, UK: Routledge - Earthscan. pp.595-603.
Fulltext (940 KB)
Fulltext (940 KB)
Agroforestry / Health hazards / Environmental impact assessment / Risk reduction / Cost recovery / Forestry / Agriculture / Biofuels / Household wastes / Sewerage / Supply chain / Business models / Deserts / Wastewater treatment
Record No:H048680
Record No:H048680
Drechsel, Pay; Hanjra, Munir A. 2018. Suburban wastewater treatment designed for reuse and replication (Morocco) - Case Study. In Otoo, Miriam; Drechsel, Pay (Eds.). Resource recovery from waste: business models for energy, nutrient and water reuse in low- and middle-income countries. Oxon, UK: Routledge - Earthscan. pp.584-594.
Fulltext (0.98 MB)
Fulltext (0.98 MB)
Case studies / Environmental impact / Supply chain / Business models / Market economies / Organic fertilizers / Household wastes / Suburban areas / Water reuse / Wastewater irrigation / Waste water treatment plants / Wastewater treatment
Record No:H048679
Record No:H048679
Drechsel, Pay; Hanjra, Munir A. 2018. Wastewater and biosolids for fruit trees (Tunisia) - Case Study. In Otoo, Miriam; Drechsel, Pay (Eds.). Resource recovery from waste: business models for energy, nutrient and water reuse in low- and middle-income countries. Oxon, UK: Routledge - Earthscan. pp.569-583
Fulltext (1.37 MB)
Fulltext (1.37 MB)
Case studies / Environmental impact / Health hazards / Waste water treatment plants / Supply chain / Resource recovery / Business models / Market economies / Cost recovery / Water reuse / Sanitation / Household wastes / Fruit products / Solid wastes / Wastewater treatment
Record No:H048678
Record No:H048678
Drechsel, Pay; Hanjra, Munir A. 2018. Wastewater for fruit and wood production (Egypt) - Case Study. In Otoo, Miriam; Drechsel, Pay (Eds.). Resource recovery from waste: business models for energy, nutrient and water reuse in low- and middle-income countries. Oxon, UK: Routledge - Earthscan. pp.556-568.
Fulltext (1.20 MB)
Fulltext (1.20 MB)
Case studies / Environmental impact / Socioeconomic environment / Suplly chain / Business models / Market economies / Cost recovery / Household wastes / Composting / Industrial wastewater / Fruit products / Wood production
Record No:H048677
Record No:H048677
Drechsel, Pay; Hanjra, Munir A. 2018. Wastewater for agriculture, forestry and aquaculture: an overview of presented business cases and models. In Otoo, Miriam; Drechsel, Pay (Eds.). Resource recovery from waste: business models for energy, nutrient and water reuse in low- and middle-income countries. Oxon, UK: Routledge - Earthscan. pp.548-552.
Fulltext (800 KB)
Fulltext (800 KB)
Case studies / Resource recovery / Supply chain / Water quality / Business models / Aquaculture / Forestry / Agriculture / Wastewater irrigation / Wastewater treatment
Record No:H048725
Record No:H048725
Drechsel, Pay; Danso, G. K.; Hanjra, Munir A. 2018. Phosphorus recovery from wastewater at scale - Business Model 16. In Otoo, Miriam; Drechsel, Pay (Eds.). Resource recovery from waste: business models for energy, nutrient and water reuse in low- and middle-income countries. Oxon, UK: Routledge - Earthscan. pp.538-546.
Fulltext (932 KB)
Fulltext (932 KB)
Environmental impact assessment / Health hazards / Risk reduction / Supply chain / Business models / Sewage / Wastewater treatment / Wastewater / Phosphorus / Resource recovery
Record No:H048675
Record No:H048675
Otoo, Miriam; Hanjra, Munir A. 2018. Compost production for sustainable sanitation service delivery - Business Model 14. In Otoo, Miriam; Drechsel, Pay (Eds.). Resource recovery from waste: business models for energy, nutrient and water reuse in low- and middle-income countries. Oxon, UK: Routledge - Earthscan. pp.496-507.
Fulltext (1.00 MB)
Fulltext (1.00 MB)
Risk reduction / Organic fertilizers / Supply chain / Business models / Sustainability / Sanitation / Composting / Waste management
Record No:H048671
Record No:H048671
Otoo, Miriam; Hanjra, Munir A. 2018. Nutrient recovery from own agro-industrial waste - Business Model 13. In Otoo, Miriam; Drechsel, Pay (Eds.). Resource recovery from waste: business models for energy, nutrient and water reuse in low- and middle-income countries. Oxon, UK: Routledge - Earthscan. pp.478-486.
Fulltext (932 KB)
Fulltext (932 KB)
Risk reduction / Supply chain / Business models / Nutrients / Industrial wastes / Agricultural waste management / Resource recovery
Record No:H048669
Record No:H048669
Otoo, Miriam; Hanjra, Munir A. 2018. Large-scale composting for revenue generation - Business Model 12. In Otoo, Miriam; Drechsel, Pay (Eds.). Resource recovery from waste: business models for energy, nutrient and water reuse in low- and middle-income countries. Oxon, UK: Routledge - Earthscan. pp.434-446.
Fulltext (1.14 MB)
Fulltext (1.14 MB)
Drechsel, Pay; Otoo, Miriam; Rao, Krishna C.; Hanjra, Munir A. 2018. Business models for a circular economy: linking waste management and sanitation with agriculture. In Otoo, Miriam; Drechsel, Pay (Eds.). Resource recovery from waste: business models for energy, nutrient and water reuse in low- and middle-income countries. Oxon, UK: Routledge - Earthscan. pp.4-15.
Fulltext (1.34 MB)
Fulltext (1.34 MB)
Energy management / Sustainable Development Goals / Agroindustrial sector / Environmental health / Food chains / Organic wastes / Organic matter / Nutrients / Resource recovery / Sanitation / Waste management / Economic aspects / Models / Business management
Record No:H048623
Record No:H048623
Otoo, Miriam; Hanjra, Munir A. 2018. Subsidy-free community-based composting - Business Model 11. In Otoo, Miriam; Drechsel, Pay (Eds.). Resource recovery from waste: business models for energy, nutrient and water reuse in low- and middle-income countries. Oxon, UK: Routledge - Earthscan. pp.371-380.
Fulltext (988 KB)
Fulltext (988 KB)
Risk reduction / Supply chain / Solid wastes / Municipal wastes / Composting / Community development / Subsidies / Business models
Record No:H048659
Record No:H048659
Hanjra, Munir A.; Otoo, Miriam. 2018. Partially subsidized composting at district level - Business Model 10. In Otoo, Miriam; Drechsel, Pay (Eds.). Resource recovery from waste: business models for energy, nutrient and water reuse in low- and middle-income countries. Oxon, UK: Routledge - Earthscan. pp.351-361.
Fulltext (0.97 MB)
Fulltext (0.97 MB)
Health hazards / Risk reduction / Carbon credits / Partnerships / Public-private cooperation / Supply chain / Business models / Subsidies / Composting / Faecal sludge / Solid wastes / Municipal authorities /
Municipal wastes
Record No:H048657
Record No:H048657
Otoo, Miriam; Gebrezgabher, Solomie; Drechsel, Pay; Rao, Krishna C.; Fernando, Sudarshana; Pradhan, S. K.; Hanjra, Munir A.; Qadir, M.; Winkler, M. 2018. Defining and analyzing RRR business cases and models. In Otoo, Miriam; Drechsel, Pay (Eds.). Resource recovery from waste: business models for energy, nutrient and water reuse in low- and middle-income countries. Oxon, UK: Routledge - Earthscan. pp.17-31.
Fulltext (0.99 MB)
Fulltext (0.99 MB)
Environmental impact assessment / Health hazards / Risk reduction / Cost recovery / Public sector / Private sector / Energy recovery / Organic matter / Nutrients / Water reuse / Financing / Wastewater treatment / Waste management / Assessment / Case studies / Models / Business management / Resource recovery
Record No:H048624
Record No:H048624
Hanjra, Munir A.; Wichelns, D.; Drechsel, Pay. 2018. Investing in water management in rural and urban landscapes to achieve and sustain global food security. In Zeunert, J.; Waterman. T. (Eds.). Routledge handbook of landscape and food. Routledge: Oxon, UK. pp.278-295.
Groundwater / Periurban agriculture / Urban agriculture / Sustainable agriculture / Nutrients / Resource recovery / Wastewater treatment / Saline water / Waterlogging / Water harvesting / Rainwater / Downstream / Upstream / Developing countries / Climate change / Investment / Food production / Food security / Landscape / Urban areas / Rural areas / Water use / Water resources / Water security / Water management
Record No:H048532
Record No:H048532
Hanjra, Munir A.; Lydecker, M.; Drechsel, Pay; Paul, Johannes. 2018. Rural-urban food and nutrient dynamics and nutrient recovery from waste in developing countries. In Zeunert, J.; Waterman. T. (Eds.). Routledge handbook of landscape and food. Routledge: Oxon, UK. pp.344-365.
Policy making / Sanitation / Organic matter / Landscape / Faecal sludge / Solid wastes / Food production / Food security / Nutrients / Urban areas / Rural areas / Resource recovery / Wastewater irrigation / Waste management / Developing countries
Record No:H048533
Record No:H048533
Rao, Krishna C.; Otoo, Miriam; Drechsel, Pay; Hanjra, Munir A. 2017. Resource recovery and reuse as an incentive for a more viable sanitation service chain. Water Alternatives,
10(2):493-512.
Fulltext (1.33 MB)
10(2):493-512.
Fulltext (1.33 MB)
Recovering nutrients, water and energy from domestic waste streams, including wastewater and faecal sludge, is slowly gaining momentum in low-income countries. Resource recovery and reuse (RRR) offers value beyond environmental benefits through cost recovery. An expected game changer in sanitation service provision is a business model where benefits accrued via RRR can support upstream sanitation services despite the multitude of private and public stakeholders involved from waste collection to treatment. This paper shows options of how resource recovery and reuse can be an incentive for the sustainable sanitation service chain, by recovering costs where revenue can feed back internally or using generated revenues from reuse to fill financial gaps across the service chain to complement other supporting mechanisms for making waste management more attractive.
Organic matter / Composting / Waste disposal / Pit latrines / Excreta / Stakeholders / Public sector / Private sector / Nutrients / Wastewater treatment / Waste treatment / Cost recovery / Business management / Faecal sludge / Incentives / Public health / Sanitation / Resource recovery
Record No:H048169
Record No:H048169
Hanjra, Munir A.; Drechsel, Pay; Masundire, H. M. 2017. Urbanization, water quality and water reuse. In Lautze, Jonathan; Phiri, Z.; Smakhtin, Vladimir; Saruchera, D. (Eds.). 2017. The Zambezi River Basin: water and sustainable development. Oxon, UK: Routledge - Earthscan. pp.158-174. (Earthscan Series on Major River Basins of the World)
Environmental health / Mining / Public health / Sanitation / Solid wastes / Waste disposal / Sustainable development / Environmental protection / Wastewater treatment / Human behaviour / Water reuse / Water quality / Water resources / Urbanization
Record No:H048277
Record No:H048277
Mayer, B. K.; Baker, L. A.; Boyer, T. H.; Drechsel, Pay; Gifford, M.; Hanjra, Munir A. 2016. Total value of phosphorus recovery. Environmental Science amp; Technology,
50(13):6606-6620. [DOI]
Fulltext (3.33 MB)
50(13):6606-6620. [DOI]
Fulltext (3.33 MB)
Phosphorus (P) is a critical, geographically concentrated, nonrenewable resource necessary to support global food production. In excess (e.g., due to runoff or wastewater discharges), P is also a primary cause of eutrophication. To reconcile the simultaneous shortage and overabundance of P, lost P flows must be recovered and reused, alongside improvements in P-use efficiency. While this motivation is increasingly being recognized, little P recovery is practiced today, as recovered P generally cannot compete with the relatively low cost of mined P. Therefore, P is often captured to prevent its release into the environment without beneficial recovery and reuse. However, additional incentives for P recovery emerge when accounting for the total value of P recovery. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the range of benefits of recovering P from waste streams, i.e., the total value of recovering P. This approach accounts for P products, as well as other assets that are associated with P and can be recovered in parallel, such as energy, nitrogen, metals and minerals, and water. Additionally, P recovery provides valuable services to society and the environment by protecting and improving environmental quality, enhancing efficiency of waste treatment facilities, and improving food security and social equity. The needs to make P recovery a reality are also discussed, including business models, bottlenecks, and policy and education strategies.
Urban wastes / Environmental effects / Fertilizers / Equity / Social aspects / Minerals / Heavy metals / Water quality / Water reuse / Water pollution / Eutrophication / Waste water treatment plants / Food security / Food production / Renewable energy / Phosphorus / Resource recovery
Record No:H047624
Record No:H047624
Drechsel, Pay; Hanjra, Munir A. 2016. Green opportunities for urban sanitation challenges through energy, water and nutrient recovery. In Dodds, F.; Bartram, J. (Eds.). The water, food, energy and climate nexus: challenges and an agenda for action. Oxon, UK: Routledge - Earthscan. pp.204-218.
Metabolism / Drinking water / Water footprint / Water reuse / Freshwater / Wastewater treatment / Sanitation / Urban areas / Water management / Energy management / Nutrients / Resource recovery
Record No:H047567
Record No:H047567
Pavelic, Paul; Brindha, Karthikeyan; Amarnath, Giriraj; Eriyagama, Nishadi; Muthuwatta, Lal; Smakhtin, Vladimir; Gangopadhyay, Prasun K.; Malik, Ravinder Paul Singh; Mishra, Atmaram; Sharma, Bharat R.; Hanjra, Munir A.; Reddy, R. V.; Mishra, V. K.; Verma, C. L.; Kant, L. 2015. Controlling floods and droughts through underground storage: from concept to pilot implementation in the Ganges River Basin. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI) 33p. (IWMI Research Report 165) [DOI]
Fulltext (1 MB)
Fulltext (1 MB)
The concept of ‘Underground Taming of Floods for Irrigation’ (UTFI) is introduced as an approach for co-managing floods and droughts at the river basin scale. UTFI involves strategic recharge of aquifers upstream during periods of high flow, thereby preventing local and downstream flooding, and simultaneously providing additional groundwater for irrigation during the dry season for livelihood improvement. Three key stages in moving UTFI from the concept stage to mainstream implementation are discussed. An analysis of prospects in the Ganges River Basin are revealed from the earliest stage of mapping of suitability at the watershed level through to the latest stages of identifying and setting up the first pilot trial in the Upper Ganges, where a comprehensive evaluation is under way. If UTFI can be verified then there is enormous potential to apply it to address climate change adaptation/mitigation and disaster risk reduction challenges globally.
Case studies / Impact assessment / Disaster risk reduction / Flow discharge / Subsurface runof / Underground storage / Water resources / Water storage / Groundwater irrigation / Groundwater recharge / Groundwater depletion / Corporate culture / Cost benefit analysis / Economic aspects / River basins / Drought / Floodplains / Flood irrigation / Flood control / Climate change
Record No:H047460
Record No:H047460
Hanjra, Munir A.; Drechsel, Pay; Wichelns, D.; Qadir, Manzoor. 2015. Transforming urban wastewater into an economic asset: opportunities and challenges. In Drechsel, Pay; Qadir, Manzoor; Wichelns, D. (Eds.). Wastewater: economic asset in an urbanizing world. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer. pp.271-278.
Urbanization / Markets / Economic aspects / Water reuse / Wastewater / Urban wastes / Resource management
Record No:H046971
Record No:H046971
Otoo, Miriam; Drechsel, Pay; Hanjra, Munir A. 2015. Business models and economic approaches for nutrient recovery from wastewater and fecal sludge. In Drechsel, Pay; Qadir, Manzoor; Wichelns, D. (Eds.). Wastewater: economic asset in an urbanizing world. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer. pp.247-268.
Sanitation / Private sector / Organic fertilizers / Organic matter / Composting / Nitrogen / Phosphorus / Water reuse / Wastewater treatment / Sewage sludge / Feaces / Nutrients / Cost benefit analysis / Economic aspects / Models / Business management
Record No:H046970
Record No:H046970
Rao, Krishna; Hanjra, Munir A.; Drechsel, Pay; Danso, G. 2015. Business models and economic approaches supporting water reuse. In Drechsel, Pay; Qadir, Manzoor; Wichelns, D. (Eds.). Wastewater: economic asset in an urbanizing world. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer. pp.195-216.
Irrigation / Resource management / Industrial uses / Water quality / Drinking water / Water reuse / Wastewater treatment / Institutions / Private sector / Cost benefit analysis / Economic aspects / Models / Business management
Record No:H046968
Record No:H046968
Gebrezgabher, Solomie; Rao, Krishna; Hanjra, Munir A.; Hernandez-Sancho, F. 2015. Business models and economic approaches for recovering energy from wastewater and fecal sludge. In Drechsel, Pay; Qadir, Manzoor; Wichelns, D. (Eds.). Wastewater: economic asset in an urbanizing world. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer. pp.217-245.
Developing countries / Sanitation / Private sector / Methane / Biogas / Wastewater treatment / Sewage sludge / Feaces / Energy generation / Energy management / Resource management / Investment / Cost benefit analysis / Economic aspects / Models / Business management
Record No:H046969
Record No:H046969
Hanjra, Munir A.; Drechsel, Pay; Mateo-Sagasta, Javier; Otoo, Miriam; Hernandez-Sancho, F. 2015. Assessing the finance and economics of resource recovery and reuse solutions across scales. In Drechsel, Pay; Qadir, Manzoor; Wichelns, D. (Eds.). Wastewater: economic asset in an urbanizing world. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer. pp.113-136.
Natural resources management / Poverty / Food security / Nutrients / Renewable energy / Health hazards / Public health / Cost benefit analysis / Finance / Economic analysis / Water reuse / Wastewater treatment / Resource management
Record No:H046964
Record No:H046964
Qadir, Manzoor; Mateo-Sagasta, Javier; Jimenez, B.; Siebe, C.; Siemens, J.; Hanjra, Munir A. 2015. Environmental risks and cost-effective risk management in wastewater use systems. In Drechsel, Pay; Qadir, Manzoor; Wichelns, D. (Eds.). Wastewater: economic asset in an urbanizing world. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer. pp.55-72.
Nutrients / Pollutants / Salinity / Semimetals / Metals / On-farm research / Water quality / Agriculture / Water use / Wastewater irrigation / Wastewater treatment / Cost benefit analysis / Risk management / Environmental impact assessment
Record No:H046961
Record No:H046961
Zhang, F.; Hanjra, Munir A.; Hua, F.; Shu, Yunqiao; Li, Y. 2014. Analysis of climate variability in the Manas River Valley, North-Western China (1956–2006). Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change,
19(7):1091-1107. [DOI]
19(7):1091-1107. [DOI]
This paper examines the short-run climate variability (change in the levels of temperature and precipitation) with a focus on the Manas River Valley, North-Western China, over the past 50 years (1956 to 2006) using data collected from four meteorological stations. The results show that the annual mean temperature had a positive trend, with temperature increasing at 0.4 C per decade. Application of the Mann-Kendall test revealed that the overall positive trend became statistically significant at the p = 0.95 level only after 1988. The increase in temperature was most marked in winter and spring (0.8 and 0.7 C per decade, respectively), absent in summer and very small in autumn (0.1 C per decade). Concerning precipitation, our results indicate a negative but not significant trend for the period between 1956 and 1982, while annual total precipitation tended to increase thereafter and the increase was mainly during the crop growing-season. Concerning variability in temperature and precipitation, the characteristic time scales were identified by application of wavelet analysis. For temperature the quasi-decadal variations were found on time scales between approximately 5 and 15 years, with a peak in wavelet variance on a time scale of 9 years. For precipitation, the most striking features were a precipitation increase (6.7 mm per decade) during the crop growing season. Irregularities and abrupt changes in both temperature and precipitation were more common at scales less than 10 years, indicating the complexity and uncertainty in the short-period climate variability. Possible causes of climate variability in the Manas River Valley may include anthropogenic factors such as intensive human activity and the expansion of both farmland and irrigation. Global climate variability might also have some impacts on the local climate variability; analyses of local and regional climate trends can better inform local adaptation actions for global impacts.
Irrigation / Water policy / Crop production / Farmland / Land policies / Land use / Regression analysis / Precipitation / Temperature / Valleys / Rivers / Climate change
Record No:H046022
Record No:H046022
Lautze, Jonathan; Hanjra, Munir A. 2014. Water scarcity. In Lautze, Jonathan (Ed.). Key concepts in water resource management: a review and critical evaluation. Oxon, UK: Routledge - Earthscan. pp.7-24. (Earthscan Water Text)
Natural resources / Water stress / Water use / Water demand / Indicators / Water scarcity
Record No:H046516
Record No:H046516
Jackson, T.; Hanjra, Munir A. 2014. Energy, water and food: exploring links in irrigated cropping systems. In Bundschuh, J.; Chen, G. (Eds.). Sustainable energy solutions in agriculture. Vol 8. Boca Raton, FL, USA: CRC Press. pp.171-193
Case studies / Surface water / Fertilizers / Pumping / Irrigated farming / Irrigation systems / On-farm consumption / Energy generation / Energy consumption / Water conservation / Water use / Crop production / Cropping systems
Record No:H046379
Record No:H046379
Abro, Z. A.; Alemu, B. A.; Hanjra, Munir A. 2014. Policies for agricultural productivity growth and poverty reduction in rural Ethiopia. World Development,
59:461-474. [DOI]
59:461-474. [DOI]
Increasing the productivity of smallholder agriculture holds the key to poverty reduction. The empirical literature is limited to ascertain the linkages and the implications for policy uptake in Ethiopia. We examine the impact of growth in agricultural productivity on household poverty dynamics in rural Ethiopia using a panel data set (1994–2009). Findings suggest that government policies aimed at reducing poverty should adopt a growth plus approach—designing policy interventions to support agricultural productivity growth, plus to protect assets and enhance market access for rural households in the country.
Markets / Policy making / Labor / Farmers / Land productivity / Drought / Households / Rural areas / Poverty / Economic growth / Productivity / Agricultural production
Record No:H046367
Record No:H046367
Maraseni, T. N.; Hanjra, Munir A. 2014. Payments to landholders for managing Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE) in coastal agricultural catchments for protecting the Great Barrier Reef. In Mohammed, E. Y. (Ed.). Economic incentives for marine and coastal conservation: prospects, challenges and policy implications. Oxon, UK: Routledge - Earthscan. pp.190-209.
Weed control / Ecosystem services / Environmental sustainability / Land management / Water management / Markets / Agriculture / Coastal area / Catchment areas / Land ownership
Record No:H046352
Record No:H046352
Hanjra, Munir A.; Lautze, Jonathan. 2014. Appendix: other new terms in water management. In Lautze, Jonathan (Ed.). Key concepts in water resource management: a review and critical evaluation. Oxon, UK: Routledge - Earthscan. pp.111-126. (Earthscan Water Text)
River basins / Smallholders / Agriculture / Ecology / Surface water / Water storage / Water quality / Water management
Record No:H046523
Record No:H046523
Karimov, Akmal; Simunek, J.; Hanjra, Munir A.; Avliyakulov, M.; Forkutsa, I. 2014. Effects of the shallow water table on water use of winter wheat and ecosystem health: implications for unlocking the potential of groundwater in the Fergana Valley (Central Asia). Agricultural Water Management,
131:57-69.
131:57-69.
This paper analyzes the effect of the shallow water table on water use of the winter wheat (Triticumaestivum L.) that has replaced alfalfa (Medicago sativa) on the irrigated lands of the Fergana Valley,upstream of the Syrdarya River, in Central Asia. The effect of the shallow water table is investigated using HYDRUS-1D. Numerical simulations show that the contribution of the groundwater to evapotranspiration increases with a rising water table and decreases with increasing irrigation applications. Under irrigation conditions, an increase in the groundwater evapotranspiration is associated mainly with an increase in evaporation loss, causing a buildup of salinity in the crop root zone. Evaporation losses from fields planted with winter wheat after the harvest amount up to 45–47% of total evaporation thus affecting soil salinity and ecosystem health. Promoting the use of groundwater for irrigation in order to lowerthe groundwater table is suggested to achieve water savings from the change in the cropping pattern.Unlocking the potential of groundwater for irrigation in the Fergana Valley can also contribute toward managing soil salinity and improving the health and resilience of water, land and ecosystems of water,land and ecosystems (WLE).
Land management / Soil salinity / Winter wheat / Evaporation / Evapotranspiration / Crops / Irrigated land / Health / Ecosystems / River basins / Water productivity / Water use / Groundwater table
Record No:H046205
Record No:H046205
Qureshi, M. E.; Hanjra, Munir A.; Ward, J. 2013. Impact of water scarcity in Australia on global food security in an era of climate change. Food Policy,
38:136-145. [DOI]
38:136-145. [DOI]
Australia is a major food exporting country. Recent droughts reduced dryland farming production and the volume of water allocated to irrigated agriculture, with a resulting decline in aggregate agricultural production and exports. This paper analyses the possible impact of increased water scarcity on Australian agricultural production and the magnitude of subsequent impacts on global food security. Using the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) data on land and water use coupled with a hydro-economic stochastic modelling approach, the impacts of reduced agricultural production in the southern Murray–Darling Basin, and more generally for Australia, are analysed. Changes in agricultural activity, reduction in agricultural exports and altered composition of products exported attributed to the severe 2000–2009 drought are also analysed to highlight the implications for global food security. The impact of climate change on food production is examined. The analysis shows that climate change, when modelled as the extreme case, along with other factors such as land use, will impact Australian food exports. Despite its relatively small contribution to total global food supply, Australia’s contribution to international trade in wheat, meat and dairy products is substantial and could affect global food prices. Furthermore, Australia’s agricultural exports are of disproportionate importance within the South- and South–East Asian and Oceania region, both in terms of volume and for strategic reasons. Adaptation along with investment in agriculture production is needed to maintain Australian agricultural production and enhance global food security.
Policy / Models / River basins / Land use / Water allocation / Water use / Food prices / Exports / Agricultural production / Rice / Wheat / Irrigated farming / Drought / Climate change / Food security / Water scarcity
Record No:H046016
Record No:H046016
Seleshi, S.; Alemu, B. A.; Hanjra, Munir A. 2013. Informal sector employment, food security and vulnerability of households in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. In Hanjra, Munir A. (Ed.). Global food security: emerging issues and economic implications. New York, NY, USA: Nova Science Publishers. pp.201-229. (Global Agriculture Developments)
People across Africa are urbanizing and cities act as magnets that attract poor migrants from rural areas, looking for employment and better life. During the last few decades, the informal sector has been growing fast in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia due to the influx of many young workers into the sector who come from rural areas of the country with the expectation of a better life in the city. The informal sector employment includes casual, temporary jobs such as lottery selling, street vending, petty trade and other similar activities – coping strategies and earning strategies to escape food poverty. The informal sector is believed to play an important role in food security as it provides jobs, reduces unemployment, bolsters economic activity, and helps alleviate poverty. However, there is limited local knowledge about the role of this sector in enhancing food security and reducing vulnerability of the emigrants. There is also limited research about the problems and prospects of the informal sector, and via-a-vis its potential contribution towards food security. Therefore, this research was conducted with the major objective of examining the food security level and vulnerability status of emigrants worker and their households to identify the major challenges and prospects for future policy interventions. Primary data were collected from 240 respondents (60 from each of the four sub-cities) who were selected randomly. Secondary data were also collected from government offices. Data were analyzed using both descriptive and econometric approaches. Probit model was used to determine food security status of respondents; whereas ordered probit model was used to identify the factors affecting their vulnerability level. Results suggest that the daily life of the majority of migrants in Addis Ababa (most of them are young school dropouts) is highly connected with street-based informal economic activities such as marketing, vending and lottery selling, etc. Results show that the annual mean income a household would earn is Eth. Birr 7,786.2 ($442). Results of the vulnerability analysis show that informal activities in the study area serve migrants only as temporary safety nets, not as sustainable earnings/livelihood strategies. Results further show that lack of access to bank credit (due to collateral requirements), fluctuating market prices and lack of working premises impacts their work. Data shows that the workers are forced to consume less food or poor quality food. Therefore, future urban policy may need to give due consideration to informal sector employment in order to realize synergies between the formal and informal sectors for addressing food security and poverty issues.
Econometrics / Data analysis / Income / Informal sector / Models / Employment / Households / Food security
Record No:H046153
Record No:H046153
Hanjra, Munir A.; Zafar, M. I.; Batool, Z.; Nawaz, N.; Maann, A. A.; Ayalew, Z.; Alemu, B. A. 2013. Gender mainstreaming for food security and poverty reduction programs in Asia and Africa. In Hanjra, Munir A. (Ed.). Global food security: emerging issues and economic implications. New York, NY, USA: Nova Science Publishers. pp.245-272. (Global Agriculture Developments)
Gender is a socially constructed concept. It refers to the social, behavioral, and cultural norms, attributes, and expectations associated with being a woman or a man. Gender equality refers to how these aspects determine how women and men interact with each other and to the resulting differences in economic opportunities, endowments, agency and overall wellbeing outcomes for men and women. Gender mainstreaming refers to making general policies gender-smart - at various level of governance - to target the gender differentiated impacts and outcomes and implementing public policies and international development cooperation in a more strategic way that also improves gender equality and makes policies more effective in closing the key gender gaps even if their objectives has nothing to do with gender. Gender equality ranks high on the global development agenda and evidence-based gender targeting is emerging as a key criteria in international development assistance programs such as those for enhancing food security and reducing poverty and the broader development goals such as those set by the MDGs to 2015 and beyond. This chapter presents evidence on gender equality issues to highlight the key gender gaps such as assets, education, health, land, labor and commodity markets, and participation into decision making through six case examples from Asia and Africa. The case examples from Asia come from Pakistan and India, while the case examples from Africa are from Ethiopia and Zimbabwe. These case examples illustrate that gender gaps are huge and targeted interventions and gender mainstreaming can enhance economic opportunity, endowments, and agency of women. What is needed is the political will along with more funding, better data on gender, evidence, and global partnerships.
Case studies / Public policy / Agricultural production / Livestock / Living standards / Households / Health hazards / Education / Assets / Poverty / Food security / Income / Women / Gender
Record No:H046154
Record No:H046154
Hanjra, Munir A.; Ferede, T.; Blackwell, J.; Jackson, T. M.; Abbas, A. 2013. Global food security: facts, issues, interventions and public policy implications. In Hanjra, Munir A. (Ed.). Global food security: emerging issues and economic implications. New York, NY, USA: Nova Science Publishers. pp.1-35. (Global Agriculture Developments)
The global food security situation and outlook remains delicately imbalanced amid surplus food production and the prevalence of hunger, due to the complex interplay of social, economic, and ecological factors that mediate food security outcomes at various human and institutional scales. A growing population and rising incomes with the resultant nutritional transition of millions more people entering into the middle class are some of the unprecedented challenges that mankind has never handled before. Food production outpaced food demand over the past 50 years due to expansion in crop area and irrigation, as well as supportive policy and institutional interventions that led to the fast and sustained growth in agricultural productivity and improved food security in many parts of the world. However, future predictions point to a slow-down in agricultural productivity and a food-gap mainly in areas across Africa and Asia which are having ongoing food security issues. The problem of food insecurity is expected to worsen due to, among others, rapid population growth and other emerging challenges such as climate change and rising demand for biofuels. Climate change poses complex challenges in terms of increased variability and risk for food producers and the energy and water sectors. The major existing and emerging challenges to global food security are discussed in this chapter, giving relevant examples from around the world. Strategic research priorities are outlined for a range of sectors that underpin global food security, including: agriculture, ecosystem services from agriculture, climate change, international trade, water management solutions, the water-energy-food security nexus, service delivery to smallholders and women farmers, and better governance models and regional priority setting. There is a need to look beyond agriculture and invest in affordable and suitable farm technologies if the problem of food insecurity is to be addressed in a sustainable manner. This requires both revisiting the current approach of agricultural intervention and reorienting the existing agricultural research institutions and policy framework. Proactive interventions and policies for tackling food security are discussed which include issues such as agriculture for development, ecosystem services from agriculture, and gender mainstreaming, to extend the focus on food security within and beyond the agriculture sector, by incorporating cross-cutting issues such as energy security, resource reuse and recovery, social protection programs, and involving civil society in food policy making processes by promoting food sovereignty.
Water scarcity / Water management / Population growth / Income / Social aspects / Gender / Information systems / Ecosystem services / Hunger / Poverty / Public policy / Food production / Food security
Record No:H046150
Record No:H046150
Yizengaw, M.; Alemu, B. A.; Hanjra, Munir A. 2013. Impact of HIV/AIDS on food and nutrition security: the case of Dire Dawa City administration, Ethiopia. In Hanjra, Munir A. (Ed.). Global food security: emerging issues and economic implications. New York, NY, USA: Nova Science Publishers. pp.145-176. (Global Agriculture Developments)
This study examined the links between food security and HIV/AIDS in urban Ethiopia taking Dire Dawa city administration as a case example. The household level primary data were collected from selected kebeles – the lowest administrative unit in Ethiopia, - using a two stage sampling technique. In the first stage, four kebeles were selected due to their large number of known cases of people living with HIV (PLHIV). In the second stage, 200 households were randomly selected, taking 100 households each from HIV affected and non-affected category. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected using well structured and pre-tested questionnaires, and key informant interviews and focus group discussions, which were held with the community members. Using weekly recall period, the data on food variety and quantity consumed were obtained from the principal person preparing food in the household, and then food consumption score was computed using the model developed by the World Food Program (poor consumption, borderline consumption, and better consumption with a score of lt;21, 21.5-35 and gt;35, respectively). Based on the results of the descriptive statistics, it was found out that food consumption score of HIV/AIDS affected and non-affected households were of 35.73 and 37.65, respectively suggesting that the latter are better off. About 70% of HIV affected households have food consumption score of less than 31.5 against 57% of the non-affected ones. Regression results of the ordered logit model also confirm this finding; holding all other variables constant, the marginal effect of being affected by HIV significantly increases the probability of the household being at poor and border line consumption category by 3.13% and 12.49%, respectively. On the other hand, being HIV affected decreases (by 15.62%) the probability of being in the better food consumption category. Thus HIV affected households were less likely to be food secure. Regression results further revealed that, ceteris paribus, participating in social networks significantly increased (by 20.01%) the probability of a household being in a better food consumption category. This suggests that socially isolated households may experience worse food insecurity situation because of lack of supportive safety nets that could shield them against shocks. Results further show that the coping strategies of HIV affected households include, among others, relying more on poor quality food, reducing the daily quantity of food intake and restricting the food consumption of adults in the family so that children can get a chance to eat. For households having fewer social networks and less diversified income sources, these stand out to be ‘better’ and affordable coping mechanisms. However, these coping strategies may hasten the death of HIV affected adult family members by weakening their health as they need more energy and proteins than non-affected ones. This was very well established during key informant
Social aspects / Models / Data / Income / Safety / Risks / HIV infections / Nutrition / Indicators / Households / Food security
Record No:H046152
Record No:H046152
Ferede, T.; Ayenew, A. B.; Hanjra, Munir A. 2013. Agroecology matters: impacts of climate change on agriculture and its implications for food security in Ethiopia. In Hanjra, Munir A. (Ed.). Global food security: emerging issues and economic implications. New York, NY, USA: Nova Science Publishers. pp.71-111. (Global Agriculture Developments)
Climate change poses one of the gravest risks to mankind as it affects a wide variety of socio-economic activities, important to world food security. Agriculture is one of the most important sectors vulnerable to climate change. Agricultural production is sensitive to climate change, and food security is sensitive to agricultural production. Climate abnormalities such as perpetual droughts, floods, heat waves, and rainfall failure can have devastating consequences for agricultural production and the impacts could be immediately transmitted to food security and livelihoods. This chapter attempted to assess the short-run economic impacts of climate change (change in the levels of temperature and precipitation) with a focus on the Ethiopian economy. In doing so, it uses a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model based on the 2005/06 Ethiopian Social Accounting Matrix. One of the innovative approaches of this study is the explicit inclusion of different agro-ecological zones (AEZs) of the country in estimating the likely effects of climate change. The results of the CGE model simulation show that climate change has a dampening effect on economic growth and many key macroeconomic indicators. Investment is the only macroeconomic variable that increases despite the changes in climate. For instance, for a 3.260C increase in temperature and a 12.02mm decline in precipitation which will result in a 9.71% loss in crop production, the CGE model simulation indicated that real GDP declines by 3.83%. Moreover, almost all sectoral activities are affected negatively and different agro-ecologies are affected differently. For instance, the highland part of the country, which is the main producer of food crops, is severely affected compared to other AEZs in terms of agricultural production. The findings further revealed that household livelihoods (measured in terms of real income and welfare) are negatively affected, and the effect is unevenly distributed across different household groups. The highest losses in income and welfare are likely to be incurred by the poor households that are residing in smaller urban centers. Thus, the results of this study call for improved climate adaptation actions at farm level and beyond for reducing both economic decline and welfare loss and enhancing resilience. These results also provide critical information for informing economic policy on climate change and achieving food security.
Policy / Sensitivity analysis / Income / Households / Environmental effects / Economic aspects / Agricultural production / Simulation models / Food security / Climate change / Agroecology
Record No:H046151
Record No:H046151
Gebregziabher, Gebrehaweria; Villholth, Karen G.; Hanjra, Munir A.; Yirga, M.; Namara, Regassa E. 2013. Cost-benefit analysis and ideas for cost sharing of groundwater irrigation: evidence from north-eastern Ethiopia. Water International,
38(6):852-863. [DOI]
38(6):852-863. [DOI]
The government of Ethiopia has invested in groundwater development for smallholder irrigation in the Raya Valley and Kobo Valley, north-eastern Ethiopia, where the hydrogeological potential is large but not fully developed. A cost-benefit analysis shows that investment in deep groundwater irrigation development is viable at a 9.5% discount rate in 75% of the wells. Assuming full cost recovery of capital investment, the annual payment rates (annuity) that irrigation users should pay over the wells’ service life (25 years) were estimated. It is recommended that future investment be based on cost sharing rather than full cost recovery to facilitate uptake and address financial realities.
Sensitivity analysis / Farmer-led irrigation / Investment / Wells / Cost benefit analysis / Groundwater development / Groundwater irrigation
Record No:H046202
Record No:H046202
Hanjra, Munir A. 2013. Global food security: emerging issues and economic implications. New York, NY, USA: Nova Science Publishers 297p.
Public policy / Investment / Economic aspects / Sensitivity analysis / Simulation models / Agroecology / Fisheries / Climate change / Risks / Human immunodeficiency virus / Agricultural policy / Agricultural production / Income / Households / Gender / Poverty / Food security
Record No:H046179
Record No:H046179
Shinkai, N.; Sawada, Y.; Hussain, Intizar; Hanjra, Munir; Thrikawala, Sunil; Wijeratne, Deeptha. 2007. Impact of irrigation infrastructure development on dynamics of incomes and poverty: Econometric evidence using panel data from Sri Lanka. Tokyo, Japan: JBIC 280p. (JBICI Research Paper No.32)
Fulltext
Fulltext
Policy / Canals / Tanks / Diversification / Crops / Land tenure / Expenditure / Income / Households / Economic aspects / Measurement / Poverty / Infrastructure / Irrigation management
Record No:H040158
Record No:H040158
Hussain, Intizar; Mudasser, Muhammad; Hanjra, Munir A.; Amarasinghe, Upali; Molden, David. 2004. Improving wheat productivity in Pakistan: econometric analysis using panel data from Chaj in the Upper Indus Basin. Water International,
29(2):189-200
29(2):189-200
Economic analysis / Food security / Poverty / Policy / Productivity / Wheat / Water allocation / Irrigation canals / Irrigation management
Record No:H035580
Record No:H035580
Hussain, Intizar; Hanjra, Munir. 2004. Irrigation and poverty alleviation: review of the empirical evidence. Irrigation and Drainage,
53(1):1-15
53(1):1-15
Environmental effects / Farmer participation / Participatory management / Conflict / Poverty / Irrigated farming
Record No:H034483
Record No:H034483