Water is the medium through which most impacts of climate change on people’s livelihoods and ecosystems are transmitted. Climate change can lead to increasing scarcity of water, intensify variability in rainfall and, thereby, river discharge; and exacerbate the severity of flood, drought and heatwave extremes. Reducing climate-induced water scarcity and enhancing climate resilience to water-related hazards requires well-thought-out actions that include water infrastructure development, putting in place adaptive institutional frameworks, and increasingly developing and employing innovations and future-oriented climate and water data and decision support systems. This report is one of the outputs of the study conducted by the International Water Management Institute (IWMI) as part of the project Prioritization of Climate-smart Water Management Practices. The aim of the study has been to develop recommendations for addressing two of the critical gaps identified for improving climate resilience of water resources management in Ethiopia, namely, (1) inadequate data and information on key hydrological variables that have led to a lack of recent knowledge on water availability, actual water use, water source types and potentials; and (2) a lack of decision support tools that would provide strategic and operational level information and capacity for risk-based planning and management of water resources. The report is based on an analysis of collected data, information gleaned through stakeholder consultations and a review of existing literature on climate and water data, and decision support tools in use in the Awash River Basin and at national level in Ethiopia. This synthesis report focuses on the technical aspects of climate and water data and decision support tools, while the institutional aspects are presented in Sanchez Ramirez et al. 2024.
; This study conceptualizes climate-smart water management as having three reinforcing objectives: maximize the goods and services that can be produced from the limited water resources; minimize the impact of climate extremes — floods and droughts at multiple scales; curtail the impact of rainfall variability across scales, including small-scale agricultural producers, and enhance water resources planning and management at the basin scale.
; Key challenges that have been identified include inadequate spatial coverage of hydrometeorological networks; short and, very often, intermittent river discharge data; almost nonexistent water use monitoring; fragmentation of data and inadequate capacity of skilled personnel. There are a number of ongoing efforts by the Ministry of Water and Energy with the aim of addressing these challenges. Weather forecasts are made regularly by the Ethiopian Meteorology Institute (EMI) with attempts to translate these forecasts into their potential impacts on agriculture, water and health. These forecasts and their translation into sector-specific implications need to be improved to make
Institutions / Weather forecasting / Early warning systems / Databases / Climate services / Groundwater / Monitoring / Water use / Water availability / Water resources / Climate change / Decision-support systems / Climatic data / Water management Record No:H052695
This research study on gender and water resources management, led by the International Water Management Institute (IWMI) and its partners in Ethiopia, was designed to collect primary and secondary data on how smallholder agricultural producer communities in selected catchments are impacted by and cope with climate change. Our focus was on exploring opportunities and barriers for designing and implementing gender-responsive and climate resilient water resources planning and management interventions that are contextually relevant. The research findings will be further translated into actionable recommendations for gender-responsive decision support tools for climate-smart water resources management. The study, informed by the Gender Empowerment Framework and a qualitative research methodology, analyzed soil and water conservation initiatives and small-scale irrigation (SSI) interventions in four districts of the Awash River Basin. These locations were the Kalu and Habru districts from the Upper Awash Catchment in Wollo, and the Ewa and Afambo districts from the Lower Awash Catchment in Afar. These four districts were chosen for their diversity of conservation initiatives and livelihoods. Data were collected from a total sample size of 309 individuals – 288 of whom were smallholder farmers (160 women and 128 men) and 21 were key informants from local government offices – by conducting 96 in-depth interviews, 24 focus group discussions and 21 key informant interviews. The data were analyzed to assess the gender dynamics of productivity, production and practices, and SSI practices, focusing on three key dimensions: resources, agency and institutions. The three key results and recommendations are as follows:
First, climate impacts result in diverse outcomes for women (and men). It causes malnutrition in persons with special needs and increases the workload of women and girls, who are predominantly responsible for domestic work. This requires interventions that focus on the needs, priorities, barriers and challenges of these groups, and ensure targeted opportunities in decision-making, access to resources and services, and benefits.
Second, deep-rooted sociocultural norms and barriers impact outreach efforts for women and marginalized groups; this includes the effective engagement of these groups in capacity building training programs, and their access to relevant information, entrepreneurial opportunities and linkages across the value chains. Without addressing these barriers, making a sustained impact in terms of gender equality and social inclusion will not be possible. We recommend adopting interventions that address the structural barriers to women’s participation in leadership positions, promoting gender-responsive practices across institutions and building synergy among relevant stakeholders.
Third, insufficient institutional capacities among implementing actors present key obstacles to the design and implementation of gender-responsive climate-s
River basins / Households / Communities / Institutions / s empowerment / Womenapos / Small-scale irrigation / Farmers / Smallholders / Water management / Climate change / Social inclusion / Gender equality Record No:H052586
Water resources policy in Ethiopia emphasizes the significance of integrated water resources management (IWRM) in river basins. The Ministry of Water and Energy (MoWE) with its different directorates is vested with the responsibility of coordinating water resource management across basins. As part of executing this mandate, MoWE initiated the preparation of guidelines for establishment and management of multi-stakeholder platforms (MSPs) to coordinate IWRM in various basins.; The guidelines presented in this publication focus on coordinating and managing water resources in the Central Rift Valley Lakes Basin within the Ethiopian Rift Valley Lakes Basin. This basin faces numerous water-related challenges such as increasing water demand, pollution, ecosystem degradation, climate change impacts, and conflicting water-use practices. These guidelines are aimed at defining a framework outlining the purpose, scope, and scale of MSPs as well as the key roles to be played by the governance bodies involved.; While facilitating collaboration and partnership among the stakeholders involved in basin water resources management, these guidelines explicitly emphasize inclusion of women and marginalized groups. They highlight the essential elements required for effective management and governance of MSPs and underline the need for facilitation, trust-building, planning, goal-setting, effective communication, and a commitment to participatory decision-making. Ultimately, MoWE bears the responsibility of making the final decisions.; Collaborative dialogue and inclusive decision-making processes are vital for sustainable water management. Integrated planning, data collection, monitoring, and evaluation are important for taking well-informed decisions. Therefore, our guidelines recommend capacity-building initiatives and knowledge-exchange platforms to enhance the effectiveness of MSPs. Additionally, strategies and mechanisms for securing the financial resources needed to implement IWRM plans and activities are emphasized.; As effective communication plays a vital role in MSP processes, there is a need to define objectives, identify stakeholders, select communication channels, establish communication protocols, build relationships and trust, and develop outreach materials.; Gender issues in water resources management, particularly access to water and control and ownership, are highlighted in these guidelines. Capacity-building activities are recommended to enhance the knowledge and skills of the stakeholders involved in the MSPs.; Lastly, the guidelines stress the importance of monitoring and evaluating the MSPs involved in basin management. Such evaluations involve measuring stakeholder engagement, policy alignment, knowledge sharing, and collaboration and partnerships.; These guidelines can be used by basin and sub-basin coordination experts and officials to establish and manage MSPs in the Central Rift Valley as well as beyond.
Integrated land management / Knowledge sharing / Communication / Accountability / Monitoring and evaluation / Financing / Learning / Capacity development / Marginalization / Social inclusion / Women / Gender / Local communities / Policies / Decision making / Partnerships / Collaboration / Sustainability / River basin management / Governance / Guidelines / Multi-stakeholder processes / Integrated water resources management Record No:H052584
On November 14, 2023, the Ministry of Agricultureapos;s Department of Crops Development (DCD) convened an Inception Meeting on the Seed Sector Development Strategy (SSDS) at the Gran Melia Hotel in Arusha, Tanzania supported by USAID through the SERA BORA project and CGIARapos;s Ukama Ustawi initiative. Attended by a diverse array of stakeholders, the meeting aimed to initiate discussions on the SSDS, marking a crucial step towards shaping a comprehensive and impactful strategy for Tanzaniaapos;s seed sector.; The meeting commenced with Professor David Nyange from the Agricultural Sector Policy and Institutional Reforms Strengthening Tanzania (ASPIRES TZ) welcoming participants and underscoring its significance as a benchmark for initiating the seed policy in Tanzania. Gratitude was extended to the Ministry of Agriculture, USAID, and CGIAR for their invaluable support and contributions. Mr. Samson Poneja, Assistant Director for DCD, emphasized the substantial role of agriculture in Tanzania and outlined challenges, stressing the need for improved seeds and a comprehensive seed strategy.; Dr. Inga Jacobs-Mata from the International Water Management Institute (IWMI) highlighted the Ukama Ustawi initiativeapos;s goal to address food and nutrition security risks, emphasizing the collaborationapos;s importance in ensuring the availability, accessibility, and sustainability of quality seeds. Mr. Poneja, in his official opening statement, acknowledged the challenges in the agriculture sector and proposed a seed strategy focusing on availability, accessibility, utilization, and sustainability.; Professor Nyange provided insights into the seed sectorapos;s current state, emphasizing the need for strategic planning. He outlined lower crop yields in Tanzania and proposed three key factors for improvement: enhanced genetic potential through improved seeds, soil health management, and improved agronomic practices.; Dr. Idil Ires presented the Ukama Ustawi Initiative, driven by the imperative to address maize cultivation vulnerability to climate change, which is structured into six work packages. The initiative supports over 1000 farmers and 50 agro-businesses with a substantial investment of US$100 million.; A compelling case was made for the development of the Tanzania Seed Sector Development Strategy, aligning with national policies. During group sessions, participants analyzed proposed strategies in thematic areas, including Seed Availability, Accessibility, Adoption, and Utilization. The meeting concluded with expressions of gratitude from a USAID representative and Professor Nyange, marking the official closure of the workshop.; The Inception Meeting served as a collaborative platform, bringing together key stakeholders to lay the groundwork for a strategic and sustainable transformation in Tanzaniaapos;s seed sector. The shared commitment and insights provided a robust foundation for the ongoing development of the SSDS.
Public-private partnerships / Sustainability / Agricultural policies / Stakeholders / Indicators / Strategies / Diversification / Agricultural sector / Seed production / Agricultural development Record No:H052583
Rweyemamu, M. R.; Mruma, T.; Nkanyani, S. 2024. Tanzania agricultural policy profile. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). CGIAR Initiative on Diversification in East and Southern Africa 21p. More... | Fulltext (520 KB)
Tanzania places a significant emphasis on the importance of its agricultural sector, acknowledging its pivotal role in both the economy and the livelihoods of its citizens. The governmentapos;s commitment to the advancement of agriculture is evident through the execution of diverse policies and programs. The central pillar of Tanzaniaapos;s agricultural policies is the Agricultural Policy of 2013, which delineates strategies to boost productivity, ensure food security, and enhance the socio-economic conditions of farmers. The policy underscores the importance of sustainable practices and the adoption of technology.; Several key programs contribute to the realization of the regions agricultural policy objectives such as the Agricultural Sector Development Program (ASDP) II which focuses on modernizing agriculture, improving infrastructure, and enhancing market access. The Southern Agricultural Growth Corridor of Tanzania (SAGCOT) seeks to attract investments and boost agricultural productivity in the southern regions and the quot;Kilimo Kwanzaquot; initiative, meaning quot;Agriculture First,quot; emphasizes the prioritization of agriculture in national development. It encourages private sector involvement, technology adoption, and increased agricultural productivity.; Tanzania has made significant progress in agricultural development, marked by increased production and improved livelihoods. However, challenges persist, encompassing the impacts of climate change, issues related to market access, and the imperative for sustained policy implementation tailored to fortify the agricultural sectorapos;s resilience. The Tanzanian government remains steadfast in its commitment to advancing the agricultural sector. Future efforts are anticipated to emphasise the need for sustainable practices, technological innovations, and inclusive policies to address challenges and promote long-term growth.; In conclusion, Tanzaniaapos;s agricultural policy framework reflects a comprehensive approach to sector development. The implementation of key programs and initiatives demonstrates the governmentapos;s unwavering dedication to nurturing a robust, sustainable, and economically vibrant agricultural sector for the holistic benefit of its nation.
This media report delves into the dynamic landscape of economic transformation, examining regional efforts to diversify industries, foster innovation, and attract investments. From agricultural initiatives to green energy projects, we analyze the multifaceted approaches shaping the future. Unveiling trends, analyzing key initiatives, and decoding media perspectives, the report offers an insightful exploration of how the media landscape has influenced and reflected the dynamic economic transformation unfolding across East and Southern Africa throughout the year 2023.
Media production / Agriculture / Innovation Record No:H052685
Flood risks are a major concern in Nigeria, due to their consequences on human life and socioeconomic activities of the people. Floods are induced by high rainfall intensity resulting from climate change. Other factors identified as the drivers of the perennial flooding in Nigeria include, poor drainage systems, poor waste management, unregulated urbanization, weak implementation of planning laws and changes in land use without regard to ecological considerations.
Globally, the frequency and intensity of heavy rainfall events have increased since the 1950s. For each 1C of global warming, extreme daily precipitation events are projected to intensify by about 7%. It is estimated that flood risks will expand, with three times as many people exposed to the equivalent of a 100-year flood event by the end of this century. Surface water flows and availability will become more variable between seasons and years. Soil moisture levels will decline in some critical farming areas, challenging rainfed agriculture and increasing irrigation needs. In Nigeria, more than 2.3 million people were displaced, 363 lost their lives and 16 million were impacted in various ways, in 2012. The economic value of the loss was estimated at over US$16.9 billion. In 2022, another major flood led to the loss of 600 lives and 3.2 million people were affected across 34 of the 36 states of the federation and the Federal Capital Territory. The Nigeria Bureau of Statistics in 2023 reported the devastation to be in the range of US$3.79 billion to $9.12 billion. The economic value of the agricultural-related losses due was estimated to be about N700 billion.
Early warning systems / Forecasting / Flooding Record No:H052683
Agri-food system policies and programs in Bangladesh increasingly consider environmental challenges and intersections. Social and political dimensions of agri-food systems are of equal importance to sustainable food security. Is similar attention paid to these issues? The impacts of climate change and challenges from environmental pollution and degradation of natural resources have been shown to lead to declines in agricultural productivity, while at the same time further impacting sustainability and ecosystem services. These challenges can worsen food insecurity in Bangladesh. Inattention to these issues in policies, programs and fiscal strategies will not only affect those who are the most marginalized but also undermine Bangladesh’s social and economic development goals, including the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).; The focus of this study was to examine agri-food system governance in Bangladesh considering seven dimensions of inclusive governance: representation, participation, capacity and skills, access to resources, financial resources, knowledge and innovation. Examining 23 key policies and programs, this report aims to address the following questions:; Is socially inclusive governance a focus of key agri-food system policies and programs?
What interventions could enable a shift towards more socially inclusive governance for agri-food systems in Bangladesh?; In Bangladesh, agri-food policies and programs do recognize women and other marginalized groups as key stakeholders and encourage some participation of these groups. However, the analysis of 23 relevant food, water, environment and climate policies shows that the focus on issues of inclusive governance lacks coherence, and consequently, the processes of representation and participation are inconsistent. There seems to be a growing effort to engage and consult women and marginalized groups in policy development processes, however, these initiatives are not consistent across policies. Moreover, even when policies and programs are relatively inclusive, little is known of their effectiveness and impact in practice. Policies tend to lack complementary implementation guidelines, and while budgetary allocations for ensuring gender equality are mandatory for all ministries, there is little review, monitoring and reflection on what works well or does not, in terms of socially inclusive governance. Regardless of these challenges, the national Gender Budget Report of Bangladesh prepared annually for all ministries to report on expenditures to promote gender equality across different sectors, including in agri-food system programs, is a key example of the national commitment to tackling gender inequalities through consistent fiscal planning.; The study findings show that a key challenge to socially inclusive policies and programs is the lack of granular evidence and knowledge about the diversity of exclusions experienced by marginalized groups. Without proper representation and voice in de
Policies / Governance / Social inclusion / Gender equality Record No:H052681
Freshwater, constituting a mere 2.5% of Earthapos;s total water, is a critical resource facing escalating competition due to an anticipated global population surge to 9.7 billion by 2050. Southern Africa is characterized by uneven water distribution and quality challenges which exacerbates these issues. Environmental flow (E-flow) management is a crucial approach that quantifies water requirements for maintaining ecological integrity, aiming to balance human and environmental water needs. Including Eflows in management helps to ensure sustainability of water resources River bathymetry is a core part of E-flow assessments. This document reports on core research within a project that delves into management of E-flows in the Limpopo and neighbouring basins in Southern Africa. It covers a scientific investigation to determine optimal water quantities and qualities for river systems and to assist with their management. The report focuses particularly on the use of bathymetric surveys, specifically the need for high-resolution Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) to inform hydraulic modelling. The spatial and temporal variability of bathymetry is crucial for applications ranging from flood risk mitigation to ecosystem studies and for long-term management of E-flow implementation. While traditional Total Station Theodolite (TST) surveys provide accurate ground control points and in the past were the basis for river hydraulic studies, they are limited in scale and efficiency. In situ measurements, despite their accuracy, may lack spatial representativeness and are resource intensive. Remote sensing techniques, particularly Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), offer an alternative for bathymetric data collection driven by their ability to access challenging areas of a river and provide high-resolution data at relatively low cost. To this end, this report focuses on direct methods for bathymetric data collection, exploring optical and acoustic approaches. The primary objective was to explore and investigate UAV-based waterpenetrating surveying techniques to create high-resolution DEMs for hydraulic modelling linked to Eflow studies. A review of recent, relevant literature indicated that airborne laser bathymetry appeared preferential in the context of E-flows, compared to spectrally derived bathymetry, multimedia photogrammetry, Ground-Penetrating Radar (GPR), and Sound Navigation and Ranging (SONAR) techniques. Currently, the RIEGL VQ-840-GL green lidar sensor appears to be the forefront technology for use in E-flows UAV-borne bathymetric surveys. This research aims to contribute valuable insights into efficient and cost-effective methods for E-flow studies, addressing the growing challenges in water resource management.
This study presents a comprehensive approach to developing an effective monitoring system for e- flow implementation in river ecosystems using high-resolution 3D modeling and modern sensor technology. The research focuses on the Limpopo and Incomati basins in Southern Africa. Environmental flows (e-flows) represent the volume and quality of water that needs to remain in a river to sustain the ecosystem and hence all those who benefit from a functional ecosystem (thus, society and the economy). The objective of this study is to support the implementation of e-flows around the world which has been poor despite a wide-spread acceptance of the philosophy. While monitoring e-flow volumes (and quality) is a relatively simple matter, monitoring the effectiveness of the prescribed e-flow requires that evidence of a sustained ecosystem is collected, ideally together with evidence of the impact on beneficiaries of that ecosystem. This project investigates whether appropriate digital tools and real-time data could assist with the management, education, awareness and implementation of e-flows. This project includes digital approaches to monitoring the change in river ecosystems following the implementation of e-flows in two river basins in southern Africa, facilitating an adaptive management approach for sustainable water resources management globally. This report documents the development of an e-flow implementation monitoring approach based on a high-resolution 3D model (2D hydraulic modelling) of river sites that would be used to document changes in river ecosystem structure over time. This will be linked to the use of modern sensors that will be attached to fish as well as to hard substrates that will enable real-time monitoring of the ecological acceptability of e-flow implementation including water quantity and quality management. Coupled with this will be an upgrade of the PROBFLO e-flow framework to make it more accessible and usable, thus facilitating the use of the model outputs by basin authorities for long- term e-flow management that would include investigation of future scenarios. The project aims to advance the PROBFLO e-flow framework, integrating 1D, 2D, and 3D hydraulic modeling to understand the intricate relationships between river flow dynamics and habitat availability. The study emphasizes the importance of eco-hydraulic models in predicting river changes and their impact on aquatic habitats, employing advanced survey technologies like LiDAR, ADCP, and hydrographic surveys.
Modelling / Environmental flows / Water management Record No:H052679
As part of the quot;ClimBeR: Building Systemic Resilience Against Climate Variability and Extremesquot; initiative, the Zambia spotlight developed a case study on quot;Water Access and Management in Community-based Water Tenurequot; in two rural communities of Zambia. The study highlighted insights into bottom-up, topdown polycentric decision-making processes that people come up with to advance local solutions to preclude challenges from the risks and impacts of climate change around the interconnectedness of water, food, and land for sustainable livelihood development and reduce peopleapos;s vulnerabilities (Mweemba et al. 2023). Aside from local solutions, the study highlighted the role of external support in enhancing adaptive community capacities to respond to the impacts of climate change. This highlighted the importance of mobilizing workable solutions into next-layer interventions, such as external financing for water infrastructure through vertical and horizontal integration processes. Of significant relevance for this project stage, the Case Study on Water Access and Management in Community-based Water Tenure recommendations pointed to investment in public water infrastructure, such as boreholes, to ensure extensive coverage of people accessing water resources. Prioritizing the development of water infrastructure equally contributes to equitable access to water for drinking, domestic and productive uses and guarantees communal tenure in the ownership, access and use of communally owned sources. With recurrent droughts and uncertainty resulting from extreme weather events, investment in water provides opportunities for communities to have reliable water sources that open up opportunities for food security through small-scale crop farming activities and livestock watering, especially when and where other reliable water sources dry up due to droughts or cannot be accessed due to excessive flooding. Following up on these recommendations, ClimBeR’s LocAlly Led Climate AdapTation ChampION (ACTION) Grant Program focused on interventions driven and implemented at the local level in Hanzila community, with the involvement and leadership of community members, organizations, and local governments. For example, initial stages involved initiating collaborations with the community in Hanzila community project goals which was by followed by diagnosing of challenges resulting from impacts of climate change within the community and determining appropriate solutions for community adaptation. These interventions were tailored to the communityapos;s specific needs, priorities, and context and aimed to build resilience against the impacts of climate change. As such, the ACTION project was initiated to develop a water infrastructure for a community to build community resilience to climate change adaptation through a champion community-led project. The community of Hanzila collaborated with the ACTION Grant Program and the local authorities to pursue funding o
Governance / Water resources / Drought / Climate resilience Record No:H052678
The Index-based flood insurance (IBFI) is one of the outputs of the research under the initiative on Diversification in East and South Africa (UU), Work Package two (WP2): Bundling climate insurance solutions focusing on a case study in districts in Southern part of Zambia. This research was developed by the International Water Management Institute (IWMI) co-designed with an insurance institution and insurance product developers and co-implemented with the Ministry of Agriculture (MoA) and Disaster Management and Mitigation Unit (DMMU) of Zambia. The first part of the study covers Flood index development from observed rainfall and river stream flows, and flood model development to produce flood parameters in terms of flood depth, flood duration, and extent - complemented with remote sensing flood inundation to develop flood index products. The second part of the study focuses on interaction with the community, which is gender-sensitive, and stakeholder engagement at all levels. The development of the IBFI also relies on previous – post surveys on the IBFI implementation experience from insured communities. This report consists of the activities we have undertaken to operationalize the IBFI implementation in Zambia. Satellite flood maps were produced to indicate the hazardous location and extent of flood impact in the southern province of Zambia that occurred at the beginning of 2023. The flood maps were used as a benchmark for IBFI product development in the pilot area. Multi-level stakeholder consultation has been conducted – first, a District-level stakeholder consultation aiming at site prioritization, knowledge sharing, and understanding the level of flood impact on the livelihoods. Second, stakeholder consultation with higher officials in Lusaka from the MoA, Zambia Meteorological Department (ZMD), Water Resources Management (WARMA), World Food Program (WFP), insurance institutions, and product developers. The meeting was aimed at laying a road map on how to co-develop and co-implement the index-based flood insurance in the selected pilot area. Together with stakeholders engaged in the district and complimented with earth observation flood maps, Namwal District, which is in the southern province of Zambia has been prioritized for bundling IBFI. Tabular data on the flood exposure elements from the district has been shared with IWMI, as presented in this report, which will be analyzed and used to support the development of IBFI products. The first phase of product development for IBFI is to use observed data to produce the indices. Here, the observed rainfall, stream flow, and water level data were used to produce a design flood index insurance product in the Kafue flats. The second phase of the design of the flood index insurance product will be produced using flood modeling. So far, the flood model tool has been developed to produce flood parameters that will be used for insurance product development and the calibration and validation of the
Modelling / Multi-stakeholder processes / Flooding / Weather index insurance Record No:H052677
In fragile and conflict-affected settings and host communities, hunger, severe malnutrition, and water insecurity are on the rise, directly impacting the resilience of food, land and water systems. The interplay of these issues often gives rise to conflict and forced migration, with women and other marginalized groups disproportionately affected due to their limited access to channels of power and influence during shocks and crises. In these fragile contexts, the agri-food system is central to food security, livelihoods, and sustainable development. These systems are often characterized by instability, restricted access to resources and gender inequalities. While these challenges are extensive, their causes, manifestations and impacts can vary widely. To address these compounding challenges, government, humanitarian and development organizations need evidence to inform collective efforts. The concept of anticipatory action has emerged as a proactive approach to mitigate disasters and crises. Anticipatory Action involves a series of measures strategically implemented to prevent or mitigate potential disaster impacts before a shock occurs or before acute impacts are felt. This document compiles stakeholdersapos; expressed needs for CGIAR research. It presents insights from a roundtable discussion at the Global Dialogue Platform on setting a research agenda that guides good practices for anticipatory action initiatives in fragile and conflict-affected settings. This discussion was part of an ongoing series of learning and exchange events coordinated through Work Package 1 (WP1) of the Fragility, Conflict and Migration Initiative to promote an anticipatory action-community of practice led by the International Water Management Institute. Continuous engagements with diverse organizations are essential for shaping a demand-driven research strategy. This report, therefore, lays the foundation for an ongoing commitment to continued collaboration; it summarizes the strategic importance of demand-driven research in addressing the complex challenges of Anticipatory Action and dynamics of fragility, conflict and migration. The roundtable stressed the significance of advancing research, policy, and practice in strengthening anticipatory action and conflict resilience. It emphasized the importance of evidencebased approaches, highlighting the need for tailored strategies in addressing the unique dynamics of anticipatory action and fragility, conflict and migration issues. Interdisciplinary analyses were deemed crucial to addressing the interconnectedness of climate, conflict, displacement and political dynamics. Recommendations include integrating social, political and cultural dimensions into research methodologies while respecting local dynamics without compromising neutrality.
Migration / Conflicts / Fragility Record No:H052676
Beukman, R.; Nohayi, Ngowenani; Mahuku, G.; Victor, M.; Jacobs-Mata, Inga; Ires, Idil. 2023. Operationalizing Ukama Ustawi's Learning Alliance for impact. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). CGIAR Initiative on Diversification in East and Southern Africa 21p. More... | Fulltext (639 KB)
This report is a comprehensive synthesis of insights, discussions, and recommendations stemming from Ukama Ustawi’s (UU’s), Learning Allianceapos;s strategic session held during the Africa Day for Food and Nutrition Security (ADFNS) and the Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP) Partnership Platform event in Zambia. The primary focus of the session was to explore practical strategies for operationalizing the Learning Alliance to achieve meaningful impact. Key themes highlighted in the report include the importance of alignment among stakeholders, the significance of bottom-up learning, and the promotion of climate-resilient agriculture through indigenous crops. The discussions underscored the valuable role of the Learning Allianceapos;s partnership in optimizing efficiency, aligning with regional priorities, and facilitating impactful knowledge exchange. The report outlines specific recommendations for operationalizing the Learning Alliance in 2024. These recommendations span various areas, including the organization of regional knowledge-sharing workshops, the development of a robust Knowledge Management and Learning (KML) framework, establishment of a Learning Alliance Monitoring and Evaluation (Mamp;E) framework, and the creation of platforms for sharing success stories and showcasing local farmer innovators. These actions aim to propel the Learning Alliance towards practical implementation and positive outcomes in the coming year.
Knowledge management / Agriculture Record No:H052675
Beukman, R.; Nohayi, Ngowenani; Victor, M.; Mahuku, G.; Jacobs-Mata, Inga; Ires, Idil. 2023. Ukama Ustawi's Learning Alliance: summary and key insights. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). CGIAR Initiative on Diversification in East and Southern Africa 23p. More... | Fulltext (605 KB)
Knowledge management and sharing is essential for agricultural development, fostering the exchange of valuable information and innovative practices among researchers, farmers, and extension officers. Recognising this, regional initiatives such as Ukama Ustawi (UU) play a critical role in ensuring that research findings are not confined to academic journals but are made accessible to those who need them the most. UU’s Learning Alliance, led by the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) and the International Water Management Institute (IWMI), facilitated a joint session at the Africa Agribusiness amp; Science Week (AASW8) in Durban, South Africa. The collaboration involved partners such as the Centre for Coordination of Agricultural Research and Development for Southern Africa (CCARDESA), Forum on Agriculture Research for Africa (FARA), and Association for Strengthening Agricultural Research in Eastern and Central Africa (ASARECA). The session was part of a broader workshop focused on Knowledge Management and Learning (KML). UUs Learning Alliance session was therefore aimed at achieving three key objectives: highlighting the Allianceapos;s strategic focus, emphasising its value proposition, and sought to strengthen the relationship between CGIAR research and regional as well as national research organizations. Discussions underlined the urgency of overcoming barriers in information flow among stakeholders, with a particular focus on the Learning Allianceapos;s mission to curate, repackage, and share knowledge on maize mix-based farming systems in East and Southern Africa (ESA). The Alliance aspires to foster connections between CGIAR and local research organizations while providing National Agricultural Research Organization (NARO) and Agricultural Research Organizations (ARO) partners with opportunities to engage, test, and innovate. The report emphasises the critical role of UU in defining specific KML activities tailored to their focus areas. This strategic approach aims to build capacities, generate relevant Knowledge Products (KPs), and facilitate knowledge uptake, with the goal of driving impact and sustainability within the agricultural landscape of East and Southern Africa.
The frequency and severity of extreme weather events are presenting substantial challenges to communities and nations worldwide. The already escalating impact of climatic hazards is expected to persist due to ongoing climate change. While strides have been made in enhancing forecasting capabilities and establishing early warning systems, global coverage remains inadequate, with just 40% of African countries reporting a multi-hazard early warning system in place as of 2022. Even where forecasting and early warning systems are in place, the translation of early warnings into timely action remains a persistent challenge, as exemplified by past cases of delayed response to imminent disasters. Addressing this issue, the concept of anticipatory action has gained prominence in recent years. It involves the systematic connection of early warning with prearranged finance and contingency planning to enable action before disaster strikes. CGIARapos;s ClimBeR initiative, specifically through the development of AWARE platforms, seeks to enhance anticipatory action by fostering coordination in early warning, early action, and early finance. This report aims to support the implementation of AWARE in Senegal and Zambia, by: (1) identifying initiatives and stakeholders that can benefit from or support the AWARE platform in both countries; (2) analysing gaps in the current early warning and action systems that AWARE could address, along with identifying potential opportunities it could leverage; and (3) outlining options and suggesting next steps for a more integrated engagement of the AWARE platform. Based on the findings, the report puts forward several recommendations towards developing or strengthening national anticipatory action frameworks in Senegal and Zambia, specifically aimed at guiding future AWARE activities in both countries.
Risk management / Drought / Early warning systems Record No:H052673
The AWARE platform, a vital component of CGIARapos;s Climate Resilience initiative, stands as a crucial tool connecting early warning systems, proactive measures, and timely financial interventions. Designed for anticipatory action, AWARE empowers stakeholders to mitigate the impact of disasters before they occur, emphasizing multi-level coordination and collaboration for effective responsiveness. AWARE disseminates comprehensive information across climate, market dynamics, health, nutrition, and population displacement. It fosters collaborative efforts among diverse partners, promoting joint actions to strengthen preparedness and streamline response mechanisms. The platform targets government departments, agencies, humanitarian organizations, and funders to facilitate anticipatory action, identifying risks and formulating plans. Comprising six major modules, the report primarily focuses on Early Warning, Early Action, and Early Finance. The Early Warning module offers forecast and monitoring indicators, visualized through a step-by-step process. Early Action involves three phases: preparedness, readiness, and active, allowing users to input actions and collaborate seamlessly. Early Finance ensures financial resources are in place for interventions through a meticulous assessment. The report provides detailed guidance on utilizing the AWARE platform, featuring map preferences, Early Warning visualization, and Early Action protocols. It delves into forecasting indicators such as OpenWeather, NOAA Global Forecast Systems (NOAA-GFS), and International Research Institute for Climate and Society (IRI), and monitoring indicators like dry spell, Soil Moisture Condition Index (SMCI), and Integrated Drought Severity Index (IDSI). Flood indicators include Accumulated Rainfall (GPM), Flood (ESA), Flood (NASA), GLOFAS, and GeoGlows. Early Action, a key component, involves a step-by-step approach and accommodates user and administrator roles. Users can add, edit, and visualize early action protocols, fostering collaboration. Early Finance ensures financial backing for interventions, and the system generates comprehensive reports, facilitating information sharing. The training manual concludes by emphasizing the user-friendly nature of the guide, with interactive symbols, meaningful indicators, and a breakdown of modules. It encourages users to leverage map preferences for diverse base layers, enhancing data visualization.
Forecasting / Finance / Early warning systems Record No:H052672
The current report presents a machine learning model developed to predict malaria prevalence based on rainfall patterns, specifically tailored to different regions within Senegal. The developed model takes into account the varying climate conditions across regions to provide a more localized and accurate prediction. The primary input parameters used for prediction include rainfall, month, and year, allowing the model to capture each regionapos;s seasonal variations and trends. This research aims to enhance the precision of malaria predictions, contributing to more effective and targeted public health measures. The model is designed to provide future forecasts, offering valuable insights into early warning signals to help anticipate and mitigate the impact of malaria outbreaks. This proactive approach enables authorities and healthcare professionals to prepare and implement preventive measures in advance, potentially reducing the severity of malaria-related issues and aiding in the allocation of resources where they are most needed. By tailoring the prediction model to the unique characteristics of each region in Senegal, the current research addresses the localized nature of malaria outbreaks, recognizing that factors such as climate, geography, and environmental conditions can significantly influence the prevalence of malaria. The integration of predictive analytics and models in public health initiatives allows for a more strategic and responsive approach to malaria management, ultimately contributing to the overall well-being of the affected communities. This report includes an explanation of the methodology used for the development of the prediction model, along with the results obtained and their implications for public health in Senegal.
Rainfall patterns / Satellite observation / Climatic data / Models / Machine learning / Prediction / Malaria Record No:H052669
Nearly half of Vietnam’s wetlands are concentrated in the Vietnamese Mekong Delta. Wetlands play an important role in carbon storage while contributing to Vietnam’s biological diversity and economy. This report reviews the wider literature to understand how land use within the Vietnamese Mekong Delta and likely management scenarios can impact greenhouse gas emissions. The report is structured into six main sections covering an introduction, key characteristics of the Vietnamese Mekong Delta wetlands, literature-based greenhouse gas emissions assessments, a review of commonly available models for estimating greenhouse gas emissions, estimations of emissions using a select number of reviewed models, with a focus on paddy rice, and finally ends with some conclusions.
Mangroves / Land-use change / Models / Wetlands / Greenhouse gas emissions Record No:H052668
This report summarizes the meta-analysis findings on the social, economic, and institutional bottlenecks, barriers, and opportunities to more inclusive small and medium agribusiness in the ESA region. It serves as a link between the visible integration of GESI focus in WP1 and its interventions. The GESI framework1 brings about inclusive and scalable agribusiness innovations through targeted GESI support to UU ESA work packages 1-6. This framework will ensure that planned interventions under UU are designed and implemented to empower more women and youth as farmers, agribusiness owners, and actors with voice and visibility across agribusiness value chains (Nortje et al. 2023). The CGIAR Initiative on Diversification in East and Southern Africa (Ukama Ustawi- meaning “wellbeing”) is focused on diversification for resilient agribusiness ecosystems in Eastern and Southern Africa, also known as Ukama Ustawi (UU).
Economic aspects / Youth / Women / Social inclusion / Gender equality / Stakeholder / Food security / Agriculture / Agribusiness Record No:H052666
Multistakeholder dialogues are crucial in breaking down silos and bringing together diverse voices across landscapes. These dialogues ensure that everyoneapos;s needs are considered, leading to fairer and more inclusive outcomes. In the context of the CGIAR Initiative on Transforming AgriFood Systems West and Central Africa (TAFS-WCA), several MSDs were organized in targeted landscapes in Ghana and Nigeria to co-develop inclusive landscape management plans (ILMPs). The MSDs assessed the status and dynamics of natural resources and ecosystem services, validated the LSA findings, and aided knowledge-sharing, partnership-building, and community mobilization for sustainable and resilient landscapes. The approach to the MSDs in both countries was guided by a combination of collaborative and empowerment engagement methods like focus groups, partnership building, and community mobilization. The principles of a successful MSD include inclusiveness, transparency, respect, facilitation, and decision-making. All relevant stakeholders were invited to participate, regardless of their background or position. The MSDs in Ghana validated most of the LSA results, with new information on drivers of change, state, and dynamics of natural resource use in the target social-ecological landscape. Participants came with new information including disunity between farmers and miners, changes in family practices, increased postharvest losses, reduced food production, new diseases, illegal mining due to new technology, and the inappropriateness of Cinderella Trees for agroforestry. In the Doma-Rutu productive landscape, MSDs confirmed that dwindling water resources affect agricultural productivity, floods in rice fields around the Ohina River, and common livelihood activities among women contributing to forest degradation and stream siltation. The State government proposed Operation Green Nasarawa State, which networks with charcoal producers, firewood traders, tree loggers, and timber traders. By reflecting on the experiences, valuable lessons were learned that could improve future MSDs:; The importance of long-term commitment: Building trust and achieving lasting results requires long-term commitment from all stakeholders.; The need for flexibility: The process could have been more flexible to adapt to changing circumstances and emerging needs before and during the MSDs.; The value of continuous learning: Dialogue participants and facilitators/researchers could have been more open to learning from each other. Finally, the process gave an opportunity within this mobilization effort to identify citizen scientists, especially in Ghana. The aim was to involve residents in gathering water quality and quantity data and engage them in the MSD. This approach highlights a creative and inclusive method to collect valuable information and reach back to the community for an inclusive landscape management plan.
Planning / Multi-stakeholder processes / Landscape Record No:H052665
The CGIAR Initiative on West and Central African Food Systems Transformation (TAFS-WCA) addresses challenges in the food systems of West and Central Africa, characterized by weak institutional arrangements, low productivity, and resource depletion. TAFS-WCA focuses on landscape management in selected countries, aiming for community engagement and the implementation of innovative solutions. The Doma-Rutu socio-ecological landscape in Nasarawa State, Nigeria, was chosen for intervention, with a comprehensive analysis revealing abundant water resources and agriculturally viable areas. However, persistent risks such as land tenure issues, low production capacity, and unsustainable practices threaten the landscapeapos;s well-being. Using the DPSIR-SEL Framework, the study assesses Driving forces, Pressures, States, Impacts, and Responses, providing valuable insights for policymakers to address environmental challenges and plan for future sustainability. To address the identified challenges, increased government presence in the landscape is needed to enhance stakeholder inclusiveness, prevent conflicts, and halt landscape degradation. Farmers should be organized and trained in effective water management to sustain the use of floodplains for dry-season farming. Innovative water management techniques and technologies should be considered, such as alternate wetting and drying technology for paddy production and pipe irrigation systems. The vast land under the Doma and Rutu irrigation schemes must be put to productive use during the dry season to minimize degradation caused by leaving it bare. Attention should also be given to raising native tree seedlings to reforest marginal lands exposed to degradation, and technology transfer on floodplain management should be actively pursued. After the harvest of rain-fed crops, open grazing takes place, and the government is recommended to create an enabling environment for controlled open grazing practices in the landscape.
Socioeconomic aspects / Water quality / Landscape Record No:H052664
Citizen Science (CS) is increasingly being integrated into advanced scientific approaches to address complex problems and produce real-time evidence-based information for decision-making. The CS approach has also been used as a tool to foster community-based monitoring and learning, particularly on the sustainability of productive landscapes/watersheds. As part of the CGIAR regional initiative, West and Central African AgriFood Systems Transformation (TAFS-WCA), the International Water Management Institute (IWMI) trained seven (7) citizen scientists (CSs) in communities in and around the Mankran watershed in the Ahafo-Ano Southwest District (AASWD) in Ashanti Region of Ghana for a one-year intensive hydrological monitoring campaign. Researchers from IWMI and the Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST) conducted a kick-off stakeholder engagement to initiate the program, recruited local volunteer citizen scientists, co-identified monitoring stations, and co-installed field equipment. This was followed by a CS training workshop aimed at enhancing CSsapos; understanding of hydrology and water quality assessments. An evaluation of the perception of the CSs before the training revealed that most of them are not first-time volunteers, as three of them volunteer at least once a month for varied purposes. Although none have ever volunteered for any water research projects, most agree that they would be personally affected if the quality of the environment deteriorates. Knowledge acquisition was the driving force for participation, with one participant motivated by financial or unemployment reasons. A follow-on trend analysis will be performed after one year to assess the evolution of CSs perception. The training program proved to be an exceptional journey of immense significance for the CSs and the researchers applying the CS approach. Through a series of hands-on activities and practical exercises, CSs were equipped with skills in water sampling and quality monitoring, operating and maintenance of scientific instruments, and accurate data collection to build indigenous competent volunteers who inspire behavioral change and enhance environmental stewardship and active citizenship for the successful implementation of an inclusive landscape management plan.
Training / Citizen science / Monitoring / Water quality Record No:H052663
Food system transformation is intrinsically tied to effective land and water resource management, especially in the regions facing competition among various land uses. The AhafoAno Southwest District in Ghana exemplifies this complexity, with agriculture, mining, and agroforestry practices competing against one another for arable land, impacting the local food system and contributing to water resource degradation. This study investigates the quantity and quality of water in the Mankran watershed, employing a participatory approach through citizen science to address the increasing challenges within the Ahafo-Ano Southwest district. To conduct this investigation, a team of seven citizen scientists, including four women, was carefully selected from the local community, and equipped with the training to monitor water resources effectively. The Mankran watershed, within the Ahafo-Ano District, was chosen for its strategic representation of different land-uses that affect water resources. The study focused on three distinct riparian communities: Mmrobem, representing the upstream with agroforestry as the predominant land use; Barniekrom, representing the midstream with agricultural activities prevailing; and Kunsu, representing the downstream with mining activities as the predominant land use. Installation of staff gauges at midstream and downstream locations facilitated streamflow measurements, while manual rain gauges were deployed in each community for comprehensive rainfall measurements. Additionally, groundwater monitoring involved the selection of two wells in Mmrobem, three in Barniekrom, and two in Kunsu. Basic hydrological variables such as daily rainfall, streamflow rate, and groundwater level, along with water quality parameters (pH, turbidity, dissolved oxygen, nitrate, phosphate, chloride, and heavy metals), were diligently measured by the citizen scientists from June to October 2023. Monthly water samples were sent to a laboratory for further technical analysis, including the determination of heavy metals. The data revealed rainfall variations impacting six-month streamflow, notably in midstream and downstream areas. Downstream, influenced by mining, experienced twice as more streamflow rate, indicating potential mining runoff. Water quality assessments showed pH, turbidity, dissolved oxygen, nitrate, and phosphate variations, influenced by community land use. Nitrate concentrations peaked in the rivers in June, while wells in agricultural lands showed consistently high concentrations, likely due to leaching. Phosphate concentrations increased as the rainy period progressed in streams mirroring well concentrations, signifying subsurface flow dominance. Mercury concentrations were low in surface water but four times higher in groundwater. Despite the challenges posed by mining activities, the citizen scientists demonstrated their capacity to provide reliable semi-technical measurements comparable to standard laboratory analyses. This not o
Citizen science / Forests / Water quality / Agricultural landscape Record No:H052662
Atampugre, Gerald; Tilahun, Seifu A.; Zemadim, Birhanu; Amponsah, Andoh Kwaku; Cofie, Olufunke; Mabhaudhi, Tafadzwanashe. 2023. Co-designing inclusive landscape management plans: a practical guide. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). CGIAR Initiative on West and Central African Food Systems Transformation 31p. More... | Fulltext (936 KB)
This report provides a comprehensive guide designed to facilitate the co-design of inclusive landscape management plans. Recognizing the critical role of diverse stakeholder engagement in sustainable land management, the guide offers a detailed framework with a strong focus on practical application. Through a systematic approach, the guide provides step-by-step insights, methodologies, and tools to effectively navigate collaborative processes in landscape management. The central emphasis of the guide lies in promoting inclusivity as a key driver for enhancing the effectiveness and ensuring the long-term success of landscape management initiatives. By offering practical solutions and actionable strategies, the guide serves as a valuable resource for practitioners, policymakers, and community leaders committed to fostering inclusive and participatory approaches in landscape management. This practical resource is tailored for individuals and organizations dedicated to creating landscapes that strike a balance between ecological health, social equity, and economic viability. By emphasizing collaborative design and implementation, the guide aims to contribute to the development of resilient and sustainable landscapes that meet the needs of diverse stakeholders and ensure a harmonious coexistence between nature and society.
Stakeholders / Indicators / Social inclusion / Gender equality / Planning / Landscape Record No:H052661
The International Water Management Institute (IWMI) conducted a virtual scoping and need assessment workshop to develop a water resources decision support system (DSS) to strengthen landscape resilience planning and investment in West and Central Africa. The workshop, which took place on May 8, 2023, involved 51 participants from the public sector, private companies, research, and civil society organizations, as well as academia of six countries: Ghana, Nigeria, Cote d’Ivoire, Burundi, DRC, and Rwanda. The objective was to explore the current data gaps, information, and knowledge products in water DSS, where IWMI could provide support on appropriate science-based decision-support systems for water resources management, with a particular emphasis on strengthening landscape resilience planning and investment in the respective countries within the TAFS-WCA initiative. Most participants from six countries expressed interest in AWARE, a flood forecasting tool of IWMI, which facilitates coordination across sectors to trigger actions ahead of extreme climate events. Stakeholder mapping, end-user participation, comprehensive needs assessments, expert maintenance, and knowledge-sharing forums were identified as crucial for successful DSS implementation as part of reflection in the meeting.
Investment / Planning / Resilience / Landscape / Water resources / Decision-support systems Record No:H052660
Agriculture remains the primary livelihood in Ghana, marked by a growing emphasis on cocoa production nationwide. Existing research highlights the importance of supplementing rainfed cocoa production with irrigation. Simultaneously, mining has emerged as a key driver of the countryapos;s economic growth. However, there is an urgent need to assess the measurable impacts of cocoa production with supplemental irrigation and mining on water resources sustainability and quality. This study aims to investigate how the supplementary irrigation of coca and mining affects the water balance components and water quality, with a focus on sediment yield in Ghana. It builds upon a baseline study in the Upper Offin sub-basin and an upland watershed of the Mankran microwatershed using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model. The analysis indicates that applying supplemental irrigation to 15% of the cocoa area from shallow groundwater would not significantly affect basin water yields. However, the impacts of supplemental irrigation on 5% of the cocoa area from shallow groundwater would significantly affect the groundwater flow in the Upper Offin sub-basin. Conversely, expanding supplemental irrigation to 38% of the cocoa area (with landscape slope less than 8%) and encompassing the entire cocoa area in the Mankran microwatershed significantly influences hydrology. In the Mankran micro-watershed, supplemental irrigation to all cocoa farms increased evapotranspiration, percolation, and sub-surface flow by up to 9%, 28%, and 21.5%, respectively. In contrast, catchment water yield has been decreased by 19% and groundwater flow ceased due to supplemental irrigation. On the other hand, mining in the Upper Offin watershed (covering 5% of the area) and the Mankran micro-watershed (covering 6% of the area) significantly impacted hydrology and sediment yield. Surface runoff, catchment water yield, and sediment yield increased, respectively by 28%, 7%, and 80% for the Upper Offin watershed. Similarly, the Mankran micro-watershed showed a significant increase in surface runoff, water yield, and sediment yield by 34%, 8%, and 147% due to mining. Percolation and groundwater flow significantly decreased in both the Upper Offin and Mankran micro-watershed. The findings indicate that expanding mining poses a challenge to cocoa production from shallow groundwater. Mining areas must identify suitable areas to minimiz adverse effects on irrigated cocoa production and implementation land reclamation on mined areas. Further research is required to refine the representation of mining activities in the SWAT model for more accurate results on the location and spatial coverage of mining impacts. The study underscores the necessity of context-specific management strategies, considering both agricultural and mining activities in water resource management plans for long-term environmental health and socio-economic viability.
Watersheds / Transformation / Food systems / Modelling / Water availability Record No:H052659
This report outlines an advanced methodology for mapping small reservoirs in Northern Ghana, utilizing Sentinel-2 satellite imagery and Google Earth Engine. Aimed at enhancing mapping accuracy by reducing cloud contamination, the method filters image collections, applies optimal cloud masks, and composes cloudless images. The methodology also included the calculation of spectral indices such as the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and the Modified Normalized Difference Water Index (MNDWI) to improve classification accuracy, while a Random Forest algorithm classifies water and non-water features based on training samples from satellite imagery. The algorithm, leveraging specific spectral bands and MNDWI, demonstrates high accuracy, with results validated against a test dataset. The process concludes with image cleaning and permanent water masking, exporting the data in raster format for analysis. This methodology supports effective water resource management and the CGIAR Initiative on Aquatic Foods’ goals for food security and sustainable aquaculture in Northern Ghana.
In the developing world, the drivers behind changes in social ecological landscapes (SEL) are intricate and have been steadily intensifying over the years. Regions blessed with abundant natural resources, encompassing fertile soils, lush forests, freshwater bodies, valuable minerals, and more, tend to experience rapid population growth and heightened poverty rates. This often results in a heightened demand for essential livelihood components, including access to alternative livelihoods, education, food, healthcare, water, forest resources, housing, roads, and spaces for agriculture and aquaculture. Furthermore, the intersection of multiple national and global stakeholders continues to exert substantial pressure on exploiting natural resources at the sub-national level. To address the pervasive issue of land degradation, particularly in developing nations like Burundi, the implementation of landscape surveying and mapping emerges as a crucial tool. These methods provide valuable insights into ecosystem services and their interactions, paving the way for sustainable landscape conservation. Employing the Driver-Pressure-State-Impact-Response (DPSIR) for Social-Ecological Landscape (SEL) assessment framework, a diverse array of methodologies was employed in the current study, with a focus on the sub-Nyamagana watershed on the Imbo plain in Burundi. This research aims to conduct a comprehensive situational analysis, shedding light on how drivers and pressures converge to define the state and impacts of SEL, while also emphasizing institutional and stakeholder responses. To delve deeper into the intricacies of the Nyamagana watershed, a complementary approach involving focus group discussions and individual questionnaires was undertaken. The survey covered a total of 166 households and six focus group discussions, each comprising twelve participants. The findings highlighted several factors and pressures, predominantly stemming from the intensive utilization of natural resources, as well as biotic and abiotic constraints such as drought, flooding, pests, diseases, and anthropogenic pressures like anarchic mining and rapid population growth. Of notable concern is the complexity of soil use and land cover, especially the widespread use of chemicals such as synthetic fertilizers and pesticides, which pose significant threats to ecosystem components. The social-ecological dynamics are characterized by a combination of ecological factors, including environmental disturbances like heavy rains, prolonged dry seasons, fires, deforestation, and climate change. The social component of the system encompasses all human activities, spanning the economy, technology, politics, and culture, that result in intricate interactions between communities and ecosystems. Within the Nyamagana watershed, various institutions play a crucial role in landscape management, with identified stakeholders including research services (e.g., ISABU, IRRI, IITA, and Burundi University), ex
Frameworks / Livelihoods / Land cover / Land use / Landscape / Watersheds Record No:H052657
Weather Risk Management Services Pvt Ltd (WRMS) is collaborating with the International Water Management Institute (IWMI) as part of the CGIAR Initiative on Climate Resilience (ClimBeR) to develop financial solutions for post-extreme climatic events. The focus is on creating parametric insurance solutions to aid vulnerable populations in managing and mitigating loss and damage caused by natural disasters, with a primary emphasis on floods. The projectapos;s scope involves a comprehensive approach to enhance community resilience through financial solutions for flood. It begins with identifying vulnerable locations using secondary data sources. The subsequent steps include developing parametric insurance products, setting triggers and damage ratios based on past events, and evaluating community vulnerability.; Zambia is particularly prone to seasonal floods from November to April. Major rivers like Zambezi, Kafue, and Luangwa can lead to widespread inundation, impacting lives, displacing communities, damaging infrastructure, and disrupting agriculture. The project focuses on flood risk in specific regions, the Kafue flats area in Lusaka and Southern Provinces. Data sources crucial for assessing flood severity include river water level, dam discharge data, and rainfall. The study utilizes historical data from 1980-2023 for water level and discharge, and 2000-2020 for rainfall, collected from multiple locations in the Kafue plains area. The development of the flood index-based insurance product involves analyzing data to determine triggers for flash floods and riverine floods. The shortlisted region experienced severe flooding in the past, and detailed analysis has been done to validate if the collected data sets capture both the intensity and duration of those extreme events. The proposed index insurance product features triggers based on water level and rainfall data, offering fast and transparent settlement with low administrative costs. For riverine floods, payouts depend on the increase in daily water level from a set benchmark, considering the number of days above the threshold. For flash floods, compensation is triggered by excess rainfall over a specified period. Ultimately, the project aims to offer a combined flood coverage product addressing both flash and riverine floods, contributing to the overall goal of strengthening disaster resilience through integrated risk analysis, financial solutions, and actionable protocols.
Monsoons / Rainfall / Flooding / Weather index insurance Record No:H052656
The increasing population and changes in the climate in Africa demand a more sustainable approach to water usage for improved food and water security in the region. One of the key users of water, agriculture serves as the primary livelihood in Ghana, with a growing focus on cocoa production. To effectively implement sustainable water management strategies, it becomes imperative to conduct hydrological studies, including water balance components and water quality at sub-national and watershed scales. This would assist decision-makers in the proper planning and interventions for agriculture. This study aims to quantify and evaluate the hydrological response of the Upper Offin sub-basin and Mankran micro-watershed under baseline conditions. Upper Offin was selected because of its competing land uses of cocoa and mining, and Mankran was targeted as the CGIAR regional integrated initiative for Transforming Agrifood Systems in West and Sectral Africa (TAFS-WCA) is co-designing a landscape management plan for the area. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model was first calibrated and validated at the Adimbera gauging station (Upper Offin sub-basin) using observed streamflow data from 2001 to 2011, considering Mankran as one of the SWAT sub-basins. After several iterations of the selected seven parametersthat include mainly channel and groundwater flow, the SWAT model reproduced the observed flow with reasonable performance. The sensitivity analysis depicted that channel and groundwater parameters were markedly the most sensitive in the region. Evapotranspiration accounts for the largest share of the water cycle, with a mean annual rainfall of 72% and 74% for the Upper Offin and Mankran watersheds, respectively. The mean annual surface runoff and percolation were below 5% for both watersheds. Also, the mean annual percolation for Upper Offin and Mankran were 15% and 17% of the rainfall and the mean annual sediment yield was 0.68 t/ha and 0.37 t/ha, respectively. The SWAT model successfully captured the hydrological responses in the study areas, providing a reliable quantification of surface runoff, percolation, and sediment yield under baseline conditions. Utilizing SWAT in this context was essential for assessing the potential impact of future supplementary irrigation interventions, evaluating the effectiveness of water management strategies, and monitoring changes in hydrological processes over both spatial and temporal scales.
Watersheds / Water balance / Climate change / Transformation / Food systems / Modelling / Water availability Record No:H052655
Weather triggered hazards such as drought and flooding have negative impacts on society and agriculture. Drought can lead to reduced access to drinking water, lower agricultural productivity, and conflicts over water resources. Flooding causes loss of agricultural production, damages infrastructure, and leads to socio-economic losses. The report aims to develop a guiding framework to create a Combined Drought and Flood Index (CDFI) for monitoring crop-specific agricultural drought and flood conditions. The proposed framework for monitoring crop-specific agriculture drought and flood conditions includes meteorological, agricultural, and hydrological indices. The framework uses remote sensing datasets to monitor drought and flood impacts. The cross-referencing of these indices helps reduce the probability of false alarms during monitoring floods and droughts. It is crucial having a uniform methodology that countries can apply to monitor drought and flood conditions for specific crops. The 5-step standardized methodology was applied for the case study country in Ethiopia, where wheat, sorghum, and teff crops are the major crops. The findings show, flooding occurred in the northern and central part of the country in 2016, causing reduced respiration in the soil root zone of crops affecting mid-season phenological growth of sorghum, wheat, teff, and barley. Likewise, the study revealed, in 2015 moderate to severe drought impacted the phenological growth of sorghum due to the El Nino Phenomenon. The framework aims to provide valuable insights for policymakers, decision-makers, and agricultural practitioners. The coarse resolution of the rainfall and soil moisture datasets applied in the study might be limitations of this method however, it still provides a valuable oversight for agricultural drought and flood monitoring.
Monitoring / Frameworks / Datasets / Remote sensing / Flooding / Drought / Crops / Agricultural production Record No:H052653
This study presents an innovative tool and approach developed to facilitate the adaptive testing or monitoring of e-flow frameworks and environmental flows (e-flows) implementation using digital tools and real-time data to ensure sustainable water resource management. The project, conducted in two river basins in southern Africa, focuses on creating a user-friendly digital Application Tool, integrated with a high-resolution 3D model and modern sensors, to monitor changes in river ecosystems post eflow implementation. The methodology, grounded in the established PROBFLO e-flow frameworks for these two basins, involves an eight-step process to determine e-flows for maintaining sustainable ecosystems and the holistic testing of the socio-ecological consequences of altered flow and non-flow environmental variables. It begins with site selection, considers physico-chemical dynamics, establishes flow-ecosystem relationships, and generates flow scenarios. Utilizing Bayesian Networks (BN), the model evaluates risk or socio-ecological consequences associated with proposed e-flow requirements and any other past, present or future resource development scenario, integrating ecosystem components to ensure the holistic suitability of the determined e-flows. The risk assessment builds on to the ecological components with the including of ecosystem service allowing for the social consequences of altered flows to be evaluated using the same framework. The development of a user-friendly PROBFLO Environmental Framework Assessment (EFA) Tool enables stakeholders to test scenarios and assess risk outcomes without extensive probability or resources specialization expertise. The PROBFLO EFA Tool streamlines data analysis and BN modelling, offering an accessible platform to evaluate e-flow scenarios. While the PROBFLO EFA Tool is still undergoing refinements, its potential to empower users in making informed decisions regarding e-flow management is evident.
Digital technology / River basins / Risk assessment / Frameworks / Monitoring / Environmental flows Record No:H052652
This study investigates the dynamics and susceptibility to drying of small reservoirs in Northern Ghana, leveraging advanced machine learning and remote sensing techniques through Google Earth Engine. It aims to map these reservoirs, evaluate their extent, and analyze water availability during dry seasons, crucial for understanding water resource potential for aquaculture and supporting food security goals under the CGIAR Initiative on Aquatic Foods. Findings reveal a consistent decrease in the number and size of reservoirs from November to April, attributed to increasing dry conditions, with a notable rise in reservoir numbers peaking in November 2022. Small reservoirs (lt; 0.6 hectares) were found to be more numerous than medium and large ones, predominantly located in midstream areas. Approximately half of these reservoirs face a very high risk of drying, highlighting the urgent need for effective water management strategies. This research provides significant insights into the vulnerabilities of small reservoirs, guiding sustainable management practices to combat the impacts of climate change and environmental stressors on water and aquaculture resources in Northern Ghana.
The CGIAR Food Systems Accelerator (CFSA) was launched as part of the activities under the CGIAR Initiative on Diversification in East and South Africa (Ukama Ustawi), with the main objectives, of strengthening food systems by scaling climate-smart food system innovations (through strategic support of commercially viable and inclusive climate-smart agribusinesses), develop a pipeline of inclusive climate-smart agribusinesses in East and Southern Africa, support inclusive climate-smart agribusinesses (through a 6-month program that provides investment readiness and business development, climate-smart agriculture (CSA) and impact measurement and management (IMM) technical assistance, GESI strengthening, coaching and mentoring) and facilitate access to finance through de-risking grants to scale CSA innovations and business models. In the inaugural CFSA cohort, 10 agribusinesses (Accelerator Partners) were supported from Kenya (4), Rwanda (2) Uganda (2), and Zambia (2).
Climate-smart agriculture / Agribusiness / Social inclusion / Gender equality / Food systems / CGIAR Record No:H052650
Inclusive landscape management (ILM) is a holistic approach to managing landscapes that considers the needs of all stakeholders, including local communities, indigenous peoples, and marginalized groups. This Inclusive Landscape Management Plan (ILMP) seeks to provide a framework for the sustainable management and development of landscapes in the Ahafo Ano Southwest District (AASWD) of Ghana. The ILMP is designed to address the increasing pressure on landscapes in West and Central Africa under TAFS-WCA initiative (from deforestation, land degradation, poor water management, unsustainable mining, wildlife poaching, and climate change). The ILMP emphasizes the integration of social and ecological systems, local participation, and sustainable resource use and management within landscapes. It is a response to ‘top-down’ approaches to sustainable development, in which power and decision-making are in the hands of external development professionals. Instead, the ILMP is based on shared ownership of decision-making and the full participation of all stakeholders. This ILMP is a product of a collaborative effort between the International Water Management Institute (IWMI), the AASWD, and local stakeholders from the Mankran micro-watershed of Ghana. The ILMP was developed through a participatory process that involved stakeholders from all sectors, including government, civil society, and the private sector. The process began with the creation of a narrative that served as a broad objective for promoting inclusive landscape management in the Mankran microwatershed. The research team then worked with local stakeholders to assess the current state of the landscape and identify key challenges and opportunities. Based on the assessment, the research team and stakeholders co-developed a set of management strategies and interventions that are designed to address the key challenges and achieve the desired outcomes. The ILMP was designed with a shared vision for the landscape: “To sustainably co-harness landscape resources in a transparent and accountable manner to engender resilient communities and healthy ecosystems in the Ahafo Ano Southwest District. Based on the vision and identified challenges, stakeholders proposed various response strategies that included: Increased irrigation efficiency through adaptive and inclusive management; mechanisms to reduce postharvest losses; mechanism for profit or benefit sharing from mining and forestry; Enhanced gender and youth involvement in decision-making; Improved income and livelihood diversification opportunities; Improved adoption of sustainable land/forest/water management practices; Increased food safety through reduced contamination from pesticides and galamsey (illegal small-scale mining) the strengthening of local/traditional institutions for natural resources management. The ILMP also includes a monitoring and evaluation framework to track progress and ensure that the interventions are having the desired impact. I
Strategies / Stakeholders / Transformation / Agrifood systems / Resource management / Landscape Record No:H052649
CGIAR Initiative on Climate Resilience (ClimBeR) focuses on seven representative, low and middle income countries in Africa, Asia and Latin America naming Kenya Morocco, Senegal, Zambia, Philippines, Sri Lanka and Guatemala. One of the work packages of the project involves development of LNOB indicators for the project countries across the entire spectrum of Sustainable Development Goals (SDG). LNOB or ‘Leave No One behind’ is the overarching philosophy of 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development adopted by the United Nations, cutting across all the SDGs and its targets. The UN system has developed through consultative process a set of indicators for measuring progress of these goals and targets, but no separate indicators have been developed on LNOB. This paper has ventured into the tasks of developing LNOB indicators on SDGs, examine the requirements of disaggregated data for measuring progress on these indicators, explore the availability of such data within the UN system and the national statistical systems of the ClimBer project countries, and recommend a set of LNOB indicators that can be adopted for the project. The paper is structured in seven sections. Section one introduces the philosophy of Leave No One Behind (LNOB) and section two unpacks the philosophy into its three main components – equality, non-discrimination and empowerment. Section three provides an overview of 17 Sustainable Goals, and its 169 targets, as included in 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. A set of 231 unique indicators for measuring progress in the implementation of these goals and targets, and the tier classification of the indicators is also presented in this section. Section four identifies 100 unique indicators that are relevant for measuring progress on LNOB, and examines the disaggregation of data required on each of these indicators. It is found that 97 out of 100 LNOB indicators require disaggregation on more than 1 out 10 parameters identified for disaggregation, such as sex, age, income, education, occupation, disability, location, ethnicity or indigenous status and status of citizenship. Section five examines the availability of disaggregated data on LNOB indicators within the UN system for countries in general and for ClimBer project countries in particular. It further examines the availability of disaggregated data within the statistical systems of the seven ClimBer project countries. It is found conclusively that the required datasets are not available in the project countries on the LNOB indicators and it is not possible to develop or construct such data within the time span of the project.Section six suggests that even though LNOB indicators based on 17 SDGs and their targets cannot be adopted for the project, it is possible to develop project based LNOB indicators aligned with the SDGs. A set of 12 such ClimBer project based indicators are developed on which disaggregated data can be generated within the project. Section seven sums up the ma
Datasets / Empowerment / Gender equality / Income / Indicators / Sustainable Development Goals Record No:H052647
In October 2023, IWMI organized a workshop with the National Agency of Civil Aviation and Meteorology (ANACIM) and the support of Alliance Bioversity-CIAT on behalf of the CGIAR Initiative on Climate Resilience, ClimBeR, to launch the AWARE Platform in Senegal. This platform aims to provide early warning, early action, and finance and introduce a dialogue on sensitizing anticipatory action to mitigate climate risks. The workshop brought together 53 key stakeholders, including government officials, local and international NGO representatives, academic staff, and private sector experts. These stakeholders had diverse expertise in food security, nutrition, agriculture, environment, and disaster risk management. The workshop focused on four main sessions, including group activities and case studies, where participants shared their ideas, knowledge, and experiences to help improve the AWARE platform. The workshop highlighted the importance of cross-sectoral collaboration and diverse stakeholder engagement, particularly with government institutions, to mitigate disaster management risks in Senegal.
Stakeholders / Disaster risk management / Risk reduction / Finance / Early warning systems / Climate resilience Record No:H052644
In response to the escalating waste management challenges triggered by rapid urbanization and its effects on resource use and the environment a Circular Bioeconomy Innovation Hub (CBE-IH) has been set-up in Ghana, under the leadership and facilitation of the International Water Management Institute (IWMI) with the support of CGIAR Initiatives Resilient Cities and Nature Positive Solutions. Operating within the organic waste to resource value chain, the CBE-IH operates on co-ownership principles with 16 stakeholders from the public and private sectors, research institutions, NGOs, and the education sector. With jointly defined objectives and workplan, the co-owners have joined forces, contributing resources for co-design and co-implementation to achieve shared impact.; Beyond being a showcase of circular bioeconomy innovations, the CBE-IH serves as a one-stop-shop for training, advisory, demonstration, and research. It unites key stakeholders in the circular bioeconomy space for accelerated progress aimed at nurturing and advancing the development of new and accessible innovations. To achieve this, five strategic operational areas have been defined for activity development and implementation. These areas aim to enhance the skills and knowledge of circular bioeconomy value chain actors, improve competencies, nurturing change champions, integrating circular concepts into school curricula, and promoting knowledge sharing and collaboration among stakeholders.; Fueling these initiatives is a resource pooling strategy from co-owners, where the hub has amassed an array of resources, including training centers with associated expertise, meeting venues, and demonstration sites. This strategy has culminated in the formation of a team comprising 41 trainers. These trainers possess cross-cutting expertise in 12 specialized areas central to the circular bioeconomy domain, encompassing everything from product development and production to business and financial model development, green financing strategies, partnerships, stakeholder engagement, quality management, health and safety, innovation scaling, and gender diversity and inclusion. But what sets the CBE-IH apart is delivery training beyond virtual platforms. The hubapos;s innovative approach extends to practical, hands-on sessions conducted at its 7 quot;living labsquot; across the country, hosted by co-owning circular economy businesses. These living labs provide practical settings, facilitating hands-on training on the transformation of organic waste into safe compost, co-compost (with fecal sludge), briquettes, biochar, biogas, black soldier fly cultivation for animal feed, and innovative ventures like aquaculture in symbiosis with wastewater treatment plants.; Despite launching in mid-2023, the CBE-IH has already facilitated knowledge transfer training for representatives from five institutions in the operationalization of a 1000-ton/year non-carbonized briquette machine. Additionally, resource recove
Policies / Governance / Knowledge sharing / Training / Capacity development / Stakeholders / Business models / Reuse / Resource recovery / Briquettes / Organic wastes / Waste management / Value chains / Innovation / Bioeconomy / Circular economy Record No:H052599
Dahl, Hauke; Jacobs-Mata, Inga; Hulbert, S.; Shehata, J. 2023. Stability-and-peace accelerator: concept note. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). CGIAR Initiative on Fragility, Conflict, and Migration 31p. More... | Fulltext (1.35 MB)
For the 1.5 billion people living in Fragile and Conflict Affected Settings (FCAs), livelihood challenges and rising food, fertilizer, and input prices are compounded by climate change, unsustainable resource consumption, poor governance, and weak social cohesion. Economic disruptions, such as those caused by COVID-19 and the war in Ukraine, are sparking the risk of food and nutrition crises and poverty and conflict traps. Global hunger, remained relatively unchanged from 2021 to 2022 but is still far above pre-COVID-19-pandemic levels, affecting around 9.2 percent of the world population in 2022 compared with 7.9 percent in 2019. It is estimated that between 691 and 783 million people in the world faced hunger in 2022. Considering the midrange (about 735 million), 122 million more people faced hunger in 2022 than in 2019, before the global pandemic.; The International Water Management Institute (IWMI) is an international, research-for-development organization, with offices in 15 countries and a global network of scientists operating in more than 55 countries. For over three decades, our research results have led to changes in water management that have contributed to social and economic development. IWMI’s vision is a water-secure world. IWMI targets water and land management challenges faced by poor communities in developing countries, and through this contributes towards the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of reducing poverty and hunger and maintaining a sustainable environment.; Based on evidence and knowledge drawn from our science, innovative technologies and testing of business models, IWMI works with governments, policymakers, farmers, civil society, water managers, development partners and businesses to solve water problems and scale up solutions. Through partnerships, IWMI combines research on the sustainable use of water and land resources, knowledge services and products with capacity strengthening, dialogue and policy analysis to support implementation of water management solutions for agriculture, ecosystems, climate change and inclusive economic growth.; IWMI’s value proposition is unique. It rests on a track record of more than 30 years of rigorous, solutions-oriented water management research, built on long term partnerships at local, country and regional levels, and a sustained field presence across Africa and Asia. IWMI brings a robust and growing track record in implementing evidence-based agribusiness accelerator programs targeted at scaling agrifood system innovations in Africa. IWMI has pioneered and expanded methods around science-driven business acceleration and scaling in multilateral projects as well as the OneCG portfolio (AICCRA, Ukama Ustawi, WE4F) and is adapting the end-to-end methodology to scale CGIAR research innovation, tools and knowledge through private sector innovators in a humanitarian, development and peace context.; IWMI is also a Research Center of CGIAR, the world’s largest agri
Stakeholders / Sustainable Development Goals / Resilience / Food security / Water management / Communities / Refugees / Peacebuilding / Stability / Migration / Conflicts / Fragility Record No:H052598
Food system accelerators are programs that support agribusinesses in scaling their innovations to address the challenges and opportunities in food and agriculture systems. They typically provide a combination of technical assistance, mentoring, networking, and access to finance to help agribusinesses grow and achieve positive social and environmental impact.; Food system accelerators are emerging as a promising approach to foster climate-smart innovation and transformation in agri-food systems, especially in developing regions where climate change, population growth, food insecurity, and malnutrition pose serious threats. Climate-smart innovation can enhance the efficiency, resilience, transparency, and inclusiveness of agri-food value chains, as well as improve the livelihoods of smallholder farmers and consumers.; However, scaling climate-smart innovations in agri-food systems is not easy. It requires a deep understanding of the complex and dynamic context of agri-food systems, as well as the needs and preferences of different actors and stakeholders. It also requires collaboration and coordination among various actors, such as researchers, entrepreneurs, investors, policymakers, extension agents, and end-users. Moreover, it requires overcoming various barriers and risks, such as lack of infrastructure, skills, data, regulation, trust, and financing.; To address these challenges, food system accelerators leverage the expertise and network of CGIAR, a global research partnership for a food-secure future. CGIAR has a portfolio of innovations that span various domains of agri-food systems, such as crop improvement, livestock production, natural resource management, nutrition, gender, policy, and markets. CGIAR also has a strong presence and partnership in many developing countries where agri-food systems face the most pressing problems.; One example of a food system accelerator is the CGIAR Food Systems Accelerator Programme (FSA), launched in partnership with 2SCALE in 2022. The FSA aims to support at least 30 agribusinesses in East and Southern Africa by 2024 with scaled-up climate-smart innovations that support diversification, intensification, and risk management of maize mixed systems. The FSA provides tailor-made support to selected agribusinesses under four priority innovation themes: mechanization and irrigation, conservation agriculture, nutrition-sensitive climate-smart agriculture, and agricultural risk management. The FSA also offers de-risking grants and matchmaking with private investors for follow-on capital.; In February 2023, CGIAR FSA organized the initiation workshop for the first successful group of startup businesses at Norrsken House, Kigali, Rwanda.; This report has its focus on participants’ reflections on the food system accelerator process and the way forward.
Value chains / Technical aid / Innovation / Agribusiness / Agrifood systems Record No:H052597
The Ukama Ustawi Initiative WP5 (Empower amp; Engage) facilitated a GenderUp workshop in collaboration with Wageningen University and UC Davis in Harare, Zimbabwe at the Monomotapa Hotel on August 8, 2023. The workshop was a follow-up to the WP1 innovation scaling readiness workshop on Mechanized Conservation Agriculture (CA) that took place in June 2023. The workshop brought together the Ukama Ustawi WP1 team (on mechanized CA) and stakeholders engaged in CA from the Ministry of Agriculture, FAO, USAID, Community Technology Development Trust, researchers, and Canadian Food Grains Bank/ Tearfund in Zimbabwe to scale the use of mechanized CA from a gender lens. Presentations were done by WP1 on mechanized CA led by Dr. Blessing Mhlanga from CIMMYT and from WP5 by Dr Everisto Mapedza (IWMI). Dr Ojong Enokenwa Baa from WP5 (IWMI) facilitated the GenderUp session. The main objective was to provide scaling partners and stakeholders with a conversational method for designing responsible scaling strategies in a particular context where they operate using the GenderUp strategy.
Training / Conservation agriculture / Strategies / Innovation scaling / Inclusion / Gender Record No:H052595
Ghosh, Surajit; Rajakaruna, Punsisi; Tri, V. P. D.; Loi, N. T.; Trung, P. K.; Holmatov, Bunyod. 2023. Unveiling water resources of the Vietnamese Mekong Delta. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). CGIAR Initiative on Low-Emission Food Systems 24p. More... | Fulltext (2.11 MB)
The Vietnamese Mekong Delta is responsible for half of the country’s rice production. This is possible due to abundant freshwater resources available for agriculture. This report provides a general overview of water resources in the region, presents unique water-related challenges using earth observation data, and description of measures to address them. Structurally, section one provides a general introduction followed by description of surface water resources, its uses and dynamics. Section three contains information on water infrastructure in the region. Section four covers water extent dynamics of small reservoirs followed by section five that focuses on groundwater pumping. Section six presents information about the Google Earth Engine – based tool developed to visualize surface waters and water infrastructure of the region for different time ranges using different satellites. Section seven focuses on institutional arrangements related to water management in the Vietnamese Mekong Delta. Finally, section eight provides concluding remarks and recommendations to overcome identified challenges.
Satellite imagery / Deltas / Water management / Infrastructure / Pumping / Groundwater / Water reservoirs / Surface water / Water resources Record No:H052594
Quantifying greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in hydropower reservoirs is linked with national and international sustainability objectives. Deploying scalable and effective cloud-based technologies improves the accessibility, reproducibility, and timeliness of the quantification process. This novel strategy promotes global sustainability in the hydropower industry while making it easier to comply with environmental regulations. It can promote informed decision-making, increase transparency, and expedite the transition to clean energy sources. Considering the use of cloud computing in GHG quantification can support global efforts to mitigate climate change and advance the development of hydropower systems into more sustainable global infrastructure. Earth Observation (EO) data with cloud computing facilities such as Google Earth Engine (GEE) and G-res (an online tool by the International Hydropower Association) can help fill in the missing data gaps and calculate GHG emissions from hydropower reservoirs in Vietnam following IPCC recommendations for estimating GHG emissions. Seven hydropower reservoirs (Ban Ve, Binh Dien, Ho Ham Thuan, Ho Hoa Binh, Ho Song Hinh, Thac Ba and Yali) from different parts of Vietnam were selected as test cases for calculating GHG emissions using the G-res tool. The initial results from the analysis show that the Binh Dien reservoir reports the highest GHG aerial emission rate per year, while the lowest has been observed for the Thac Ba reservoir. Similarly, the highest emission rate has been observed for the Ban Ve reservoir, while the lowest has been recorded for the Thac Ba reservoir. The initial results reported here provide an understanding of GHG emissions from the hydropower reservoirs (test cases) and are needed to be verified with the respective reservoir authorities for actual emissions.
Mangrove forests are one of the most impactful carbon-trapping ecosystems, they are effective at locking away vast amounts of quot;blue carbonquot; and the IPCC (IPCC, 2022) report encourages the protection of coastal vegetative ecosystems as part of integrated coastal resource management. Mangrove also strengthens resilience to climate change by reducing the impacts of sea level rise, saltwater intrusion, cyclones, and floods. Mangrove forests in Vietnam are currently under threat from expansion of shrimp aquaculture. However, their role in the food systems of coastal and island communities is often ignored. For instance, they provide woods for cooking, its fruits (from the keora trees) are collected and sold especially by women, and it also hosts a rich ecosystem including aquatic foods and acts as breeding and nursery ground for economically and nutritionally important fish species. Mangrove afforestation programs can, in that sense, be considered as Low Emission Food Systems technologies, including in MITIGATE+ target countries like Vietnam.; This report reviews the literature on mangrove afforestation programs globally to identify the enablers and drivers of scaling. Specifically, the programs are characterized to identify the technologies and innovations in place, and the governance models and institutional drivers are assessed. Thus, the report is divided into four sections. The first section presents a global overview of mangrove plantations, their historical and present status, the drivers of mangrove deforestation globally and at country level. The second section reviews mangrove afforestation programs, the inception of these programs, their objectives and the governance and institutional models followed. The third section focuses on mangroves in Vietnam, it features some of the successful examples implemented in the country and analyses the supporting government policies. The last section is the conclusion which draws lessons on the factors required for successful mangrove restoration programs.
Deforestation / Afforestation / Climate change adaptation / Emission reduction / Food systems / Mangrove conservation Record No:H052591
This study examines the evolution of public policy and institutions shaping the agrifood systems in Haryana, India, from 1850 to the present. Public policy is conceptualized as representing state intent (Narain 2018; Dye 2002); in the context of this study, this includes a historical review of public policy spanning the colonial as well as postcolonial eras. Institutions are conceptualized as regularized practices, norms, and codes of conduct that structure repeated human interactions (North 1990). Thereby, in this study, institutions refer to both statutory (enforced and legitimized by the state) and non-statutory (legitimatized by sources other than the state) institutions.
Climate change / Green revolution / Participatory management / Irrigation / Land resources / Institutional development / History / Public policies / Agrifood systems Record No:H052519
This study presents evidence from secondary literature and archival sources on how the current agrifood systems in Bangladesh were developed and the obstacles and opportunities that have influenced their transformation since the 1850s. It lays out the politico-economic context of these systems, allowing for a comprehensive understanding of their current state.
History / Climate change / Irrigation / Groundwater / Water resources / Decision making / Economic aspects / Political aspects / Food security / Agricultural policies / Agrifood systems Record No:H052518
This study probes assumptions which underpin current thinking about the transformation of Pakistan’s agrifood systems by identifying and examining key turning points from the 1840s onwards in sub-regions of the Indus irrigated plains. It highlights historical antecedents of contemporary agrifood systems including: the political-strategic goals of colonial reformers, origins of inter-regional disparities, the elevation and marginalisation of various social groups and agrarian classes, ambivalence towards markets and market-players, and the entrenched political economy of land and water resources.
Political aspects / History / Green revolution / Agrarian reform / Colonization / Food security / Water resources / Land resources / Poverty / Hunger / Agricultural growth / Policies / Agrifood systems Record No:H052517
The Enviro-Champs initiative was developed as a community driven, citizen science initiative in Mpophomeni township in Kwa-Zulu Natal (KZN), South Africa. Over time, the scope of work done and data collected by the Enviro-Champs has expanded. There is now recognition both locally and globally that the Enviro-Champs initiative shows great promise for national and global upscaling. However, several areas within the initiative remain where it could be improved, especially technologically. GroundTruth, in conjunction with technical and funding support from CGIAR Research Initiative on Digital Innovation and the International Water Management Institute (IWMI), engaged in a project which aimed to i) establish recruitment, training, and education tools to support establishment of a technologically integrated and upgraded Enviro-Champs initiative, ii) develop an outline for a training and education workshop for Enviro-Champs once they are hired, iii) improve data collection and reporting capacity and efficiency with a sustainable system (in collaboration with CGIAR and FormShare), and iv) pilot test technological improvements to the Enviro-Champs initiative within the Mpophomeni Enviro-Champs in conjunction with the South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI), and Umgeni Water. The overarching aim was to develop a technologically innovative and upgraded best-practice framework for the Enviro-Champs, from recruitment, through training and data collection, to data management and reporting. The primary outcome was to have a fully functional, digitally improved Enviro-Champs system in Mpophomeni, that could serve as a working template for upscaling the Enviro-Champs initiative elsewhere in Southern Africa or the world. This report reflects the process and outcomes of this project to date.
Sustainability / Mobile applications / Digital innovation / Frameworks / Environmental monitoring / Community involvement / Data collection / Citizen science Record No:H052516
The report documents the institutional meetings and discussions taking place between 26-30 November 2023 when a delegation from Lao PDR visited Vietnan. Overall aim of the visit was to enhance institutional cooperation between policy researchers and policy makers for more effective policy formulation. The Lao team learnt about options to strengthen policy implementation, like through formulating specific strategies, supporting farmers to adopt suitable technologies/innovations, and bringing research evidence into the policy formulation process. As the term “agroecology” is new to some stakeholders links to existing practices have to be shown, accompanied by advocating its benefits from a broader view perspective.
Stakeholders / Agroecology / Policies / Agricultural practices Record No:H052514
The critical interlinkages among the food, land, and water (FLW) systems are complex and context-specific. There has been limited research on how policies governing one resource have deep implications for the other linked resources. Further, the process of developing policies is highly complex, and each evolves differently. In addition, policy changes are implemented in response to socio-cultural, economic, environmental, and political changes. Thus, individual policies may develop conflicting priorities and effects.; To ensure the effectiveness of national policies and strategies, it is crucial to gather context-specific evidence on the coherence between policies governing FLW systems and address points of incoherence. Policy coherence is important to identify and strengthen synergies across economic, social, and environmental policy areas and address any trade-offs1 between them to align domestic policy objectives with internationally agreed objectives.; The study offers key evidence-based recommendations to address the identified gaps and challenges in the selected national policies, which are essential for enhancing policy coherence.
Sustainable Development Goals / Political aspects / Water resources / Policy coherence / Water systems / Land resources / Food security Record No:H052513
This report provides an overview of the mini Stream Assessment Scoring System (miniSASS) and South African Scoring System Version 5 (SASS5) as biomonitoring techniques for assessing the ecological condition of streams and rivers based on the identification of aquatic macroinvertebrates. While miniSASS relies on minimally trained citizen scientists to identify macroinvertebrates at the Order-level, SASS5 utilizes expertly accredited practitioners for finer resolution, even up to the family-level. However, the reliance on citizen scientists for miniSASS identification introduces limitations in terms of precision, accuracy, and reliability. To address these limitations, ongoing developments within the CGIAR Initiative on Digital Innovation include the creation of a miniSASS smartphone application, an upgraded website, an interactive online course, and a machine-learning identification algorithm to assist with photo identification. Additionally, a revised dichotomous key has been developed to improve operator identification during miniSASS surveys. Furthermore, the potential for upscaling the machine-learning identification algorithm to assist in identifying the 91 family-level taxa used in SASS5 assessments has been explored. The outcomes of these developments and explorations presented in this paper aim to enhance the overall effectiveness and reliability of both the miniSASS and SASS5 techniques. By leveraging digital innovation and incorporating machine-learning technology, we anticipate the efficiency, accuracy, and accessibility of biomonitoring assessments will significantly improve, ultimately contributing to a better understanding and management of our aquatic ecosystems.
Machine learning / Digital innovation / Sustainable development / Macroinvertebrates / Biomonitoring / Community involvement / Data collection / Citizen science Record No:H052512
Dahl, Hauke; Njiru, A.; Sewe, L.; Dlamini, Jerry; Nortje, Karen; Nowak, A.; Giombini, V.; Ires, Idil; Peterson, N.; Birachi, E.; Dirwai, Tinashe; Mhlanga, B.; Alamu, E. 2023. Food systems accelerator: agri-innovation report. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). CGIAR Initiative on Diversification in East and Southern Africa 156p. More... | Fulltext (6.47 MB)
This report presents the consolidated outputs of the CGIAR researchers involved in the first cohort of the CGIAR Food Systems Accelerator.
The Food Systems Accelerator was established to bolster Ukama Ustawi, a CGIAR initiative focused on transforming agri-food systems in East and Southern Africa (ESA). This program, spanning from 2022 to 2024, aligned scientists with agribusinesses to bring CGIAR innovations to scale in ESA. It achieved its objectives by providing CSA Technical Assistance to agribusinesses, enabling the adoption of climate-smart agricultural practices and de-risking their operations. Furthermore, the program offered Impact Measurement and Management support, helping agribusinesses measure and manage their environmental and social impacts effectively. Lastly, it provided Investment Readiness Technical Assistance to increase the agribusinesses’ capacity to absorb capital, facilitating their access to funding for sustainable growth and ecological impact. By combining science-driven support and investment readiness, the Food Systems Accelerator Program aims to ensure resilient and sustainable agribusiness development in ESA.
Risk management / Climate-smart agriculture / Social inclusion / Gender equality / Agricultural innovation / Food systems Record No:H052508
Climate variability and extreme weather events such as floods and droughts continue to increase due to climate change. These changes will have significant impacts on low- and middle-income countries. Without transformative climate adaptation solutions, millions of smallholder farmers will face severe losses because of increased climate variability.; The CGIAR Initiative on Climate Resilience (‘ClimBeR’) was designed to develop bold transformative climate actions by delivering science and innovation to transform food, land, and water systems that will help smallholder farmers and local communities better adapt to the impacts of climate variability.
ClimBeR aims to increase the adaptive capacity of countries by reducing risk for producers’ livelihoods and in value chains; understanding climate security risks and identifying paths to climate-resilient peace; ensuring policymakers have the necessary evidence to develop policies and adaptation strategies; building capacity with policies that bring together local needs and available tools to enable governance for resilience; scaling climate finance; and ensuring social equity.
ClimBeR currently contributes towards increasing the adaptation capacity of six focal countries: Guatemala, Kenya, Morocco, the Philippines, Senegal and Zambia. ClimBeR’s work is now being also extended to Sri Lanka, with the support of Japan’s Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF).; The international Water management Institute (IWMI) will implement ClimBeR’s Governance for Resilience (G4R) work stream in Sri Lanka. This includes working closely with partners at the local, national and regional levels to tackle the vulnerability to climate change using multi-scale polycentric governance (MPG) and a transformative adaptation framework, and co-developing products and tools to facilitate early warning, early action and early finance (AWARE) and climate smart governance (CSG).
Research programmes / Climate change adaptation / Governance / Climate resilience Record No:H052506
This report examines the nature of polycentric governance and transformative characteristics adaptation options in Sri Lanka. The report focuses on four major climate adaptation projects implemented in recent years, namely Climate Resilient Integrated Water Management Project (CRIWMP), Climate Resilience Improvement Project (CRIP), Climate Smart Irrigation Agriculture Project (CSIAP), and the Northwestern Province Canal Project (NWPCP). The analysis includes institutional mapping of the four projects and an assessment of the extent of polycentric governance and transformational characteristics of three specific transformational adaptation options, namely 1). Forming Cascade management committees and strengthening farmer organizations, 2). Diversification of high-value crops, climate-smart water management, and agricultural practices, and 3). Basin investment planning accounting climate change risks. The analysis found that the national-level ministries and departments dominate the planning and implementation of interventions. The methods and the extent of inputs from local and community-level institutions and farmers can be substantially improved in the planning and implementing adaptation projects. Although the adaptation interventions within the three projects have some transformational characteristics, they can be enhanced with other transformational characteristics and polycentric governance to ensure systemic changes in the socio-ecological system to address the increasing challenges of climate change.
Governance / Institutions / River basins / Adaptation / Climate change Record No:H052505
Ndione, Y. C.; Tall, L.; Sall, S.; Ciss, P. N.; Rousseau, E.; Amarnath, Giriraj; Okem, Andrew. 2023. Mapping of adaptation interventions in Senegal. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). CGIAR Initiative on Climate Resilience 41p. More... | Fulltext (713 KB)
The CGIAR Initiative on Climate Resilience is geared towards Building Systemic Resilience against Climate Variability and Extremes in developing countries including Guatemala, Kenya, Morocco, the Philippines, Sri Lanka, Senegal, and Zambia. The initiative has four work packages: 1). De-risking agriculture production systems and livelihood from climate change, 2). Building production system resilience recognizing the linkages of climate, agriculture, security, and peace; 3). Developing adaptation instruments to inform policy and investments, and 4). Multiscale governance for transformative adaptation. Work Package 4 (WP4) expects to set up a bottom-up polycentric governance framework for multiscale transformative adaptation and targeted climate investments. WP4 has three components: A). Setting up a polycentric governance model and a “leave no one behind” indicator framework, and developing B). a climate smart governance dashboard to empower farmers, communities, and policy planners to plan and implement bottom-up integrated climate and water risk management interventions, and C) AWARE platform for early warning, early action, and early finance to promote integrated multiscale institutional responses to climate shocks. The Initiative Prospective Agricole et Rurale (IPAR) is supporting the International Water Management Institute (IWMI) in implementing component A of ClimBeR.
This report outlines the steps undertaken in mapping adaptation interventions in Senegal as part of ClimBeR activities towards developing a bottom-up polycentric governance model for transformative multi-scale adaptation and timely targeted climate investments. The mapping exercise the review of published grey and peer-reviewed literature and interviews with key stakeholders in national structures involved in food security, climate change and/or governance of early warning systems.; The IPAR team mapped 31 adaptation interventions and identified the stakeholders involved in the planning and implementation of the interventions, the geographic focus of the interventions and intended/target beneficiaries of the interviews. All the mapped intervention focused on food security with households and smallholder farmers as primary target beneficiaries. Different institutions, including government agencies and ministries, and development partners and non-govermental organisations are involved in planning and implementation of climate change adaptation in Senegal. The mapping activities, however, revealed that although the institutions identified through this mapping exercise share similar project goals and are involved in similar projects, they use different operational and institutional frameworks resulting in the lack of harmonization of tools deployed in assessing the orientation of the various interventions and duplication of interventions. The lack quality climate data was also identified as a barrier to decision making and governance of adaptation planning and implementation. Ensu
This report underscores the escalating threat of climate disasters to global populations, emphasizing the heightened vulnerability of Sri Lanka, an island nation susceptible to diverse climate-related hazards. With floods, landslides, droughts, cyclones, and other extreme events on the rise due to climate change, the inevitability of future disasters looms large. Urgent proactive measures are imperative to address this pressing issue, as the population is ill-prepared to handle severe consequences without comprehensive and anticipatory strategies. The report stresses the need for leveraging existing forecasting capacities into actionable responsibilities and fostering a proactive response to safeguard communities from adverse effects.; Anticipatory action emerges as a crucial approach within comprehensive disaster risk management, particularly suited for Sri Lanka. The report highlights the importance of transitioning predictive capabilities into actionable responsibilities, emphasizing the commitment to act upon warnings to safeguard all segments of the population. The Sri Lanka Anticipatory Action for Disaster Mitigation activities, conducted in collaboration with the International Water Management Institute (IWMI) and World Vision Lanka (WVL), seeks to set a model for effective disaster mitigation strategies. The report focuses on the Galenbindunuweva Divisional Secretariat areas in the Anuradhapura district, identified as the most vulnerable to drought, and outlines the objectives, processes, and tools involved in the development of Anticipatory Action Protocols.; Anticipatory action emerges as a crucial approach within comprehensive disaster risk management, particularly suited for Sri Lanka. The report highlights the importance of transitioning predictive capabilities into actionable responsibilities, emphasizing the commitment to act upon warnings to safeguard all segments of the population. The Sri Lanka Anticipatory Action for Disaster Mitigation activities, conducted in collaboration with the International Water Management Institute (IWMI) and World Vision Lanka (WVL), seeks to set a model for effective disaster mitigation strategies. The report focuses on the Galenbindunuweva Divisional Secretariat areas in the Anuradhapura district, identified as the most vulnerable to drought, and outlines the objectives, processes, and tools involved in the development of Anticipatory Action Protocols.; The report details the process of Anticipatory Action Plan development, emphasizing community engagement through community risk assessments, focus group discussions, and key informant interviews. It underscores the importance of empowering communities, reducing the impact of potential hazards through timely responses, and encouraging innovative approaches to disaster preparedness and response. The development process involves a comprehensive approach, ensuring a participatory and holistic development of Anticipatory Action Protocols. The report also
Sri Lanka experiences distinct monsoon seasons, the Southwest and Northeast monsoons, contributing to the risk of flooding and landslides in different regions. The Nuwara Eliya district, facing elevated threats of landslides and floods, underscores the importance of proactive measures such as Anticipatory Action (AA). AA empowers communities by enabling precautionary measures, and a collaborative three-day simulation, involving World Vision Lanka, the International Water Management Institute (IWMI), and government partners, sought to enhance community resilience comprehensively. The simulation focused on holistic empowerment, resilience-building, coordination strengthening, and increased awareness.
The AA simulation, spanning preparedness, readiness, and activation triggers, involved early warnings that activated AA protocols. Community engagement included awareness campaigns, evacuation planning, and resource pre-positioning. As rainfall intensified, readiness triggers prompted canal cleaning, slope stabilization, and household preparations. The active phase featured an evacuation alert efficiently communicated by Mr. Early Warning. Community members, supported by various stakeholders, were evacuated to safety centers, with special attention to vulnerable groups and diverse services ensuring their well-being. Feedback highlighted positive responses to early warnings and potential practice impact. However, confidence levels varied regarding facing future disasters, and community satisfaction with services indicated room for improvement. Accessibility and support services for vulnerable groups emphasized the need for enhanced inclusivity in disaster preparedness. The simulation, a collaborative effort of key agencies, showcased a comprehensive approach, providing valuable insights for future initiatives.
Early warning systems / awareness / Empowerment / Community development / Disaster preparedness Record No:H052499
Smallholder production systems in low-income countries suffer the most from the impacts of climate change but receive the least benefit from climate adaptation programs. This is due to governance structures that make it difficult for governments and organizations to effectively reach marginalized communities. Technical, financial, and institutional support is provided in vertical siloes, limiting coordination between national government departments and hindering integrated climate interventions. Additionally, top-down support frameworks overlook the horizontal governance structures of rural communities, missing opportunities to recognize and build on their age-old knowledge and coping strategies to deal with climate variability.; The Water Integrity Network (WIN) advocates for integrity in polycentric water governance through transparency, accountability, participation, and corruption prevention across scales. WIN partners with national governments and NGOs to implement the Integrity Management Tool (IMT) for small water supply systems (SWSS). The IMT-SWSS aims to improve management and governance practices, increase customer satisfaction, and comply with regulations. In Kenya, where only half of the rural population has access to improved water sources, WIN has collaborated with policy makers and implemented the IMTSWSS to support sustainable operation and maintenance of small-scale water supply systems, among other, in three systems in Mailua Community in Kajiado South County. This Maasai area was selected for the present study.; The study aims to analyse the integrity perspective for small-scale water supply systems within horizontal polycentric governance at the local community scale. The focus is on how the community manages multiple sources of water to meet their domestic and productive needs, and on the decision-making process between water users, their leaders, and government institutions. The Mailua Community has multiple gravity water systems, boreholes, and water vendors. Representatives of the water supply systems participated in a training on the IMT-SWSS, and an umbrella committee was set up to represent the interests of the systems to other governance structures.; The study methodology included a literature review of both published and grey literature for this particular area. The field research was done in two phases. Phase one involved participatory mapping, transect walks, interviews with key informants and focus group discussions. Phase two included further exploration of thematic areas with significant impact on water use and polycentric governance structures that were identified through data analysis during phase one. This included the planning of the new Namanga Dam, and the two-way vertical integration of top-down and bottom-up governance.
Drought / Water resources / Climate change / Gender / Water users / Water governance / Water supply / Communities / Water tenure Record No:H052497
Climate-related disasters, especially in vulnerable regions like Sri Lanka, necessitate proactive and anticipatory measures. In response, a detailed community risk assessment was conducted in Nuwara Eliya, Ambagamuwa Divisional Secretariat Division (DSD) to develop anticipatory action plans for floods and landslides. Focusing on vulnerable populations, including impoverished families, pregnant women, and elderly communities, the Anticipatory Action Protocols aim to empower communities and reduce potential hazardsapos; impact. The objectives of developing Anticipatory Actions include community empowerment, hazard impact reduction, and the encouragement of innovative disaster preparedness approaches. The Community Risk Assessment (CRA) framework employs tools such as transect walks, seasonal calendars, venn diagrams, and hazard maps to comprehensively assess local vulnerabilities and capacities. This process ensures a participatory approach, fostering a nuanced understanding of the communityapos;s dynamics.; Anticipatory Action Plans are highly tailored, utilizing the information gathered from the CRA to address specific risks effectively. The CRA serves as a systematic methodology for identifying, estimating, and ranking various risks, enhancing community awareness, prioritizing risks, and providing indicators for measuring changes in vulnerability over time. The Anticipatory Action Intervention involves proactive strategies within disaster risk management. Feasibility studies identify high-risk areas and beneficiaries, and trigger statements guide timely implementation. A district-level technical advisory committee reviews the Early Action protocol, ensuring accountability and inclusiveness. External stakeholders, including plantation companies, contribute resources crucial for effective implementation.; Preparedness activities involve developing community-based early warning mechanisms, aligning them with national thresholds, establishing vigilant groups, and providing training. The readiness stage includes identifying suppliers, executing trigger monitoring, validating beneficiary lists, and coordinating with communities. Prioritized early actions encompass getting timely forecasts, implementing cash-for-work, disseminating messages, mobilizing trained volunteers, and activating on-site monitoring. Other components address shelter, housing, and settlements; restoring livelihoods; water, sanitation, and healthcare; and education, with each segment focusing on specific preparedness, readiness, and prioritized early actions. The partnership and coordination section emphasizes establishing technical working groups, training community volunteers, and coordinating with external agencies for effective disaster management.
Village irrigation systems (ViSs) are vital in rural livelihood, food, and water security. VISs include small (minor) tanks and diversions (anicuts). The hydrologically linked tanks with natural drainage patterns form cascades, and beyond food and water security, they play a significant role in mitigating flood and drought impacts on communities in river basins. With anthropogenic changes, many cascades are in depilated states now. This paper finds that policy support with legal recognition to cascade-based community-level institutions promote bottom-up water and natural resources management approaches. They also facilitate investigations of ill-defined subject areas in cascade management and complex socio-political and economic issues and challenges constraining sustainable cascade based VISs operations.
Communities / Climate resilience / Drought / Floods / Climate change / River basins / Drainage canals / Tanks / Water security / Water management / Water resources / Sustainability / Arid zones / Water governance / Irrigation management / Villages / Irrigation systems Record No:H052495
The Multidimensional Digital Inclusiveness Index (MDII), initiated by CGIARapos;s Digital Innovation Initiative, has transformed from a theoretical concept to a practical tool for assessing digital inclusivity in various sectors. Its foundational document guides stakeholders in the Agri-Food, Water, and Land sectors, promoting collaboration and continuous improvement. The MDII is guided by eight principles, including accessibility, transparency, methodological rigor, adaptability, intersectionality, simplicity, flexibility, and clarity. It faces challenges such as complexity and diverse user needs, addressed through Artificial Intelligence (AI) integration, offline accessibility, and a participatory feedback approach. Evolving beyond an index, the MDII now offers multiple functions like certification, predictive analysis, and strategic guidance for digital innovation, using AI to meet future inclusiveness needs. The next steps for the MDII include conducting surveys to refine its framework, developing a comprehensive roadmap, and creating a prototype for stakeholder review.
Artificial intelligence / Stakeholders / Sustainable Development Goals / Assessment / Frameworks / Inclusion / Digital innovation Record No:H052494
1.5 billion people live in fragility and conflict-affected settings (FCAS) and they face an increased risk of food insecurity and poverty trap. A systems approach in collaboration with innovators in FCAS is needed to produce practical and inclusive solutions that can improve the resilience of food, land, and water systems (FLWS). CGIAR is in the unique position to produce transformative policies, programming, and market strategies to bring science-driven innovation to improve resilience among FCA communities and create a bridge between the humanitarian, development, and peace (HDP) nexus.; This market report conducts a market assessment across 14 countries in Africa, the Middle East, and South Asia to inform a science-driven acceleration programme to scale CGIAR innovations in FCAS. The analysis in the report is from a newly developed database on FLWS-HDP innovation ecosystem actors, which includes 600+ innovator data covering 90+ solution types and 200+ funding supporters, including investors, governments, NGOs, hubs, and other collaborative ecosystem enablers. Additionally, the report draws insights from consultations with experts in the ecosystem ranging from CGIAR practitioners to innovation hubs and innovators (Chapter 1).; The ecosystem mapping shows that the FLWS-HDP innovation ecosystem is still nascent in many FCA countries, and is largely concentrated on food production. Water resources, migration, and anticipatory action innovations only take up 20% of all innovations. Financial support to enable private innovators has been rising and 25% of the innovators mapped in the selected countries have raised funding amounting to over $330M as of November 2023, with investors from the private sector paving the way and with public-private partnerships (PPPs) increasingly playing an important role. Funding support from private investors and PPPs support early-stage innovation development by creating hubs, de-risking funding by co-investing with the private sector, and directly providing financial support to the innovators. International donors, governments and investors from the Global North are also prevalent in the ecosystem as 90% of actors supporting innovators are from outside the FCA countries. Local actors often work with international actors to implement programmes, co-invest, and help source high-impact innovators. There is little evidence of international research organisations’ activities in the FCAS so far (Chapter 2).; Developing a sustainable FLWS-HDP innovation ecosystem in FCAS is met with challenges related to limited infrastructural resources, value chain disruptions, and heightened security risks. However, opportunities also exist, especially when innovators flexibly adapt innovations to address local challenges, and in settings where the solutions become tools to better facilitate and coordinate humanitarian, government, and private sector initiatives. Hence, supporting private sector innovation should prioritise localising so
Migration / Conflicts / Fragility / Innovation / Nexus approaches / Peacebuilding / Non-governmental organizations / Humanitarian organizations / Water systems / Land / Food security / Assessment / Ecosystems Record No:H052492
Mapping stakeholders and their potential roles for prevention and reduction of food waste (FW) supports a coherent, coordinated and complementary approach to quantification, causes identification and scaling up of feasible solutions for significant returns on investment. State and nonstate stakeholders were mapped in selected municipalities: Colombo metropolitan area (Colombo, Sri Jayewardenepura-Kotte, Negombo, Kaduwela and Moratuwa municipal council areas), Jaffna, Kandy, Batticoloa, Kurunegala and Galle.; Stakeholders were grouped into four clusters: producers, enterprises/food business operators, private/public/civil society organizations and households. The stakeholders’ maps guided sensitization and capacity-building sessions whose conclusions fed into the preparation of the National Roadmap on Urban Food Waste Prevention and Reduction for Households, Food services, Retailers and Wholesalers launched on 17 August 2021.; According to the analysis, the institutions working on food and/or (bio-)waste can be divided into governmental, semi-governmental, private, and non-governmental. Food safety, quality control and waste management in Sri Lanka is under the umbrella of the central government, provincial council (PC) and local authorities(LAs) that cover governance (e.g. policies and regulations), production, trade, input supply, services, welfare support and research. However, duties and responsibilities are, sometimes, crosscutting and interrelated with overlaps that can lead to poor coordination.; An array of institutions at central and provincial levels are engaged to strengthen the food production sector in Sri Lanka. The existing inter-institutional coordination mechanism could be improved. The coordination for knowledge generation and dissemination between national and provincial systems should be strengthened.; The report was produced for the project Innovative approaches to reduce, recycle and reuse FW in urban Sri Lanka that was implemented under the oversight of the Ministry of Urban Development and Housing, in collaboration with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the International Water Management Institute (IWMI) from June 2019 to August 2021.
Goal 12 Responsible production and consumption / Sustainable Development Goals / Municipal authorities / Waste management / Governance / Food production / Stakeholder analysis / Waste reduction / Food waste Record No:H052481
This Study forms part of the research under Work Package #4 (WP4) of CGIAR Research Program: Building Systemic Resilience against Climate Variability and Extremes (ClimBeR), which has the overarching goal of “setting up a bottom-up polycentric governance framework for promoting multiscale transformative adaptation options and targeted climate investments”. Consistent with this objective, this study has made an attempt to develop and empirically apply an innovative methodology that builds on the earlier analytical and empirical woks of Saleth, et al., (2007), Saleth and Dinar (2009), and Saleth, Dinar, and Frisbee (2011). This methodology is rooted in an analytical framework that delineates various possible pathways through which the impacts of climate change are transmitted ultimately on rural welfare at the grassroots level. Since these impact pathways are being characterized by various configurations of climatic, economic, policy, technical, institutional, infrastructural, and welfare-related variables, they provide an excellent operational context not only for incorporating various elements of the MPG structure within a unified context but also for evaluating their roles in mediating and enhancing the climate resilience impacts of TAOs both across regional scales and sectoral contexts.
Notably, in contrast to prevalent approaches in current climate adaptation literature, the impact pathway-based analytical framework enables one to evaluate the welfare impacts of climate resilient coping and adaptation strategies in a more dynamic and interactive context. Clearly, the impact pathways, taken together, constitute the basic building blocks of the analytical framework underlying our evaluation methodology. By defining appropriate variables within relevant empirical context, these impact pathways can be formalized as an inter-related set of equations. Such an equation system can represent a mathematical analogue of the analytical framework, which is capable of being empirically estimated with appropriate data.
Value chains / Econometrics / Rainfall / Mathematical models / Household consumption / Livestock / Water availability / Water security / Water supply / Public-private partnerships / Food prices / Food security / Food production / Infrastructure / Policies / Rural welfare / Governance / Transformation / Climate resilience / Climate change Record No:H052461
Building on the Reclaim Sustainability! (RS!) programme’s baseline studies and the Gender and Social Inclusion (GESI) Reports, and in partnership with CGIAR Initiative on Diversification in East and Southern Africa (Ukama Ustawi) through International Water Management Institute (IWMI), Solidaridad facilitated commodity specific voice amplification dialogues in Zambia focused on cotton and fruits and vegetables farmers. These GESI engagements were designed to form the basis for future programs around voice amplification, gender and social inclusion across agri-business value chains, policy, advocacy, and innovation acceleration The commodity specific dialogues used a co-design approach in order to construct end-user archetypes of typical audiences for program engagement.; Over a two week period between November and December 2022, Solidaridad’s commodity teams, supported by the Network’s Gender Expert, visited cotton and fruits and vegetable farmers across Zambia in the following districts: Lusaka, Chongwe, Mazabuka, Chibombo, Kabwe,Mumbwa, Choma , Magoyi, Nyimba , Petauke and Katete. In groups of not more than 15 per community, the team engaged in dialogue with women (60), youth (3) and men (30) farmers, commodity relevant key informants, individuals in influential spaces and interest groups across the Cotton and Fruits and Vegetables value chains. This included government officials, market players such as Freshmark (Shoprite), Good nature Agro, Agricultural input aggregators, industry union representatives, policy makers, district agricultural officers, and most importantly, women smallholder farmers.
Case studies / Livelihoods / Vegetables / Fruits / Cotton / Smallholders / Multi-stakeholder processes / Partnerships / Sustainability / Intervention / Climate change / Innovation / Policies / Markets / Agricultural value chains / s empowerment / Womenapos / Training / Capacity development / Youth / Women farmers / Agribusiness / Frameworks / Strategies / Social inclusion / Gender equality Record No:H052419
This report aims to explore the intersection of gender and social inclusion, with a focus on the challenges and opportunities faced by women and youth in the agribusiness sector. It examines the ways in which gender norms and stereotypes shape social inclusion, and how exclusionary practices can perpetuate gender-based inequalities. The report draws on the gender analysis studies, baseline surveys and positive case study examples from diverse settings to highlight the key issues and strategies for promoting Gender and Social Inclusion (GESI) in the agribusiness sector. It also offers recommendations for policymakers, practitioners, and civil society actors to enhance gender-responsive approaches to social inclusion, and to ensure that marginalized groups are included in decision-making processes and benefit from development interventions and underscores the importance of addressing gender-based discrimination and promoting social inclusion as a means of advancing human rights and achieving sustainable development.; These include measures such as inclusive disruptive innovation, equal involvement in policy making processes, inclusive market and production systems and representation in decision making. The report emphasizes that promoting GESI is not only a matter of social justice, but also essential for achieving sustainable development goals and building more resilient societies.
Case studies / Discrimination / Intervention / Climate change / Civil society / Innovation / Policies / Agrifood systems / Markets / Decision making / Capacity development / Empowerment / Youth / Women / Agribusiness / Frameworks / Strategies / Social inclusion / Gender equality Record No:H052418
In many low- and middle-income countries, sewage sludge generated from wastewater treatment systems has potential environmental and health hazards. To tackle this challenge, there is a need for innovative options given the increasing concerns and policies restricting sewage sludge dumping in landfills and elsewhere, and a growing awareness about the resource value of sludge within a circular economy. In developed countries, water utilities, municipalities and the private sector are increasingly engaged in utilizing and innovating modern resource recovery technologies to capture biosolids, nutrients or energy from sewage sludge and reducing disposal.; This study reviews existing approaches and business models for resource recovery and moves the discussion beyond technical feasibility. Case studies were analyzed in support of four main sets of business models depending on the targeted resource: (i) organic fertilizers, (ii) crop nutrients, (iii) energy, and (iv) organic fertilizers and nutrients along with energy. The extraction of organic fertilizers through dewatering, thickening, stabilization or long-term storage drives the first set of models followed by technological advances in phosphorus recovery. The business models on energy similarly start from conventional energy recovery processes (anaerobic digestion) and move toward incineration. The discussion covers recent advances in gasification and pyrolysis. Transforming sewage sludge into biochar, for example, can support soil fertility and carbon sequestration. The final set covers integrative approaches supporting soil fertility and energy needs.; The critical step for emerging economies is to develop a wastewater management strategy and link it to a circular economy framework without having a negative impact on environmental and human health. While technologies and business models generally have a favorable policy environment, there is a lack of a regulatory framework that allows the marketing, use and export of recovered (waste-derived) resources for certain applications. For example, there needs to be an increase in industry acceptance of phosphorus recovered from sewage sludge to penetrate agricultural markets despite the currently still cheaper phosphate rock, which is a finite resource.
The mini stream assessment scoring system (miniSASS) was developed as a citizen science biomonitoring tool for assessing the water quality and health of stream and river systems. A miniSASS survey involves sampling the aquatic macroinvertebrate community in a stream or river reach and using the known sensitivities and tolerances of the taxa present to infer information about the water quality and health of the stream or river. The quality of the outcomes of a miniSASS survey is dependent on good sampling technique and accurate identification of aquatic macroinvertebrates by low-skilled citizen scientists. As such, there is potential for errors in sampling and identification which may impact the accuracy of results. In response, we aimed to 1) develop a smartphone application (miniSASS mobile app with built-in machine learning (ML) algorithm for the automatic, real-time identification of aquatic macroinvertebrates) to assist in miniSASS surveys, 2) modernise and upgrade the miniSASS website to handle new data submissions (including photographs) and improve the user interface (UI), and 3) develop an online miniSASS training course. This report presents the methodology and preliminary results pertaining to these objectives.
Sustainable Development Goals / Training / Databases / Algorithms / Machine learning / Mobile applications / Macroinvertebrates / Water quality / Rivers / Biomonitoring / Citizen science / Digital technology Record No:H052345
In what is proclaimed as the ‘fourth industrial revolution’, digital innovation is thought to have the potential to provide solutions to key challenges facing food production and consumption together with the support of sustainability of the underpinning support of land, and water systems. Nowhere is this more the case in less-industrialised countries, which largely have agrarian based economies. Applications of digital innovations include faster and more reliable communication, better collection, analysis, and storage of data, enhancing democratic processes and transparency in governance, affordable financial services and can provide the basis for decision support. However, there is a risk that people with less formal education and skills and little resource endowments as well as particular groups of people such as women will be excluded from participating or benefiting from digital innovation, the so-called digital divide. In addition, there is a risk that people, communities, and societies may be disadvantaged or harmed by digital innovation processes. Digital inclusivity within food, land and water systems are approaches in digital innovation need to include the differing needs and resources of men, women, youth, indigenous communities who produce most the world’s food in smallholder land holdings. Here we provide the state-of-the-art evidence from peer reviewed literature and other literature in support of these statements. On the basis of this and our wider anecdotal experience we present, a holistic multi-dimensional framework for digital inclusivity. The aim of the digital inclusivity index (and supporting tools) is to provide a resource to guide to transform and change development and application of digital innovations. Specifically, it provides governments, funders, researchers, and development agencies a framework on how to assess, minimise and lessen exclusion from digital innovation. This is achieved through increasing awareness of the characteristics of digital exclusion, recognising the needs of the actors that they target with digital interventions which are more inclusive, making interventions more participatory and mitigating any potential harm that can be caused by digital innovation. We also argue that the approach to digital innovation needs to be set within the context of a wide ranging ‘digital ecosystem’ where different actors contribute knowledge and resources, and digital innovation goes beyond the adoption and use of technologies to include changes in preexisting social arrangement and institutions.
Participation / Social structure / Digital divide / Water systems / Land resources / Food systems / Indicators / Frameworks / Social inclusion / Digital technology Record No:H052344
Forest and landscape restoration measures could address landscape degradation, increase ecosystem services, and improve livelihoods. However, mapping potential areas for forest and landscape restoration measures and identifying enabling and constraining factors is crucial for effective implementation. This study was conducted in the western catchment of Lake Ziway, Central Rift Valley, Ethiopia, to identify potential forest and landscape restoration options, map potential areas, assess the benefits and cost of options, and investigate success and failure factors for implementing interventions. The study adopted the Restoration Opportunities Assessment Methodology (ROAM), which enables selecting and mapping forest and landscape restoration options. Data were collected using field surveys, key informant interviews, focus group discussion and literature reviews. We also employed GIS and remote sensing methods to characterize the long-term land use and land-cover dynamics and changes in the status of land degradation. Cost–benefit analysis was conducted to assess the economic viability of identified restoration options. The results suggested that over the last 20 years (2002 to 2022), the western catchment of Lake Ziway experienced severe forest and landscape degradation due to anthropogenic and climatic factors, resulting in multiple environmental and socioeconomic consequences. This study identified seven context-specific forest and landscape restoration measures to address the problem. They vary in cost, trajectory and specific economic and social outcomes. Most options were economically viable with additional environmental and social benefits. For example, the benefit of carbon sequestration for home garden agroforestry was estimated at USD 27,032.5 ha-1 over 20 years. It was also found that a considerable portion of the catchment area was potentially suitable for agroforestry practices (40%), particularly for scattered trees on farmlands. However, the potential areas suitable for full afforestation or reforestation and tree buffers are smaller (6%). Integrating multiple forest and landscape restoration measures in the catchment could maximize the environmental and socioeconomic outcomes. Opportunities to effectively implement and scale up the identified forest and landscape restoration options include the availability of adequate active labor, the diverse benefits of measures, and the existence of supporting policies and strategies, multiple potential financing mechanisms and active development of governmental and non-governmental organizations. However, the absence of guidelines for implementing legal issues, weak coordination among responsible institutions, and inadequate finance and incentives have been identified as major constraints to scale up forest and landscape restoration measures. The findings of this study may serve as a guide for the planning, design and implementation of restoration measures in the study catchment and similar futur
Rainfall / Vegetation / Water conservation / Biodiversity / Freshwater ecosystems / Communities / Remote sensing / Restoration / Ecosystem services / Economic viability / Cost benefit analysis / Carbon sequestration / Farmland / Socioeconomic aspects / Agroforestry / Watersheds / Landforms / Land productivity / Land degradation / Land cover / Land use / Landscape conservation / Forests Record No:H052314
Processing biomass from different waste streams into marketable products such as organic fertilizer and bio-energy is increasingly realized through public-private partnerships (PPPs). In developing countries, the private sector can be expected to contribute technical skills, organizational capabilities and marketing expertise, and leverage capital inflow. In contrast, the public sector will provide the regulatory framework and help its enforcement, plan public investment, involve and educate stakeholders, and ensure waste supply.
This report reviews case studies that implemented PPPs in resource recovery and reuse (RRR) from waste streams with a particular focus on Asia and Africa, including those PPPs facilitated by the authors. Critical factors behind the success and failure of these cases are analyzed. The review indicates three key barriers to success: (i) waste-related bottlenecks, (ii) limited awareness about RRR products and their market(ing), and (iii) lack of proper institutional frameworks. Common shortfalls concern failure to meet commitments related to the quality and quantity of waste, missing understanding of the reuse market, etc. The report points out mitigation measures addressing possible challenges around appropriate technologies, finance and revenue streams, legal issues, as well as social and environmental concerns. It is required to establish close monitoring, appropriate procurement mechanisms and due diligence during the project preparation and pre-bid. If possible, such a PPP project should consider risk and commercial viability assessment as well as financial strategy planning (scaling).
Successful involvement of the private sector in the RRR market is critical to close the resource loop and safeguard human and environmental health, which is the overarching objective of sustainable waste management.
Currently, in Sri Lanka, strategies to address FW prevention and reduction are being considered by different state and non-state stakeholders. However, in the current scenario, solutions for FW are mostly addressing (bio-)waste management.
Quantifying FW is of paramount importance in understanding the magnitude and socio-economic as well as environmental impacts of the problem. A good understanding of the availability and quality of FW data is a prerequisite for tracking progress on reduction targets, analyzing environmental impacts, and exploring mitigation strategies for FLW (Xue et al., 2019). FW quantification aims at creating a robust evidence base for developing strategies, action plans, and policies towards FW prevention, reduction, and management as well as guide prioritization of actions, evaluation of solutions, and monitoring progress (CEC, 2019).
Case studies / Sustainable Development Goals / Environmental impact / Social impact / Municipal governments / Local authorities / Feeds / Strategies / Policies / Recycling / Landfills / Waste collection / Solid wastes / Urban wastes / Waste reduction / Food losses / Food service / Waste management / Quantitative analysis / Households / Wholesale markets / Food waste Record No:H052087
Food waste (FW) is a key challenge on the sustainable development agenda of countries worldwide. The lack of FW data and insights from its analysis about quantities, causes, and characteristics is a significant obstacle in implementing adequate reduction and prevention interventions for different sectors. The primary purpose of the case studies was to review FW prevention, reduction, and management initiatives. Lessons and best practices that enable and facilitate solutions were identified.
Nine case studies were conducted targeting five sectors: food services (one restaurant and one hotel), wholesale markets (one fruits and vegetables wholesale market), retailers (one retail market, one retail shop, and one supermarket), caterers (one hospital), and households (five middle- and five high-income households). The case studies consisted of a FW audit that measured the amounts generated from various processes and identified drivers/causes and current best practices. Quantification involved physical separation, weighing, and categorizing the different food components. The separation classified quantities into edible and inedible portions. The study also focused on assessing the environmental and socio impacts, based on assessed and categorized FW quantities.
FW is a complex phenomenon where the amount, causes and consequences are contextually different. It is not easy to compare and contrast country-level data and the individual actors in the same country. Therefore, the case study approach has been used in many FW-related studies. Multiple case studies can be expensive and time-consuming to implement. Under this study, we analyzed nine case studies targeting five sectors: food services (four restaurants, a dessert shop and one hotel), wholesale markets (one fruit and vegetable market ), retail markets (one supermarket, one fruit and vegetable retailer, one Dedicated Economic Center), caterers/institutional canteens (one hospital) and households (five middle-income households and five low-income households). Entities were selected based on willingness to participate and an actual FW reduction need.
Awareness / Household wastes / Food service industry / Wholesale markets / Soil quality / Water footprint / Water scarcity / Carbon footprint / Financial analysis / Economic impact / Social impact assessment / Environmental impact / Best practices / Strategies / Case studies / Waste management / Waste reduction / Food waste Record No:H052086
Mayoyo, A.; Chapoto, A.; Matchaya, Greenwell; Aheeyar, Mohamed; Chiwunze, G.; Ebrahim, Girma; Ajayi, O. C.; Afun-Ogidan, K.; Fakudze, Bhekiwe; Kasoma-Pele, Winnie. 2023. Digital climate adaptation in agriculture profile for Zimbabwe. : Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI); Rotterdam, Netherlands: Global Center on Adaptation; Abidjan, Cote d’Ivoire: African Development Bank 74p. More... | Fulltext (2.67 MB)
River basins / State intervention / Public sector / Private sector / Stakeholders / Investment / Gender / Information and Communication Technologies / Flooding / Drought / Resilience / Vulnerability / Risk / Farmers / Smallholders / Technology adoption / Digital technology / Agricultural sector / Climate change adaptation Record No:H052085
Malambo, M.; Tembo, M. C.; Chapoto, A.; Matchaya, Greenwell; Kasoma-Pele, Winnie; Aheeyar, Mohamed; Ebrahim, Girma; Ajayi, O. C.; Afun-Ogidan, K.; Fakudze, Bhekiwe. 2023. Digital adaptation in agriculture profile for Zambia. : Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI); Rotterdam, Netherlands: Global Center on Adaptation; Abidjan, Cote d’Ivoire: African Development Bank 74p. More... | Fulltext (5.74 MB)
River basins / Private sector / State intervention / Stakeholders / Women / Gender / Infrastructure / Electricity supplies / Investment / Innovation / Resilience / Vulnerability / Water management / Weather index insurance / Weather forecasting / Climate prediction / Information and Communication Technologies / Disaster risk management / Digital technology / Agricultural sector / Climate change adaptation Record No:H052084
This report explores and analyses the governance framework (i.e. policies, laws, and regulations) relevant to urban food waste (FW) prevention and reduction in the wholesale, retail, hospitality (restaurants, hotels), food services (schools, hospitals), and households in Sri Lanka. The project quot;Innovative approaches to reduce, recycle and reuse food waste in urban Sri Lankaquot; was implemented from June 2019 to August 2021 under the oversight of the Ministry of Urban Development and Housing and in collaboration with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the International Water Management Institute (IWMI).
A Gender Equality and Social Inclusion (GESI) approach is fundamental to agribusiness transformation in the Eastern and Southern Africa region. Work package 5 aims to bring about inclusive and scalable agribusiness innovations through targeted GESI support to UU ESA work packages 1-6. To achieve this, we produced this GESI framework on social, economic, political, and institutional barriers and opportunities to more inclusive agribusiness in the ESA region. This framework will ensure that planned interventions under UU are designed and implemented to empower more women and youth as farmers, agribusiness owners, and actors with voice and visibility across agribusiness value chains. The GESI framework was produced by reviewing relevant literature and talking to agribusiness stakeholders, especially women and youth, in four initial countries: Ethiopia, Kenya, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.
Political aspects / Institutions / Stakeholders / Socioeconomic aspects / Innovation / Climate resilience / Empowerment / Youth / Women / Frameworks / Agricultural transformation / Agribusiness / Social inclusion / Gender equality Record No:H052018
Social aspects / Women / Gender-transformative approaches / Stakeholders / Business models / Cost recovery / Financing / Sustainability / Health hazards / Water quality standards / Agricultural water use / Irrigation water / Guidelines / Planning / Water governance / Water policies / Resource recovery / Municipal wastewater / Wastewater treatment / Water scarcity / Water availability / Water resources / Water reuse Record No:H051838
Training / Stakeholders / Technology transfer / Research for development / Collaboration / Modelling / Stream flow / Precipitation / Disaster preparedness / Water scarcity / Food security / Water security / Policies / Indicators / Impact assessment / Vulnerability / Decision support / Forecasting / Early warning systems / Monitoring / Drought Record No:H052340
Models / Cultural services / Fish / Ecological factors / Water quality / Water resources / Risk assessment / Ecosystem services / River basins / Environmental flows Record No:H051957
To address the knowledge and coordination gaps and foster an enabling policy and investment environment, the Food, Agriculture and Natural Resources Policy Analysis Network (FANRPAN), together with the Agriculture Consultative Forum (ACF) and the International Water Management Institute (IWMI) hosted its first National Policy Dialogue at the Radisson Blu Hotel in Lusaka, Zambia, on 18 August 2022. The Dialogue is part of the CGIAR initiative on Diversification in East and Southern Africa, launched by CGIAR (including IWMI, CIAT, CIMMYT, ILRI, IFPRI, IITA, and WorldFish).
Nawiko, M.; Chomba, C.; Mambwe, M.; Nkanyani, S.; Mwamakamba, S.; Jacobs-Mata, Inga; Ires, Idil. 2022. Zambia agricultural policy profile. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). CGIAR Initiative on Diversification in East and Southern Africa 11p. More... | Fulltext (447 KB)
This paper aims to provide an overview of Zambian policies related to agriculture and climate adaptation in preparation for the Zambia National Policy Dialogue, scheduled for 18 August 2022 in Lusaka, Zambia. The dialogue is a joint programme with CGIAR Initiative on Diversification of East and Southern Africa led by International Water Management Institute (IWMI) Southern Africa, the Food, Agriculture and Natural Resources Policy Analysis Network (FANRPAN) South Africa, and Agricultural Consultative Forum (ACF) Zambia. The paper includes an overview of the economic and administrative profile of the country and a descriptive overview of the agricultural and climate policies that are expected to be critically debated at the Dialogue.
Strategies / Economic development / Agricultural sector / Food policies / Food security / Climate change / Diversification / Agricultural production / Agricultural policies Record No:H051682
To address the knowledge and coordination gaps and foster an enabling policy and investment environment, the Food, Agriculture and Natural Resources Policy Analysis Network (FANRPAN), together with the International Water Management Institute (IWMI), and the local partner, the Kenya Institute for Public Policy Research and Analysis (KIPPRA) hosted the Kenya National Policy Dialogue at ILRI in Nairobi on 21 November 2022. The dialogue is part of the CGIAR initiative: Diversification and Intensification in East and Southern Africa, launched by CGIAR.
Farmers / Technology / Climate change / Multi-stakeholder processes / Investment / Value chains / Diversification / Climate-smart agriculture / Agribusiness / Policies / Agricultural production Record No:H051681
Laichena, J.; Kiptoo, E.; Nkanyani, S.; Mwamakamba, S.; Jacobs-Mata, Inga; Ires, Idil. 2022. Kenya agricultural policy profile. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). CGIAR Initiative on Diversification in East and Southern Africa 11p. More... | Fulltext (471 KB)
This paper aims to provide an overview of Kenyan policies related to agriculture and climate change adaptation and mitigation in preparation for the Kenya National Policy Dialogue on 12 November 2022 in Nairobi, Kenya. The Dialogue is a joint programme with CGIAR Initiative on Diversification of East and Southern Africa led by International Water Management Institute (IWMI) Southern Africa, the Food, Agriculture and Natural Resources Policy Analysis Network (FANRPAN) South Africa, and the Kenya Institute for Public Policy Research and Analysis (KIPPRA) Kenya. The paper provides an overview of the economic and administrative profile of the country and general overview of the country’s economic status and agricultural and climate change policies that will be critically debated during the Dialogue.
The irrigation suitability classification was achieved by using physical factors that include slope, rainfall, landuse, closeness to waterbodies (surface and groundwater) and soil characteristics for selected districts in Zimbabwe, Zambia, Malawi, and Kenya, some of the UU target countries. As cereals form the main food basket of the selected countries, and cereals are not tolerant to saline conditions, the report also provides maps showing high soil salinity areas of Makueni and Nakuru of Kenya, where soils are highly saline. However, soil salinity is insignificant in the other study districts and therefore not mapped. This report provides (a) a conceptual framework and detailed methodology for irrigation suitability mapping, including details of identified boundary maps and geospatial data, and (b) a synthesis model and maps on irrigation suitability mapping for the selected districts in the four target countries.
Socioeconomic aspects / Diversification / Slope / Groundwater / Surface water / Rain / Land cover / Land use / Soil texture / Planning / Mapping / Land suitability / Irrigation management Record No:H051676
The report provides a methodology protocol for measuring temporal and spatial changes in water quantity and quality using drone imagery. The procedure is informed by the need for effective and sustainable water resource use to enhance water productivity under climate change. It is based on a literature review that allows the identification of appropriate processes, materials, and procedures for water monitoring, including mapping spatial and temporal dynamics of reservoirs, measurement of water quality parameters, and flood mapping of irrigation canals.
Parameters / Water levels / Mapping / Floods / Remote sensing / Imagery / Unmanned aerial vehicles / Smallholders / Precision agriculture / Water productivity / Reservoirs / Irrigation canals / Monitoring / Water quality / Water availability Record No:H051656
The report proposes a framework for assessing the sustainability of social-ecological landscapes (SEL) to be used by the West and Central African Food Systems Transformation (TAFS-WCA) initiative for research, planning, and implementation of its Work Package 3 (WP3). It builds on existing assessment frameworks from relevant fields (e.g., Eco agriculture, Agroecology, Integrated Landscape Management, etc.). At the center of a Sustainable Social-Ecological Landscape (SSEL) is the improvement of the management of land and the natural resource base in such a way that land use concurrently meets three goals: (i) provision of products (e.g., food) and services on a sustainable basis, (ii) support for sustainable livelihoods for all social groups and (iii) conservation of the full complement of biodiversity and ecosystem services. Globally, SSEL related approaches like eco-agriculture, agroecology, and landscape approaches are already being applied, with promising results, especially in places where food production, poverty alleviation, and conservation of biodiversity, water, and ecosystem services are all high priorities. However, a comprehensive framework for measuring/monitoring landscape status and performance vis-a-vis competing landscape uses and management interventions has not been given much priority in the literature. Different forms of land use, such as forestry, agriculture, extraction of minerals, conservation/protected areas, and settlements, are interdependent. Therefore, landscape performance and monitoring frameworks that focus exclusively on protecting natural resources or the intensification of agriculture and other land uses can only give an incomplete viewpoint/overview of landscapes with all their uses and stakeholders. Considering the SSEL goals above, a holistic conceptual framework for landscape-based assessment is needed; such a framework must consider the drivers and effects of land use and the individual management interventions as well as the complex interactions among different land uses and interventions across the landscape. The present study proposes the Drivers-Pressure-State-Impact-Response (DPSIR) framework for SEL. It is important to emphasize that this study recognizes that different individuals and organizations under the TAFS-WCA initiative may have different interests in understanding the status and performance of selected SELs. The research envisages two important applications of a framework for measuring and understanding SEL: i) it can facilitate inclusive decision-making by multiple stakeholders working in the same landscape by explaining interactions, synergies, and trade-offs among SSEL goals and landscape components, and ii) when SSEL-related management innovations are successful (or otherwise), the framework can help document the same, reinforcing the case for adopting and scaling up innovations.
Based on a systematic literature review using scientific database search engines and an opportunistic review of published and unpublished government, international and nongovernmental organization reports on cocoa from the internet, the paper explores sustainable irrigation financing feasibility and the potential for different cocoa systems. We design a conceptual framework and propose a sustainable financing ecosystem for supplemental irrigated cocoa farming in Ghana and a qualitative data collection tool based on the conceptual framework and insights from the literature review.
A Social-Ecological Landscape (SEL) comprises a set of important resources (e.g., natural, socioeconomic, and cultural) whose flow and use are controlled by a mix of ecological and social subsystem dynamics. In developing countries, drivers of SEL changes are complex, and SEL pressures are growing. Areas endowed with natural resources (e.g., fertile soils, forests, water, minerals, etc.) tend to have high population growth rates and high poverty incidence. These tend to culminate in high demand for livelihood capitals (e.g., access to livelihood alternatives, education, food, health, water, forest resources, dwellings, roads, agriculture/aquaculture spaces, etc.). Further, multiple national and global stakeholders have continuedly to place a high demand on exploiting natural resources at the subnational.
Agriculture / Policies / Land cover / Land use / Biodiversity / Livelihoods / Ecosystem services / Socioeconomic aspects / Ecological factors / Natural resources Record No:H051653
The report creates contexts for a systemic understanding of the CGIAR Transforming agric-food system (TAFS-WCA) initiative starting with work package (WP) 3 and expanding the causality effects across the other WPs of the Initiative. The main focus of WP3 is inclusive landscape management, whereby access to and proper use of land and water resources is a prerequisite to building a healthy, productive environment for resilient agri-food systems and livelihoods. Mapping synergies with other Work Packages ensure that respective contributions are integrated and impactful. The process intends to provide policymakers, researchers, and practitioners with a strategic framework to activate solutions temporarily with a stakeholder-defined suite of scenarios.
Decision support systems / Women / Youth / Governance / Natural resources / Participatory approaches / Nexus approaches / Food systems / Energy / Water resources / Livelihoods / Planning / Resilience / Inclusion / Sustainability / Landscape conservation Record No:H051652
This is a report on the survey of WEF Nexus teaching in selected higher education and tertiary institutions in South Africa, outcomes of the WEF Nexus short training programmes, and the development of WEF Nexus teaching material.
The report presents the survey results on WEF Nexus teaching in South African higher and tertiary education institutions. The main findings of the survey are that; there is general knowledge of the WEF Nexus in the country, some of the institutions have been involved in WEF Nexus apos;trainingapos; for a while now, WEF Nexus activities are found mainly in water-related departments at most institutions, WEF Nexus related work is mainly embedded in MSc and PhD research programmes, the WEF Nexus covered are wide but focused mainly on concepts, frameworks and application of models and tools. Most believed WEF Nexus should be focused on postgraduate students, and their institutions would welcome WEF Nexus-related teaching and learning.
The deliverable also reports two WEF Nexus short course training undertaken in 2021 and 2022, initially virtually (due to Covid-19 restrictions) and then in person in 2022. The short courses were very well received, attracting more than 80 participants worldwide for the virtual versions and some 50 students for the in-person training. Details of the course contents of the training are presented in the report.
Sustainable Development Goals / Training / Learning / Teaching / Curriculum / Educational institutions / Nexus approaches / Food security / Energy / Water resources Record No:H051651
Focusing on bundling innovations to co-develop scalable bundles, the Rethinking Food Markets and VCs for Inclusion and Sustainability Initiative develops and applies its monitoring, evaluation, learning and impact assessment, and scaling preparedness and action (MELIAamp;SPA) framework from a process-based perspective. This MELIAamp;SPA framework aims to co-developing the scaling preparedness to enhance the scalability of the bundle, and to build market actors’ and relevant stakeholders’ ability to adopt innovation bundles and accelerate the scaling while responding effectively to changes and trade-offs coming. To achieve these, the MELIA (monitoring, evaluation, learning, and impact assessment) emphasizes ensuring the initiative’s impacts on malnutrition reduction, food safety, income and job, small producers’ livelihood, social and gender inclusion, GHG emissions, climate adaptation, and sustainable land and water resources. The SPA (scaling preparedness and actions) enhances the scalability and accelerate the scale of the innovation bundles developed by the Work packages (WPs). The SPA contains exploring intervention and scaling context and options for the piloted innovation bundles, co-designing the piloted innovation bundles with and for the value chain actors, and codeveloping the scaling preparedness and strategies to build the ability for market actors and relevant stakeholders to adopt and accelerate the investment in scalable innovation bundles.
Innovation scaling / Value chains / Markets / Stakeholders / Frameworks / Scaling up / Impact assessment / Learning / Monitoring and evaluation Record No:H051650
There are solutions to sustainable intensification, irrigation technologies, and water management under changing weather and climate conditions; they are just not available to smallholder farmers and vulnerable groups on a large scale. Scaling these solutions, therefore, needs to develop bundles of best-fit solutions to diversify farming and farmer conditions and adapt them to the context of irrigated farming. Throughout the action research process, solar-based irrigation bundle (SBIB) has been scaled in Upper East, Upper West, Northern, Northeast, and Savanah region, Ghana since January 2020. SBIB offers solar-powered irrigation pumps and pay-as-you-go and pay-as-you-own (PAYGO/PAYOWN) financing services to smallholder farmers in combination with tailoring their business models to different client segments (ability to pay, frequency, amount) to lower the barrier for upfront investment cost, enabling solar irrigation adoption and enhancing productivity and income throughout the year. This SBIB profile consists of three components: 1) bundle components and characteristics, 2) assessing the scalability and scaling potential of the bundle, and 3) developing scaling strategies.
Innovation scaling / Strategies / Stakeholders / Farmer-led irrigation / Smallholders / Scaling up / Solar powered irrigation systems Record No:H051649
Innovation bundles enable different innovations to complement one another and adapt to new contexts they are being introduced. The scalability of a bundle is measured by its ability to adapt to the context in which it is being scaled, respond positively to any system changes, and bring about intended outcomes. Profiling innovation bundles helps to assess the scalability of an innovation bundle to design the best-fit scaling strategies. Innovation bundle profiling includes but is not limited to 1) characterizing the innovation bundle, 2) assessing and enhancing the bundle’s scalability and identifying partnerships to scale the bundle, 3) providing foundation and inputs to design the scaling actions and learning and synergies across work packages, and 4) enhancing reflexivity of the intervention process to ensure that the bundling innovation is participatory, that there are ambassadors of the innovation bundling process, and that financial and human resources are dedicated to the scaling process.
Innovation scaling / Partnerships / Scaling up / Strategies / Learning / Stakeholders / Guidelines / Innovation Record No:H051648
Agricultural waste represents untapped resources that can be used to produce large value added products with many potential industrial applications. On-farm food waste comprises of harvest and post-harvest waste amounting to 1.2 billion tons per annum and measures up to USD 370 million. Production of food products and other outputs (like biofuel and compost) help in reduction of on-farm food waste and provide livelihood opportunities for the rural households. This reports highlights some innovative approaches across four countries which lead to reduction to food waste.
The report cover 6 cases located in Burkina Faso, India, Kenya and Vietnam. The two business models identified in Ouagadougou are – (i) Waka group, that repurpose mango residues in to sweet and bio-vinyl vinegar called MISSIM vinegar, and (ii) SOFAB-SA utilizes oilseeds (such as peanuts, cotton, and soybeans) with blue cheese bran or corn, salt, or any other micro-ingredient to produce feed for livestock. From India, two such case studies are included – (i) Sai Shubhada agro industries is located in Ahmednagar, (Maharashtra, India), and converts bagasse, [a pulpy and fibrous residue of the sugarcane processing] into organic jiggery, and (ii) Arogyasangini Oil Mill, Mill has embarked on the mission to reintroduce oil extracted from the safflower seeds. Nadanya Greens located in Mbale, (Vihiga, Kenya) is exploring the use of farm waste from livestock to produce feeds for fish reared through three fish ponds. Xuan Tien Agricultural Cooperative, located at Yen Chau (Son La province, Vietnam), converts mango which is otherwise wasted post-harvest.
Agricultural waste can be widely adopted to manufacture biogas or biofuel, which is obtained from biomass or agricultural wastes like molasses, bagasse slurries manure etc. Agricultural waste is mostly burned or left decomposing on the fields, where it has potential for polluting the environment and release greenhouse gases. Recovering energy helps to (i) reduce greenhouse emissions by reducing environmental pollution from unwanted biomasses otherwise being burnt in the field; (ii) improve energy efficiency in heating systems from renewable energy sources; (iii) introduce renewable energy by substituting carbon neutral biomass for hydro-carbons (coal, heavy oil and gas); and (iv) Recycle ash residues or slurry as a fertilizer.
The present report covers four case studies from Kenya and Burkina Faso related to recovering energy from agrowaste. Biogas International Limited (BIL) is a public private venture in Kenya involved in collection of market waste and recovering biogas, compost, liquid bio fertilizer. The Dunga Beach biogas plant in Kenya turns the invasive water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) on the shores of Lake Victoria to biogas energy, an alternative to charcoal burning for fish vendors at the beach. Keveye Girls is a boarding high school located in Vihiga County. Through consultations and interventions by the Department of Agriculture and Livestock at Vihiga County, Keveye Girls now converts cow dung into biogas, which is then used to power the school’s science laboratories and kitchen as an alternative to LPG gas and wood energy. Similar case studies exist in Burkina Faso. FasoBiogaz, an SME was founded by two Dutch entrepreneurs and supported by the Dutch government and is fully operated by a local team. FasoBiogaz operates the first industrial biogas plant connected to the SONABEL power grid and provides innovative resource recovery solutions producing 550 KW of power.
Case studies / Health hazards / Environmental impact / Financial analysis / Technology / Value chains / Markets / Public-private partnerships / Waste management / Resource recovery / Fertilizers / Biogas / Agricultural wastes / Energy recovery / Business models / Bioeconomy / Circular economy Record No:H051646
To support the implementation of environmental flows (e-flows), we piloted a three-dimensional digital modeling approach to monitor the changes in river ecosystems. A high-resolution 3D model of study sites in the Crocodile River, South Africa, was constructed and used to test its utility and value to monitor changes in river ecosystem structure over time. The initial demonstration of the approach shows highly detailed 3D models of nine tracks across the study sites. The output represents the velocity-depth and bathymetry variability of each site in 3D. The dataset successfully demonstrated the potential value of adopting the approach for e-flow implementation to monitor the habitat dynamism to support the timely management of river health. In the next phase, this assessment will integrate the 3D modeling approach into a hydrodynamic modeling framework to investigate dynamic relationships between flow-ecosystem and ecosystem services.
The miniSASS was developed as a citizen science tool for monitoring the health of river systems and reflecting the water quality through assessing macroinvertebrates communities. The miniSASS samples the macroinvertebrate community in a river reach and compares the community present to the expected community under ideal natural conditions. The information garnered during a survey relies heavily on the accurate identification of macroinvertebrates by lows killed citizen scientists. This leaves a potential for errors in identification which may impact the accuracy of results and, ultimately, of the river health assessment. In response, we initiated the development of a smartphone application with built-in machine-learning algorithms for the automatic, real-time identification of macroinvertebrates. This report presents our data, methodology, and preliminary results from the automated identification algorithms.
Machine learning / Macroinvertebrates / Citizen science / Rivers / Artificial intelligence / Biomonitoring / Water quality Record No:H051644
This study assessed the investment climate for circular bioeconomy in Kenya by reviewing the national policies, strategies and regulations, financing mechanisms, infrastructure and business environment. The study identified key gaps in these areas affecting waste management and entrepreneurship development in the circular bioeconomy sector. There are key developments at the policy level and some developments in entrepreneur promotion in resource recovery from different waste streams. The specific focus of the policies, strategies and regulations in the waste sector, lack of coordination of the relevant sectors in waste management, weak horizontal communication between sectors and implementation and compliance problems are main gaps in promoting circular bioeconomy. Absence of drastic changes in actual behaviour such as waste separation at source and lack of incentives in entrepreneurial development are also critical challenges. While addressing these gaps, the progresses identified need to be further scaled out to make waste management and circular bioeconomy in Kenya sustainable. Establishment of multiple stakeholder platforms involving key actors in the sector and enhancing awareness is important in promoting resource recovery and reuse. Promotion of incubator centres to enhance local capacity and foster uptake of resource recovery and reuse businesses is critical.
To tackle overexploitation of resources, pollution and related health issues, there has been an increase in policies, laws, and programmes that emphasize the importance of treatment, recycling, and reuse over the years. Various attempts have been made at various scales for resources recovery and reuse (RRR) interventions with varying degrees of completion and success. With limitations of the public sector, engagement of the private parties is believed to enhance circular economic approaches in future.
This report is an attempt to assess the existing institutional, policy, regulatory and financial environment in which the RRR businesses operate in India. It begins with a brief introduction of India’s take and position in terms of sustainability followed by an overview of the regulatory environment. The regulatory environment covers some of the important acts and rules concerning wastewater, energy and nutrients. The policies and programme section talks about some of the major policies that are being run by the central government in the country.
The subsequent section talks about the key institutions involved in the national level for the major sectors being covered in the report. This discussion is followed by description of the financial environment. The section describes the major government-run financial assistance and subsidies in the RRR domain. It also talks about the various monetary incentives offered by the government for the promotion of MSMEs in the country along with their general access to debt. The report also lists some of the key drivers that are involved in the RRR sectors differentiated by various parameters such as policy, regulatory and financials and others, followed by a conclusion.
Burkina Faso has a huge opportunity and natural resources to develop circular bioeconomy (CBE) sector. The agricultural sector employs 63% of the employed workforce and contributes to 16% of the Gross Domestic Product. Large production of cereals results in large quantities of agricultural residues. In a country where the industrial sector is still in its infancy, CBE solutions offer significant opportunities for reconfiguring economies, labor and resource use. However, implementing CBE solutions remains at small scale and scaling up faces numerous challenges. This report reviews the enabling environment - drivers, barriers, and opportunities for promoting CBE initiatives in the country and presents conclusions and recommendations.
Residues / Cereals / Agricultural sector / Sustainable development / Financial policies / Bioeconomy Record No:H051639
Agricultural waste represents untapped resources that can be used to produce large value added products with many potential industrial applications. The use of agricultural wastes as raw materials for various industrial applications can help to reduce production cost and contribute to environmental conservation. The business cases described in this report highlight innovative approaches to convert the growing amount of agricultural waste into eco-efficient and bio-based products which are essential components of Nature-based solutions.
The diverse political influences and agrarian histories in Odisha have played a major role in determining the heterogenous regional contexts of agricultural development in the region. Several important political-economic developments like land tenure systems, feudal and semi-feudal structures, and their alliance with colonial extraction of revenue and taxation regimes historically have determined the agrarian pathways manifested in present inequalities in access to land, resources, and capital. There is a historical path dependence in agrarian systems, agrarian relations and the policies that aim to bring about changes. Thus “solutions” to a sustainable and resilient agrifood system needs to be contextualized within the historical and socio-political context. This research brief discusses the major drivers of food production and food security in Odisha charting the evolution of agrifood systems in the state. It traces the major political, economic, and social developments in Odisha that have taken place since 1850 that have determined the agrarian relations and agrifood outcomes for the region. It also discusses the major climatic events, particularly droughts and floods, that have influenced food production and livelihoods of rural communities. It brings out the temporal continuities and discontinuities in agrarian relations and technological transformations in agriculture.
Agricultural productivity / Political aspects / Agrarian structure / Food security / Food production / Policies / Agrifood systems Record No:H051632
This report explores the agrarian history of Nepal over the last 500 years, and the historical, social, and political trajectories that still shape modern agrifood systems in Nepal. The report is organised according to the main epochs in Nepal’s political-economic history. The study explores the complex layers of factors which vary across space according to contemporary and historic state formations, the local agroecology and indigenous and imported cultural-economic institutions and technologies that shape regional diversity in modes of production and food production systems across Nepal. The study is based on readily available documents including secondary literature and archival data as data sources.
Taxes / Resettlement / Indigenous peoples / Labour / Migration / Landowners / Land reform / Cropping patterns / Cropping systems / Political aspects / Social aspects / Agrarian structure / History / Policies / Agrifood systems Record No:H051631
Agricultural land use and practices have important implications for climate change mitigation and adaptation. It is, therefore, important to develop methods of monitoring and quantifying the extent of crop types and cropping practices. A machine learning approach using random forest classification was applied to Sentinel-1 and 2 satellite imagery and satellite-derived phenological statistics to map crop types in the Mekong River Delta, enabling levels of rice intensification to be identified. This initial classification differentiated between broad and prevalent crop types, including perennial tree crops, rice, other vegetation, oil palm and other crops. A two-step classification was used to classify rice seasonality, whereby the areas identified as rice in the initial classification were further classified into single, double, or triple-cropped rice in a subsequent classification with the same input data but different training polygons. Both classifications had an overall accuracy of approximately 96% when cross-validated on test data. Radar bands from Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 reflectance bands were important predictors of crop type, perhaps due to their capacity to differentiate between periodically flooded rice fields and perennial tree cover, which were the predominant classes in the Delta. On the other hand, the Start of Season (SoS) and End of Season (EoS) dates were the most important predictors of single, double, or triple-cropped rice, demonstrating the efficacy of the phenological predictors. The accuracy and detail are limited by the availability of reliable training data, especially for tree crops in small-scale orchards. A preliminary result is presented here, and, in the future, efficient collection of ground images may enable cost-effective training data collection for similar mapping exercises.
Farmland / Land cover / Land use / Satellite imagery / Machine learning / Deltas / Mapping / Crops Record No:H051629
Watershed management / Water conservation / Aquifers / Groundwater / Water security / Water availability / Yield gap / Water productivity / Land / Water management / Agriculture Record No:H051383
The growing relevance of research on gender and social inclusion in agricultural research for development calls for systemic, transformative change processes. Transformative gender ambitions can stand at odds with personal biases and experiences that shape diverse understandings of gender, institutional values, structures and cultures that tend to reward technological quick-fix solutions, and other practical challenges to ‘doing’ gender on the ground. Very little is known about these challenges. How are these challenges navigated by (relatively small) teams of gender researchers, who are often caught between the demand for tangible fast gains on gender, and the intractable challenges of deep-rooted and complex, intersectional gender inequalities? This was the focus of the CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE) End of Program Reflection and Evaluation (EoPRE) to assess how gender and inclusion research is pursued, and the key barriers to knowing and doing gender in eight research projects. Adopting a reflexive, self-analytical feminist approach to evaluation, this EoPRE facilitated eight project teams, diverse and with an uneven focus on gender, to connect the dots between the processes of knowing and doing gender research. A key finding of this evaluation is that the need for change is foremost internal. We need to begin by fixing our personal biases and assumptions, and fixing institutional cultures, values and structures instead of just trying to fix things out there, including fixing poor and marginalized women. A key recommendation is to seek more regular and open conversations across researcher disciplines and hierarchies, and between CGIAR and external partners and stakeholders, including feminist grassroots actors and networks – on what works well (and does not) and why. This would allow us to grasp why we start with different meanings and conceptualizations of gender; how agile we are (or not) in adapting to changes on the ground; and how, through a culture of reflection and learning, we might shift pathways to more transformative change processes in a fast evolving and increasingly unequal world.
Impact assessment / Diversification / Policies / Stakeholders / Corporate culture / Institutions / Learning / Norms / Social change / Marginalization / Women / Gender-transformative approaches / Agricultural research for development / Project evaluation / Research programmes / CGIAR / Social inclusion / Gender equality Record No:H050977
This paper explores outcome indicators and process principles to evaluate landscape resilience in agro-ecosystems, drawing on outcome indicator case studies of the CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE). Four questions are addressed: (1) which outcome indicators and process principles feature most prominently in the seminal literature on resilient agro-ecological landscapes? (2) to what extent are these principles represented in CGIAR Outcome Impact Case Reports (OICRs) and selected peer-reviewed studies? (3) how does the use of process principles in the case studies compare to their occurrence in the theoretical literature? and (4) which process principles co-occur with related outcome indicators in the OICRs? The findings enable researchers and practitioners to be more specific about the outcomes and processes that drive resilience in agro-ecosystems, thereby informing adaptive program management. Seven novel research themes are proposed.
Stakeholders / Institutions / Governance / Livelihoods / Social inclusion / Gender equity / Farm income / Land rights / Land access / Biodiversity / Ecosystem services / Agroecosystems / Soil management / Agrifood systems / Production systems / Sustainability / Meta-analysis / Case studies / Monitoring / Impact assessment / Research programmes / CGIAR / Indicators / Ecosystem resilience / Agricultural landscape / Agroecology Record No:H050974
Measuring the impact of integrated systems research has been a challenge to CGIAR since it expanded into natural resource management research in the early 1990s. Despite repeated efforts, it has yet to be adequately addressed. Meanwhile, the demand for evidence of impact on development outcomes has only increased, as have calls for greater methodological rigor. At the same time, there is greater recognition of the complex, systemic nature of many problems facing society today and the need for new approaches to designing, implementing and evaluating research. In an attempt to provide pragmatic guidance to One CGIAR and others on how to address these issues in the design of research for development programs that involve integrated systems research (ISR), CGIAR held a virtual workshop on Measuring the Impact of Integrated Systems Research on September 27–30, 2021. Participants took stock of recent experiences and reviewed existing and new tools and approaches with the potential to overcome conceptual, empirical and institutional challenges that obstruct ISR. In terms of methods for assessing the impact of ISR, the workshop highlighted recent advances in the use of geospatial data and called for more significant investment in both the quantity and quality of qualitative methods. Integrating monitoring, evaluation, learning and impact assessment (MELIA) into the research programs will require greater capacity on the part of managers, researchers and MELIA specialists to use theory of change effectively and efficiently for multiple purposes. It is also becoming increasingly clear that some of the challenges in conducting ISR in CGIAR are not technical but have to do with structures, processes and internal tensions within CGIAR itself about the kind of outcomes it seeks and the way it organizes and implements research. While calling for research that contributes to sustainability and systems transformation, CGIAR has in different ways failed to adequately support, and to learn from, the kinds of integrated systems approaches that will likely underpin success. Workshop participants proposed tackling this head-on through changing CGIAR systems, processes and incentive structures, and engaging directly with funders on how impact is understood and measured.
Remote sensing / Water systems / Land use / Food systems / Organizational learning / Funding / Investment / Natural resources management / Monitoring and evaluation / Research programmes / CGIAR / Impact assessment / Systems research / Integrated systems / Agricultural research for development Record No:H050911
With adverse impacts of climate change growing in number and intensity, there is an urgent need to reduce emissions from food systems to net zero. This can only be achieved if rural areas in low- and middle-income countries gain access to clean energy. A review of the research and capacity building contributions of the CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE) over the last 10 years suggests important contributions in the areas of energy policy and energy investment planning, cost and feasibility frameworks, and business models for clean energy technology uptake. WLE has also conducted successful pilot projects on solar irrigation to provide an evidence base for scaling up innovative energy initiatives. Finally, the program also considered non-agricultural uses of energy where relevant to food systems, and implemented capacity building activities.
Going forward, CGIAR has a key role to play in providing information, supporting access and piloting innovative, scalable clean energy interventions to support the achievement of multiple impacts for the poorest and most food-insecure women and men farmers and entrepreneurs.
Food security / Women / Farmers / Smallholders / Capacity development / Business models / Income generation / Reuse / Resource recovery / Emission reduction / Environmental sustainability / Pilot projects / Innovation / Investment / Technology / Pumps / Electricity / Groundwater / Irrigation systems / Solar energy / Energy consumption / Climate change / Water systems / Land use / Agrifood systems / Research programmes / CGIAR / Rural areas / Energy policies / Transformation / Agriculture Record No:H050910
At the end of 2021, CGIAR Research Programs (CRPs) will be replaced by Initiatives housed within One CGIAR. This new modality is intended to achieve higher levels of impact at a faster rate and at reduced cost compared to the CRPs. As One CGIAR begins, there is a unique opportunity to reflect on what has worked in different contexts. In this paper, we provide findings that relate to One CGIAR’s overarching view of how it will achieve positive and measurable impacts, and for agricultural research for development (AR4D) more generally. Specifically, we draw from three related CRP evaluations to identify how different types of AR4D approaches have contributed to successful outcomes. In the final section of the paper, we present our conclusions and provide a list of recommendations for the science and technology policy of One CGIAR and possibly other integrated research for development programs.
Case studies / Models / Databases / Farmers / State intervention / Funding / Donors / Electricity supplies / Irrigation systems / Solar energy / Phytosanitary measures / Fertilizers / Seed certification / Cassava / Soil quality / Advisory services / Capacity development / Agronomy / Policy innovation / Technology / Agricultural innovation / Monitoring and evaluation / Impact assessment / Research programmes / CGIAR / Agricultural research for development Record No:H050909
This GRIPP Case Profile assesses whether the proactive involvement of rural communities in the management of groundwater positively contributes towards sustainable resource use. The assessment uses the long-term (2003-2013) Andhra Pradesh Farmer-Managed Groundwater Systems (APFAMGS) project in India as a case study. Implemented across seven districts, the assessment is based on a critical review and synthesis of existing literature and complementary field visits conducted five years after project closure. APFAMGS worked towards creating awareness and bringing about behavioral change to achieve sustainable groundwater use, primarily for irrigation. The approach focused on knowledge transfer and capacity building to set up participatory processes conducive to informal management measures, and technologies supporting participatory hydrological monitoring and crop water budgeting. In addition, awareness creation in relation to demand as well as supply side management options was critical. The analysis suggests that APFAMGS has helped in filling the knowledge and information gaps on groundwater resources among local farming communities. Some degree of long-term reduction in groundwater pumping was observed, but the attribution to the project is not clear, and effects on reducing groundwater level declines may be limited and localized. The APFAMGS approach of participatory groundwater management (PGM) fell short in terms of equity considerations, with implications for the institutional sustainability of the approach. The study provides policy guidance for adopting more inclusive PGM-based institutions on a wider scale.
Villages / Rural communities / Socioeconomic aspects / Food security / Livelihoods / Water user associations / Non-governmental organizations / Funding / Institutions / Water budget / Crop production / Equity / Regulations / Water policies / Hydrological factors / Groundwater level / Wells / Pumping / Groundwater extraction / Behavioural changes / Technology transfer / Awareness-raising / Capacity development / Project evaluation / Water systems / Farmer-led irrigation / Sustainable use / Water use efficiency / Participatory management / Groundwater management Record No:H050839
This paper argues for more creativity and flexibility in agricultural research for development (AR4D) scaling and impact evaluation in complex contexts. While acknowledging the importance of setting reasonable end-of-project targets and outcomes, we argue that the achievement of outcomes and impacts, particularly in complex contexts, requires adaptive management and acknowledgment that significant positive outcomes and impacts may occur after the project funding cycle is complete. The paper presents a practitioner-developed approach to scaling AR4D innovations called Impact Tracking (IT). We illustrate IT in practice by presenting three case studies from Ethiopia in which IT proved crucial to achieving impact. The paper concludes by drawing lessons from the case studies and discussing what implications IT may have for development practitioners.
Innovation scaling / Case studies / Collaboration / Stakeholders / Data management / Landscape / Taxes / Irrigation equipment / Watershed management / Community involvement / Partnerships / Funding / Research programmes / Policies / Project evaluation / Agricultural research for development / Impact assessment / Scaling / Agricultural innovation Record No:H050789
This report examines social equality aspects related to resource recovery through solid waste composting and wastewater irrigation. The report shows that women are represented in greatest numbers at the base of the recycling chain, most often as informal waste pickers and as sorters of recyclables with limited access to resources and upward mobility. Despite a wide gender gap in the solid waste and sanitation sectors, women play a key role in both municipal waste reduction and food safety where irrigation water is unsafe. Analyzing the gender dimension is important for understanding household responses to recycling programs, differences between the formal and informal sectors as well as along the waste-to-resource value chain from collection to treatment and reuse. The report stresses the important role of women in household waste management, including waste segregation, and the power of women-dominated waste picker associations, where the informal sector plays an essential role alongside the formal sector.
Farmers / Entrepreneurs / Social marketing / Community involvement / Sanitation / Health hazards / Sustainable Development Goals / Wastewater irrigation / Composting / Organic wastes / Wastewater treatment / Recycling / Waste collection / Faecal sludge / Household wastes / Urban wastes / s participation / Womenapos / Business models / Circular economy / Agricultural value chains / Liquid wastes / Solid wastes / Waste management / Social equality / Gender equity / Water reuse / Resource management / Resource recovery Record No:H050720
Farmers / Sustainability / Policies / Water quality / Tube wells / Water use / Pumps / Water extraction / Groundwater / Irrigation systems / Solar energy Record No:H050621
Farmers / Seasonal cropping / Greenhouse gas emissions / Pumps / Tube wells / Sustainability / Energy generation / Business models / Groundwater irrigation / Solar energy Record No:H050618
DeClerck, F. A. J.; Koziell, I.; Sidhu, A.; Wirths, J.; Benton, T.; Garibaldi, L. A.; Kremen, C.; Maron, M.; Rumbaitis del Rio, C.; Clark, M.; Dickens, Chris; Estrada-Carmona, N.; Fremier, A. K.; Jones, S. K.; Khoury, C. K.; Lal, R.; Obersteiner, M.; Remans, R.; Rusch, A.; Schulte, L. A.; Simmonds, J.; Stringer, L. C.; Weber, C.; Winowiecki, L. 2021. Biodiversity and agriculture: rapid evidence review. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE) 70p. [DOI] More... | Fulltext (7.29 MB)
Developing countries / Genetic diversity (as resource) / Pest control / Pollination / Soil fertility / Agricultural landscape / Investment / Policies / Sustainable Development Goals / Resilience / Climate change mitigation / Water security / Water quality / Environmental security / Habitats / Ecosystem services / Agroecology / Diversification / Food production / Food security / Livelihoods / Nutrition / Healthy diets / Agricultural productivity / Food systems / Agrobiodiversity Record No:H050605
Wastewater-fed aquaculture has a long history, especially in Asia. This report examines three empirical cases of integrated wastewater treatment and aquaculture production. From an aquaculture entrepreneur’s perspective, the combination of fish farming and wastewater treatment in common waste stabilization ponds allows significant savings on capital (pond infrastructure) and running costs (wastewater supporting fish feed). On the other hand, the treatment plant owner will have the benefit of a partner taking over plant maintenance. Given the importance of food safety and related perceptions, the report is focusing on innovative business models where the marketed fish is not in direct contact with the treated wastewater, but only the brood stock or fish feed. The financial analysis of the presented systems shows profitable options for the fish farmer, operational and in part capital cost recovery for the treatment plant, and as the treatment plant operators can stop charging households a sanitation fee, eventually a triple-win situation for both partners and the served community.
Case studies / Environmental impact / Socioeconomic impact / Risk assessment / Public health / Water quality / Food safety / Nutrients / Fish feeding / Cost recovery / Circular economy / Financial analysis / Fisheries value chains / Markets / Nongovernmental organizations / Public-private partnerships / Stabilization ponds / Treatment plants / Infrastructure / Integrated systems / Fishery production / Wastewater treatment / Developing countries / Sustainability / Business models / Wastewater aquaculture / Water reuse / Resource management / Resource recovery Record No:H050557
A necessary extension of the concept of Resource Recovery and Reuse with an even higher priority is the prevention and reduction of waste. One concern, in particular, is food waste, which constitutes the largest share of human waste. Target 12.3 of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) is to ‘halve per capita global food waste at the retail and consumer levels and reduce food losses along production and supply chains, including post-harvest losses, by 2030’. For this report, over 400 businesses were analyzed to identify common approaches and business models to address the food waste challenge. The business models are presented under seven categories – measurement, redistribution, resell, value addition, responsible waste collection, resource recovery, and recycling – with a special focus on their application potential to the Global South.
Yu, W.; Rex, William; McCartney, Matthew; Uhlenbrook, Stefan; von Gnechten, Rachel; Priscoli, J. D. 2021. Storing water: a new integrated approach for resilient development. : Stockholm, Sweden: Global Water Partnership (GWP); Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI) 28p. (GWP Perspectives Paper 13) More... | Fulltext (0.99 MB)
This paper outlines a new and integrated water storage agenda for resilient development in a world increasingly characterised by water stress and climate uncertainty and variability.; Storing water has long been a cornerstone of socio-economic development, particularly for societies exposed to large climatic variability. Nature has always supplied the bulk of water storage on earth, but built storage has increased significantly, particularly over the twentieth century. Today, numerous countries suffer from water storage gaps and increasingly variable precipitation, threatening sustainable development and even societal stability. There is a growing need to develop more storage types and manage existing storage better. At the same time, the policy, engineering, and scientific communities may not fully recognise the extent of these storage gaps and how best to manage them. There are large and uncertain costs and benefits of different types of storage, and developing storage can be risky and controversial. Although there is consensus that built and natural storage are fundamentally complementary, there is still no pragmatic agenda to guide future integrated water storage development.; This paper argues that water storage should be recognised as a service rather than only a facility. More than volumes of water stored behind a dam or in a watershed, what ultimately matters is the ability to provide different services at a particular time and place with a given level of assurance. Integrated storage systems should be developed and managed to deliver a targeted service standard. This will reduce the costs of new storage development and make the benefits more sustainable.; As this paper demonstrates, there are numerous data gaps pertaining to water storage, as well as a need for greater clarity on some key concepts. This paper does not introduce new data or research but rather provides a review of some of the current knowledge and issues around water storage, and outlines a new, integrated and constructive water storage agenda for the decades to come.
Wetlands / Reservoirs / Glaciers / River basins / Lakes / Dams / Aquifers / Groundwater / Soil moisture / Rainfall patterns / Risk / Water demand / Infrastructure / Water supply / Socioeconomic development / Resilience / Climate change / Sustainable development / Water management / Water resources / Integrated management / Water storage Record No:H050263
Pragmatic, cost-effective, socially inclusive and scalable solutions that reduce risks from recurrent cycles of floods and droughts would greatly benefit emerging economies. One promising approach known as Underground Transfer of Floods for Irrigation (UTFI) involves recharging depleted aquifers with seasonal high flows to provide additional groundwater for irrigated agriculture during dry periods, while also mitigating floods. It has been identified that there is potential for implementing the UTFI approach across large parts of South Asia. The first pilot-scale implementation of UTFI was carried out in a rural community of the Indo-Gangetic Plain in India, and performance of the approach was assessed over three years from a technical, environmental, socioeconomic and institutional perspective. The results are promising and show that UTFI has the potential to enhance groundwater storage and control flooding, if replicated across larger scales. The challenges and opportunities for more wide-scale implementation of UTFI are identified and discussed in this report. In areas with high potential for implementation, policy makers should consider UTFI as an option when making decisions associated with relevant water-related development challenges.
Drought / Rain / Monsoons / Wells / Ponds / River basins / Environmental impact / Irrigated farming / Food security / Livelihoods / Socioeconomic aspects / Community involvement / Stakeholders / Cost benefit analysis / Risk management / Assessment / Pilot projects / Technology / Pumping / Water quality / Water storage / Groundwater table / Flood control / Transfer of waters / Groundwater flow / Sustainable use / Groundwater irrigation / Groundwater depletion / Water use / Floodwater / Aquifers / Groundwater recharge / Groundwater management Record No:H050171
There is increasing recognition of the need to bring about changes across the full spectrum of agricultural practices to ensure that, in future, food production systems are more diverse, sustainable and resilient. In this context, the objectives of irrigation need to be much more ambitious, shifting away from simply maximizing crop yields to maximizing net benefits across a range of uses of irrigation water, including ecosystems and nature-based solutions. One important way to achieve this is by better integrating fisheries into the planning, design, construction, operation and management of irrigation systems. Irrigation – a major contributor to the Green Revolution – has significantly improved agricultural production worldwide, with consequent benefits for food security, livelihoods and poverty alleviation. Today, irrigated agriculture represents about 21 percent of cultivated land, but contributes approximately 40% of the total global crop production. Many governments continue to invest in irrigation as a cornerstone of food security and rural development. Investments in irrigation often represent a pragmatic form of adaptation to changing climatic conditions. This guide focuses on how to sustainably optimize and broaden the range of benefits from irrigation development - not only economic but also social and environmental benefits. It emphasizes the opportunities that fisheries could provide to increase food production and economic returns, enhance livelihoods and public health outcomes, and maintain key ecosystem services. The guide considers possible trade-offs between irrigation and fisheries, and provides recommendations on how these could be minimized.
Floodplains / Rivers / Water reservoirs / Rural areas / Conflicts / Stakeholders / Institutions / Water governance / Participatory approaches / Community management / Sustainable Development Goals / Trends / Environmental Impact Assessment / Monitoring and evaluation / Socioeconomic environment / Nutrition security / Food security / Livelihoods / Infrastructure / Irrigated farming / Aquaculture / Habitats / Aquatic ecosystems / Irrigation management / Guidelines / Water management / Water resources / Integrated management / Irrigation systems / Sustainability / Fishery production Record No:H050111
Rao, Krishna C.; Velidandla, S.; Scott, C. L.; Drechsel, Pay. 2020. Business models for fecal sludge management in India. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE) 199p. (Resource Recovery and Reuse Series 18: Special Issue)[DOI] More... | Fulltext (9.13 MB)
Globally, 50% of the population relies on on-site sanitation systems (OSS) such as septic tanks and pit latrines and is, hence, in need of Fecal Sludge Management (FSM) solutions. India is a classic example, given that its government built more than 100 million toilets with the majority relying on OSS. With 400 fecal sludge treatment plants (FSTPs) in various stages of planning, procurement and construction, this report comes at an opportune time to present findings on FSM business models already implemented across India.
Interviews were conducted with a total of 105 Emptying and Transport (Eamp;T) operators in 72 towns and cities across 16 states in India, 22 representatives from municipalities that own emptying vehicles, 18 FSTP operators and more than 30 institutions. In addition, procurement tenders for Eamp;T and FSTPs in 13 states were analyzed.
In total, 18 business models were identified, several with energy or nutrient recovery components. The analysis of Eamp;T operators revealed clear differences that steer a business towards success or failure. The majority of operators still dispose fecal sludge in an unsafe manner, due to the lack of official disposal or treatment sites. In comparison to sewer networks, the capital and operating costs (per capita) of FSTPs were significantly lower. The report provides evidence-based discussions on policies and recommendations for scaling and sustaining FSM.
Based on primary data from fecal sludge (FS) treatment plants in three West African urban regions (Ouagadougou in Burkina Faso, Greater Accra in Ghana, and Grand Nokou in Benin), FS collection and treatment patterns were analyzed to identify possible scenarios for resource recovery (RR) through FS co-composting. FS collection was analyzed for up to 7 years, in part per day, month and season, as well as FS characteristics to understand peak flows, FS qualities and related variations to plan for appropriate RR technology and capacities.
Overall, the FS volumes collected by vacuum trucks were not significantly affected by the calendar days, months or seasons. Commonly assumed increases during rainy months were, for example, only recorded in Ouagadougou. FS composition appeared highly variable with a pronounced difference in total solids between FS collected from households versus institutional sources, likely indicating that institutions are served more frequently.
The analyzed treatment plants appear to be exploited beyond their capacity. RR for reuse can turn sludge disposal from a cost into a source of revenue with co-benefits for farmers and the environment, thereby reducing the pressure on tipping fees. The probability of the added co-compost production being financially viable on its own was estimated for all the study sites, indicating an earliest breakeven point after 5 to 8 years.
Nikiema, Josiane; Impraim, Robert; Cofie, Olufunke; Nartey, Eric; Jayathilake, Nilanthi; Thiel, Felix; Drechsel, Pay. 2020. Training manual for fecal sludge-based compost production and application. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE) 63p. (Resource Recovery and Reuse Series 15)[DOI] More... | Fulltext (1.96 MB)
Over the last decade, the International Water Management Institute (IWMI) has explored the use of fecal sludge (FS) in combination with other organic waste sources to optimize FS treatment and composting for the production of a safe organic fertilizer, which can – depending on demand – be enriched with crop nutrients or pelletized for volume reduction, delayed decomposition or easier application. Based on IWMI’s experience, this training manual has been compiled for plant managers and trainers to help ensure that staff involved in FS treatment and production, and application of an FS-based co-compost adopt best practices in all processes involved. The manual can be adapted to local needs as required. It also includes information on compost registration and certification, as well as guidelines for co-compost application in the field.
Stakeholders / Land use / Farmland / Food consumption / Marketing / Agricultural production / Sea level / Temperature / Drought / Flooding / Rain / Precipitation / Forecasting / Vulnerability / Weather hazards / Climate change / Urban areas / Food systems Record No:H050837
Ulrich, Andreas; Taron, Avinandan; Jayathilake, Nilanthi. 2019. Assessment of the FSM value-chain in Sri Lanka. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE) 123p. More... | Fulltext (4.41 MB)
The Arab region needs a new generation of policies and investments in agricultural water. Agricultural water management has always posed challenges and opportunities in the Arab world. However, unprecedented and accelerating drivers such as climate change, population growth, and land degradation make agricultural water management a more urgent priority than ever before. In addition, as part of the 2030 UN Agenda for Sustainable Development, Arab countries have committed to work towards an ambitious set of development targets, the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Unless the right policies and investments are put in place, it will be difficult to achieve the SDGs, including ending hunger and providing clean water and sanitation for all.
This paper is part of an ongoing collaboration between the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the International Water Management Institute to foster dialogue on agricultural water policies and investments in the context of the FAO led Regional Water Scarcity initiative. The purpose of the paper is to frame the key challenges and opportunities in the sector – including emerging innovations in digital agriculture, water accounting, water supply and wastewater reuse – and to lay out broad strategic directions for action.
Case studies / Farmers / Gender / Social protection / Economic value / Public-private partnerships / Solar energy / Technology / Innovation / Water reuse / Wastewater / Climate change / Groundwater / Water resources / Water user associations / Water productivity / Water governance / Water scarcity / Water supply / Water security / Food security / Food policies / Agricultural development / Sustainable Development Goals / Funding / Irrigation investment / Agricultural policies / Water policy / Water management / Agricultural sector Record No:H049659
Least developed countries / Farmers / Agricultural development / Policies / Research projects / Capacity building / Groundwater irrigation / Groundwater management / Water governance / Sustainable development / Groundwater development Record No:H049494
Rural development / Gender / Methods / Planning / Participatory approaches / Participatory management / Watersheds / Water management / Water resources / Integrated management Record No:H049448
Chuthong, J.; Liu, H.; Xu, F.; Cheng, D.; Zhang, W.; Leh, Mansoor; Lacombe, Guillaume. 2019. Joint research on hydrological impacts of the Lancang hydropower cascade on downstream extreme events: final report. : Vientiane, Lao PDR: Mekong River Commission (MRC); Beijing, China: Lancang-Mekong Water Resources Cooperation Center (LMWRCC); Beijing, China: China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research (IWHR); Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI) 140p. More...
Models / Salinity / Meteorological stations / International waters / Climatic factors / Dry season / Runoff / Water levels / Discharges / Stream flow / Dams / Rivers / Reservoirs / Water resources / Rain / Precipitation / Flooding / Drought / Extreme weather events / Hydrological factors / Development projects / Hydropower Record No:H049432
Black soldier fly colonies can produce about 100 times more protein per year than chicken or soybeans, not to mention cattle, on the same area of land. The flies can directly feed on different types of organic wastes, leapfrogging closed loop processes within a circular food economy. Also, where no protein is needed, for example, to feed fish or pigs, the larvae can be processed into high-quality biodiesel. However, can this be done at scale? The answer is ‘Yes’. The report showcases some of the leading global businesses in Black Soldier Fly production.
In low- and middle-income countries, the management of fecal sludge from on-site sanitation systems has received little attention over many decades, resulting in insufficient or missing regulations to guide investments and management options. To address this gap, this report examines existing and emerging guidelines and regulations for fecal sludge management (FSM) along the sanitation service chain (user interface, containment, emptying, transport, treatment, valorization, reuse or disposal). It also draws empirical examples from guidelines across the globe to support policy-makers, planners, and sanitation and health officers, as well as consultants in low- and middle-income countries in the development and design of local and national FSM guidelines and regulations.
European Union / Governmental organizations / Institutions / Stakeholders / Households / Urban areas / Land use / Occupational hazards / Environmental protection / Fuels / Energy generation / Composting / Organic fertilizers / Sewage sludge / Soil conditioners / Microplastics / Heavy metals / Pollutants / Aquaculture / Pathogens / Excreta / Public health / Operating costs / Transport / Septic tanks / Pit latrines / Waste treatment / Waste disposal / Technology / Frameworks / Sustainable Development Goals / Policies / Standards / Regulations / Guidelines / Sanitation / Faecal sludge / Reuse / Resource management / Resource recovery Record No:H049291
The United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development promises to achieve change in almost every aspect of life on Earth. Encompassing 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and 169 targets, the Agenda marks the first time in history when all nations have agreed on how to chart their future. The SDGs are not just a global reporting exercise, however, but rather involve a global program that embraces country-led efforts. Guided by the ideas contained in the 2030 Agenda, each nation must seek to become more prosperous and sustainable, while contributing to the global effort at the same time. If all the countries achieve this, we will have a sustainable planet and a secure future for all.
This document offers guidance on how developing countries can adapt the SDGs to their own contexts and priorities. It indicates important areas for developing countries to consider when creating their own program to achieve the SDGs, and provides examples of success to demonstrate concrete possibilities for progress.
Strategies / Risk assessment / Adaptability / Accountability / Impact assessment / Monitoring / Budgeting / Financing / Governance / Institutions / Government agencies / National planning / Development policies / Economic development / Awareness raising / Partnerships / Public-private cooperation / Multi-stakeholder processes / Development indicators / UN / Developing countries / Mainstreaming / Sustainable Development Goals Record No:H049245
To understand the full value of Resource Recovery and Reuse (RRR), a systematic assessment approach that balances complexity with practicality is required. This report highlights the methods available for quantifying and valuing social, environmental and economic costs and benefits of RRR, focusing on Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA) as the primary framework. Rather than prescribing a standardized technique for conducting CBA for RRR, this report presents broad frameworks and several examples that can be catered to individual contexts. This results in a suggested eight-step process accompanied with suggested assessment techniques which have to be tailored to the type of question the assessment is meant to answer and related system boundaries.
Case studies / Nutrients / Urban areas / Living standards / Social aspects / Fortification / Developing countries / Rural communities / Anaerobic digesters / Composting / Biogas / Energy generation / Groundwater management / Equity / Ecosystem services / Farming systems / Decision analysis / Decision making / Faecal sludge / Waste management / Waste disposal / Food wastes / Solid wastes / Municipal wastes / Organic wastes / Industrial wastes / Agricultural wastes / Agroindustrial sector / Wastewater treatment / Cost benefit analysis / Economic growth / Economic value / Environmental impact assessment / Socioeconomic environment / Water reuse / Resource management / Resource recovery Record No:H049081
The safe recovery of nutrients from our waste streams allows us to address the challenges of waste management and soil nutrient depletion conjointly. Commercialization of waste-based organic fertilizers such as FortiferTM (fecal sludge-based co-compost) has the potential to generate significant benefits for developing economies via cost recovery for the sanitation sector and the provision of an alternative agricultural input for smallholder farmers. To guide future FortiferTM businesses, this report presents examples of detailed market assessments, based on farmers’ perceptions, attitudes and willingness-to-pay (WTP) for a pelletized and non-pelletized FortiferTM co-compost. The research was conducted in the Greater Accra and Western regions in Ghana, and in and around Kampala (Uganda), Bangalore (India), Hanoi (Vietnam), and Kurunegala (Sri Lanka). Cross-country analyses helped to understand the effects of market drivers and, where possible, capture lessons learned for knowledge sharing.
Resource recovery and reuse (RRR) of domestic and agro-industrial waste has the potential to contribute to a number of financial, socioeconomic and environmental benefits. However, despite these benefits and an increasing political will, there remain significant barriers to build the required up-front capital which is discouraging private sector engagement. A systematic analysis and understanding of the enabling environment, public and private funding sources, risk-sharing mechanisms and pathways for cost recovery can help to identify opportunities to improve the viability of RRR solutions. This report looks at regulations and policies that remove disincentives for RRR, public and private funding sources for capital and operational costs, risk mitigation options through blending and structuring finance, and options for operational cost recovery.
Energy recovery / Communities / Equity / Water management / Waste management / Environmental management / Cost benefit analysis / State intervention / Payment for ecosystem services / Carbon markets / Value chain / Partnerships / Public-private cooperation / Risk management / Agreements / Grants / Loans / Funding / Stakeholders / Regulations / Development policies / Developing countries / Credit policies / Market economies / Incentives / Investment / Cost recovery / Financing / Economic development / Water reuse / Resource management / Resource recovery Record No:H049025
There is a strong link between gender and energy in view of food preparation and the acquisition of fuel, especially in rural areas. This is demonstrated in a range of case studies from East and West Africa, where biochar, human waste and other waste resources have been used to produce briquettes or biogas as additional high-quality fuel sources. The synthesis of the cases concludes that resource recovery and reuse for energy offers an alternative to conventional centralized grid projects which, while attractive to investors and large-scale enterprises, do not necessarily provide job opportunities for marginalized communities. Reusing locally available waste materials for energy production and as soil ameliorant (in the case of biochar) in small enterprises allows women and youth who lack business capital to begin modest, locally viable businesses. The case studies offer concrete examples of small-scale solutions to energy poverty that can make a significant difference to the lives of women and their communities.
Case studies / Research and development / Community involvement / Gasifiers / Biodigesters / Farmers organizations / Living standards / Empowerment / Investment / Biomass / Biochar / Biogas / Economic impact / Health hazards / Production factors / Supply chain / Refugees / Households / Urban areas / Sanitation / Marketing / Business enterprises / Briquettes / Fuels / Excreta / Human wastes / Waste management / Heating / Cooking / Renewable energy / Energy resources / Energy demand / Energy generation / Poverty / Equity / Role of women / Gender / Bioenergy / Resource management / Resource recovery Record No:H048999
Financing / Legal aspects / Regulations / State intervention / Sustainable Development Goals / Food security / Catchment areas / Irrigation management / Customary law / Monitoring / Smallholders / Economic aspects / Rural communities / Guidelines / Water management / Water resources / Water rights / Water use Record No:H048975
The karst dolomite aquifers of the North West Province in South Africa are among the most important in the nation. They serve as key water sources for municipal water supply and irrigation, and are also ecologically important in supplying springs that feed important rivers. Over-abstraction and consequent falling groundwater levels jeopardize water supply security, with increasing costs and risks to sustainable development. Better aquifer and conjunctive water management would improve water supply security and lower costs, with wider benefits to many sectors. This GRIPP Case Profile discusses these challenges and management experiences through the examples of two representative North West dolomite aquifers - the Grootfontein and Steenkoppies aquifers. These aquifers are relatively well understood hydrogeologically, and modern South African water law mandates sustainable use. Yet, underperforming collaboration between stakeholders using and managing the aquifers at various levels, and poor support from the national authority have led to an entrenched suboptimal equilibrium where stakeholders are reluctant to change behavior, despite awareness of the negative outcomes. Neither prescriptive local nor top-down organization has been effective. The synthesis argues for prioritized input from a legally mandated and capacitated convening authority (the national Department of Water and Sanitation) to catalyze and support effective local stakeholder groups and other governance initiatives. It calls for a renewed effort by this convening authority and other stakeholders, emphasizing mutually beneficial or “win-win” outcomes.
Costs / Farmers / Stakeholders / Hydrogeology / Local authorities / Municipal authorities / Policy making / Regulations / Legal aspects / Public health / Dolomite / Water institutions / Water supply / Water quality / Water user associations / Water governance / Water resources development / Groundwater extraction / Groundwater level / Groundwater management / Aquifers Record No:H048970
Case studies / Infrastructure / Drainage / Farmers / Steppes / Irrigation canals / Irrigation management / Irrigated farming / Irrigation systems / Water resources / Water management / Water user associations / Water use / Collective action Record No:H048730
Agricultural production / Soil salinity / Population growth / Population density / Assessment / Pumps / Streams / River basin management / Land use / Land resources / Irrigated land / Irrigation systems / Hydrometeorology / Meteorological factors / Climatic factors / Rural areas / Sustainability / International waters / Water use / Water supply / Water governance / Water management / Water resources / Integrated management Record No:H048491
Hirji, R.; Nicol, Alan; Davis, R. 2017. South Asia climate change risks in water management. : Washington, DC, USA: World Bank; Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI) 96p. (Climate Risks and Solutions: Adaptation Frameworks for Water Resources Planning, Development and Management in South Asia) More... | Fulltext (923 KB)
Mapping / Domestic water / Irrigation water / Financing / Participation / Education / Communication / Infrastructure / Integrated management / Planning / Sedimentation / Erosion / Landslides / Flooding / Drought / Socioeconomic environment / Monsoon climate / Hydrology / Uncertainty / Risk management / Water institutions / Water power / Water quality / Water policy / Water supply / Water demand / Water use / Water management / Water resources / Climate change adaptation Record No:H048847
Nhemachena, Charles; Matchaya, Greenwell; Nhlengethwa, Sibusiso. 2017. Agricultural growth trends and outlook for Lesotho. : Washington, DC, USA: International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI); Pretoria, South Africa: International Water Management Institute (IWMI) 30p. (ReSAKSS-SA Annual Trends and Outlook Report 2016) More... | Fulltext (1.05 MB)
Development programmes / Arable land / Soils / Agroecological zones / Expenditure / Agricultural trade / Gross national product / Economic indicators / Equity / Poverty / Living standards / Socioeconomic environment / Climate change / Environmental effects / Agricultural productivity / Agricultural production / Performance evaluation / Agricultural sector / Agricultural development Record No:H048751
Case studies / Infrastructure / Drainage / Farmers / Steppes / Irrigation canals / Irrigation management / Irrigated farming / Irrigation systems / Water resources / Water management / Water user associations / Water use / Collective action Record No:H048460
The second issue of the GRIPP Case Profile Series documents the use of water quotas and pricing mechanisms in Northwest China to control and manage groundwater. Since the 1970s, this region has experienced intensive groundwater abstraction by smallholder farmers. In 2002, however, the revised Water Law urged local authorities to regulate groundwater use in regions with overdraft. The Case Profile reviews, in detail, the use of smart card machines installed on wells by the local government to control abstraction. The study compares the situation in two counties where local authorities opted for two different types of regulatory mechanisms enabled by the smart cards: Minqin County - where they chose quotas, and Guazhou County - where they opted for a tiered water pricing system.; This Case Profile highlights how the success of smart card machines depends on the design and implementation of the regulatory mechanism behind the machines. In Minqin, quotas have successfully affected farmers’ groundwater use practices, whereas in Guazhou, water pricing has had little impact on farmers’ individual groundwater use practices. Moreover, the case of Minqin exemplifies that quotas enable equitable water access to all farmers and maintain the buffer function of conjunctive surface water and groundwater use. These are important principles to design effective groundwater regulation policies, both in and outside China.
Land use / Irrigated farming / Agriculture / Pumping / Regulations / Local authorities / Farmer participation / Surface water / Water policy / Water quality / Water law / Water use / Water pricing / Water quotas / Groundwater extraction / Groundwater management / Groundwater development Record No:H048448
Environmental management / Remote sensing / Governmental organizations / Capacity building / Surveys / Assessment / Evaluation / Land resources / Land use / Data processing / Mapping / Satellite imagery / Water resources / Water management / International waters / River basin management / Planning / Atlases / Training materials / GIS Record No:H048420
Drilling / Wells / Illegal practices / Agricultural development / River basins / Water use / Water law / Water policy / Water management / Water resources / Water governance / Groundwater Record No:H048395
Land management / Wells / Irrigation water / Water pricing / Water policy / Water law / Water use / Water management / Water resources / Water governance / Groundwater Record No:H048394
Case studies / Policy making / Monitoring / Planning / Drilling / Wells / Illegal practices / Legal aspects / Agriculture / Domestic water / Water rights / Water availability / Water governance / Water use / Water resources / Groundwater management Record No:H048393
Capacity building / Infrastructure / Budgets / Agricultural development / Project implementation / Project management / Financing / Development projects / Climate change / Integrated management / Rural areas / Water supply / Water policy / Water governance / Water management / Water resources / Sustainability Record No:H048376
Land management / Energy / Pumping / Drought / Agriculture / Plains / River basins / Aquifers / Water resources / Cooperatives / Community involvement / Water users / Taxes / Water market / Corporate culture / State intervention / Conflict / Urban areas / Water supply / Pollution control / Water quality / Surface water / Groundwater table / Groundwater depletion / Water conservation / Water law / Groundwater extraction / Water governance / Groundwater management Record No:H048400
Political aspects / State intervention / Social aspects / Development projects / Energy policies / Water policy / Solar energy / Water users / Community management / Ownership / Tube wells / Technology / Groundwater recharge / Aquifers / Surface water / Groundwater irrigation / Water supply / Water market / Water law / Groundwater extraction / Water governance / Water resources / Groundwater management Record No:H048399
Solar energy / Political aspects / State intervention / Water authorities / Aquifers / River basins / Social capital / Collective behaviour / Communities / Conjunctive use / Water user associations / Taxes / Pesticides / Water pollution / Water supply / European Union / Water policy / Water rights / Water law / Legal frameworks / Regulations / Groundwater extraction / Water governance / Groundwater management Record No:H048398
Community management / Irrigated land / State intervention / Wells / Aquifers / Pumping / Water rates / Water users / Water quality / Water use / Water resources / Water governance / Groundwater development / Groundwater depletion / Groundwater irrigation / Groundwater management / Groundwater extraction Record No:H048392
Social capital / Farmer-led irrigation / Community involvement / Corporate culture / Water policy / Equity / Water use / Licences / Regulations / Legislation / Water law / Groundwater extraction / Boreholes / Aquifers / Water resources / Water governance / Groundwater management Record No:H048386
Oases / Political aspects / State intervention / Conflict / Cooperatives / Community management / Wells / Traditional methods / Strategies / Water users / Groundwater depletion / Water pricing / Water supply / Incentives / Agriculture / Surface water / Groundwater irrigation / Water policy / Decentralization / Regulations / Water law / Groundwater extraction / Aquifers / Water resources / Water governance / Groundwater management Record No:H048385
Poverty / Socioeconomic environment / Cereal products / Drought / Production costs / Market information services / Food prices / Trade liberalization / Community development / Economic indicators / Agricultural products / Agricultural trade / Agricultural budgets / Agricultural policy / Agricultural development Record No:H047998
Asamoah, Bernice; Nikiema, Josiane; Gebrezgabher, Solomie; Odonkor, Elsie; Njenga, M. 2016. A review on production, marketing and use of fuel briquettes. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE) 51p. (Resource Recovery and Reuse Series 07)[DOI] More... | Fulltext (2 MB)
Where modern heating and cooking fuels for domestic, institutional, commercial and industrial use are not readily available, briquettes made from biomass residues could contribute to the sustainable supply of energy. This study reviews the briquette making process, looking at the entire value chain starting from the type and characteristics of feedstock used for briquette making to the potential market for briquettes in developing countries. It also analyzes the role that gender plays in briquette production. Depending on the raw materials used and technologies applied during production, fuel briquettes come in different qualities and dimensions, and thus require appropriate targeting of different market segments. Key drivers of success in briquette production and marketing include ensuring consistent supply of raw materials with good energy qualities, appropriate technologies, and consistency in the quality and supply of the briquettes. Creating strong partnerships with key stakeholders, such as the municipality, financiers and other actors within the briquette value chain, and enabling policy are important drivers for the success of briquette businesses.
Economic aspects / Public health / Small scale systems / Production costs / Retail marketing / Marketing / Enterprises / Supply chain / Raw materials / Carbon / Chemicophysical properties / Youth / Men / Women / Gender / Developing countries / Emission / Pollution / Residues / Agricultural sector / Environmental impact / Biomass / Communities / Feedstocks / Energy generation / Energy resources / Cooking / Households / Domestic consumption / Renewable energy / Sewage sludge / Faecal sludge / Recycling / Organic wastes / Industrial wastes / Waste management / Solid wastes / Urban wastes / Fuelwood / Briquettes / Charcoal / Fuel consumption Record No:H047991
Dubbeling, M.; Carey, J.; Hochberg, K. 2016. The role of private sector in city region food systems. Analysis report. : Wageningen, Netherlands: LEI-Wageningen University and Research Centre; Rotterdam, Netherlands: Paul de Graaf Ontwerp and Onderzoek; Leusden, The Netherlands: RUAF Foundation; Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE) 120p. More... | Fulltext (4.95 MB)
Case studies / Retail marketing / Local authorities / Catering industry / Government procurement / Social aspects / Environmental effects / Economic aspects / Supply chain / Sustainability / Food policy / Food supply / Food production / Periurban areas / Urban areas / Private sector Record No:H047954
Policy making / Local authorities / Legislation / Urban areas / Case studies / Supply chain / Government procurement / Catering industry / Wholesale marketing / Retail marketing / Food production / Food supply / Public sector / Private sector Record No:H047953
Arrazola, I.; Alvaro, N. P.; Renckens, J.; Ballesteros, H.; Hollenstein, P. 2016. The role of private actors in the Quito metropolitan district food system: with a focus on larger processing and retail. : Wageningen, Netherlands: LEI-Wageningen University and Research Centre; Rotterdam, Netherlands: Paul de Graaf Ontwerp and Onderzoek; Leusden, The Netherlands: RUAF Foundation; Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE) 45p. More... | Fulltext (1.65 MB)
Agroecology / Meat production / Consumers / State intervention / Income / Economic aspects / Private sector / Rural areas / Urban areas / Supermarkets / Retail marketing / Dairy products / Milk production / Supply chain / Food marketing / Food production / Food consumption / Food supply Record No:H047952
Agriculture / Water management / Empowerment / Farmer participation / Social structure / Social participation / Role of women / Households / Community involvement / Community management / Rural communities / Gender / Participatory management Record No:H047950
Labour / Crops / Community organizations / Decision making / Field preparation / Private farm / Cultivated land / Agriculture / Small scale farming / Irrigation management / Irrigation water / Farmers / Female labour / s participation / Womenapos / Role of women / Household food security / Food security / Equity / Land productivity / Water rates / Water supply / Water availability / Water management / Water governance / Water productivity / Water user associations Record No:H047854
Living standards / Private farms / Farm area / Cultivated land / Crop yield / Financing / Canals / Infrastructure / Irrigation water / Irrigation management / Impact assessment / Cotton industry / Agricultural sector / s participation / Womenapos / Role of women / Gender / Food security / Equity / Land productivity / Waterlogging / Water supply / Watercourses / Water governance / Water management / Water productivity / Water user associations Record No:H047847
Rao, Krishna C.; Kvarnstrom, E.; Di Mario, L.; Drechsel, Pay. 2016. Business models for fecal sludge management. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE) 80p. (Resource Recovery and Reuse Series 06)[DOI] More... | Fulltext (4.75 MB)
On-site sanitation systems, such as septic tanks and pit latrines, are the predominant feature across rural and urban areas in most developing countries. However, their management is one of the most neglected sanitation challenges. While under the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), the set-up of toilet systems received the most attention, business models for the sanitation service chain, including pit desludging, sludge transport, treatment and disposal or resource recovery, are only emerging. Based on the analysis of over 40 fecal sludge management (FSM) cases from Asia, Africa and Latin America, this report shows opportunities as well as bottlenecks that FSM is facing from an institutional and entrepreneurial perspective.
Fernando, Sudarshana; Semasinghe, Christina; Jayathilake, Nilanthi; Wijayamunie, R.; Wickramasinghe, N.; Dissanayake, S. 2016. City region food system situational analysis, Colombo, Sri Lanka. : Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI); Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE); Rome, Italy: FAO; Accra, Ghana: Resource Centres on Urban Agriculture and Food Security (RUAF) 251p. More... | Fulltext (7.37 MB)
Sanitation / Health hazards / Public health / Waste management / Waste disposal / Market prices / Crops / Milk production / Livestock / Fruits / Vegetables / Small scale systems / Economic aspects / Land use / Climate change / Natural resources management / Poverty / Sociocultural environment / Malnutrition / Human nutrition / Decision making / Policy making / Regulations / Legislation / Legal aspects / International organizations / Private sector / Municipal authorities / Government departments / Institutions / Corporate culture / Stakeholders / Food security / Food chains / Food production / Food policies / Food safety / Food supply / Food consumption Record No:H047774
Water resources / Rangelands / Urban areas / Environmental effects / Natural resources / Demography / Population density / Dams / Water power / Farming systems / Irrigation / Soils / Temperature / Meteorological stations / Mapping / GIS / Imagery / Software / Guidelines / Watersheds / River basin management / Living standards / Land cover / Land use / Geography / Infrastructure / Administration Record No:H047737
Recovering energy from waste offers dual benefits – a) improved waste management, and b) provision of reliable energy to households, institutions and commercial entities. In this report, we present a socioeconomic assessment of three energy business models (briquette manufacturing, on-site (public toilet) energy generation, and agro-waste electricity generation) based on feasibility studies carried out in the city of Kampala, Uganda. We assess the potential economic, environmental and social impacts of waste-to-energy business models taking into consideration a life cycle of emissions to provide decision makers with the overall costs and benefits of the models to society versus a business-as-usual scenario.
Rivers / Public health / Farmers / Wastewater / Waste management / Excreta / Sanitation / Electricity generation / Household wastes / Benefits / Emission / Methane / Greenhouse gases / Biogas / Gasification / Social impact / Briquettes / Transport / Residues / Agriculture / Fuelwood / Fuels / Economic analysis / Environmental impact assessment / Socioeconomic environment / Models / Business management / Energy generation / Water reuse / Resource recovery Record No:H047671
Biological treatment, composting, in particular, is a relatively simple, durable and inexpensive alternative for stabilizing and reducing biodegradable waste. Co-composting of different waste sources allows to enhance the compost nutrient value. In particular, integration of ‘biosolids’ from the sanitation sector as potential input material for co-composting would provide a solution for the much needed treatment of fecal sludge from on-site sanitation systems, and make use of its high nutrient content. This research paper elaborates in detail the main parameters that govern the co-composting process as well as factors that control the production of a safe and valuable quality compost. It further explains technological options to tailor the final product to crop and farmer needs.
Recycling and reuse of treated wastewater are an important part of the sanitation cycle and critical in an environment such as urban India with decreasing freshwater availability and increasing costs for delivering acceptable quality water, often from far distance. This report has been developed as a possible guidance document for the Indian government and gives substantial focus to the financial and economic benefits of wastewater recycling from the perspective of public spending. The report presents possible strategies for city and state planners and policymakers in view of the sanitation situation and the role of wastewater recycling in the larger cities in India (class I and II cities and towns with populations above 50,000), and focuses on recycling at the end of sewerage systems after treatment at sewage treatment plants.
Farmers / Farm income / Energy consumption / Greenhouse gases / Fertilizers / Industrial uses / Nutrients / Agriculture / Cost recovery / Economic value / Pollution / Sanitation / Pumping / Groundwater irrigation / Water demand / Freshwater / Water supply / Water resources / Wastewater irrigation / Water supply / Water resources / Wastewater irrigation / Policy making / Urban development / Urban areas / Sewage / Recycling / Water reuse / Wastewater treatment Record No:H047508
Land use / Crop management / Irrigation efficiency / Collective action / Pumps / Drainage / Irrigation canals / Water requirements / Water balance / Water supply Record No:H048363
Saline water / Cultivated land / Drainage / Equity / Land productivity / Collective action / Water management / Water productivity / Water distribution / Water user associations / Pumps / Farmers / Financial situation / Costs / Economic aspects / Irrigation programs Record No:H048362
Local government / Irrigation canals / Irrigation schemes / Water use / Water management / Water governance / Water rates / Water supply / Farm income / Farmers / Land reform / Land use / Cropping patterns / Water user associations Record No:H047461
SADC countries / Population / Irrigated land / Land resources / Water supply / Irrigation efficiency / Water resources / Water use / Water management / Agricultural production Record No:H047388
Case studies / Poverty / Farmers / Living standards / Agroindustrial sector / Self help / Water supply / Irrigation schemes / Irrigated land / Nongovernmental organizations / Donors / Public investment / Irrigation development / Climate change / Water policy / Water resources / Sustainability / Water management / Agriculture Record No:H047386
Soil conservation / Meteorological stations / Catchment areas / Springs / Water storage / Water use / Land cover / Knowledge management / Water resources / Mountains Record No:H047153
Case studies / Trees / Deltas / Irrigation / Greenhouses / Horticulture / Solar energy / Energy generation / Phosphogypsum / Magnesium / Soil properties / Freshwater / Recycling / Water reuse / Drainage water / Water productivity / Water resources / Aquaculture / Ecosystems / Crop production / Desalination / Soil salinity / Sodic soils / Saline water / Land degradation / Land resources Record No:H046996
Case studies / Institutions / Ecological factors / Socioeconomic environment / Marketing / Vegetable growing / Equity / Women / Gender / Drip irrigation / Irrigation systems / Land use / Farmers / Households / Water users / Water distribution / Performance indexes / Indicators / Sustainability / Multiple use / Water use efficiency Record No:H046890
Evaluation techniques / Water availability / Water distribution / Watercourses / Training courses / Training programmes / Irrigation management / Irrigation canals / Irrigation systems / Farmers organizations / Capacity building Record No:H047533
Lautze, Jonathan; Stander, E.; Drechsel, Pay; da Silva, A. K.; Keraita, B. 2014. Global experiences in water reuse. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE) 31p. (Resource Recovery and Reuse Series 04)[DOI] More... | Fulltext (1.10 MB)
Case studies / Sustainability / Aquifers / Farmers / Health hazards / Environmental effects / Water scarcity / Water quality / Wastewater irrigation / Wastewater treatment / Water reuse Record No:H046593
Sanitation / Participatory approaches / Income / Households / Drip irrigation / Land management / Water storage / Water use / Water management / Indicators / Social aspects / Environmental effects / Poverty / Living standards Record No:H046305
Decision making / Corporate culture / Participation / Stakeholders / Farmers / Sustainability / Collective action / Water management / Water user associations Record No:H048361
Financial situation / Pumps / Planning / Project management / Irrigation scheduling / Irrigation systems / Traditional farming / Best practices / Water distribution / Water supply / Water user associations / Water allocation / Water management Record No:H048360
Aquaculture / Land use / Farming systems / Cropping systems / Groundwater / Drainage systems / Administrative structures / Socioeconomic environment / Surveys / Canals / Deltas / Wastewater treatment / Drinking water / Water quality / Water policy / Water reuse / Water levels / Water supply / Water management Record No:H048359
Land use / Irrigation management / Research projects / Government departments / Organizations / River basins / Water law / Agriculture / Coastal area / Soil resources / Water quality / Groundwater / Surface water / Water use / Water management / Water resources development Record No:H046215
Income / Investment / Research projects / Institutions / Food security / Crops / Rainfed farming / Irrigated farming / Water user associations / Water use / Water allocation / Water quality / Groundwater resources / Groundwater irrigation / Livestock / Income / Rain / Weather hazards / Climate change / Villages / Surveys / Arid zones / Water availability / Water resources / Water management Record No:H046134
Research projects / Geology / Data / Rain / Living standards / Food security / Arid zones / Assessment / Irrigation schemes / Water supply / Evapotranspiration / Aquifers / Reservoirs / Water storage / Water quality / Groundwater recharge / Groundwater resources / Runoff / Flow discharge / Water use / Surface water / Water resources Record No:H046133
Environmental health / Irrigation water / Water user associations / Crop production / Canals / Water use / Domestic gardens / Income / Households / Gender / Rural population / Measurement / Project design / Impact assessment Record No:H046469
Costs / Financing / Policy / Wells / Water springs / Spate irrigation / Community involvement / Irrigation schemes / Irrigation management / Conflict / Water supply / Water saving / Water management / Research projects / Water user associations Record No:H046140
Agriculture / Poverty / Policy / Stakeholders / Models / Literature reviews / Rural development / Irrigation projects / Reclaimed land / Land resources / Development projects / Research projects / Water resources development / Water governance / Participatory management / Institutions / Non governmental organizations / Organizations / Water management Record No:H045714
Reservoirs / Farmer-led irrigation / Small scale systems / Irrigation schemes / Income / Farmers / Smallholders / Investment / Food security / Agricultural production / Water management / Research projects Record No:H045552
Funding / Sanitation / Models / Non governmental organizations / Poverty / Communities / Urban areas / Periurban areas / Equity / Irrigation development / Drinking water / Water quality / Water allocation / Water resources / Water management / Research projects / Multiple use Record No:H045518
Reservoirs / Farmer-led irrigation / Small scale systems / Irrigation schemes / Income / Farmers / Smallholders / Investment / Food security / Agricultural production / Water management / Research projects Record No:H045055
Environmental flows / Canal irrigation / Water use / Water availability / Water allocation / Water balance / Wind speed / Relative humidity / Temperature / Rain / Climate change / Simulation models / Hydrology / River basins / Water management / Water resources Record No:H045053
Reservoirs / Farmer-led irrigation / Small scale systems / Irrigation schemes / Income / Farmers / Smallholders / Investment / Food security / Agricultural production / Water management / Research projects Record No:H045022
Investment / Living standards / Reservoirs / Social aspects / Development projects / Fishery management / Forest management / Electricity / Energy policies / Legal frameworks / Legislation / Government departments / Public sector / Decision making / Land management / Natural resources management / Environmental impact assessment / Environmental protection / Water management / Water pollution / Policy making / Institutional development / Planning / Water power Record No:H046291
The aim of the research project is to lift Afghanistan out of the identified knowledge gap on its water resources and therefore enable Afghanistan to remove her barrier to sustainable water resource development and management in the Amu Darya basin. At the same time it is anticipated to provide transparency of the potential impact of water resource development plans as well as of on-going projects to downstream riparian states as well as the donor community – which so far seems to take an administrative rather than a resource boundary approach.The duration of the project is anticipated to be 3 years. Because of its international position IWMI Central Asia will take the lead in data generation and analysis and will collaborate with research and implementing agencies in Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan.
Irrigated sites / Water management / Water resources / Research projects / River basins Record No:H046036
Butterworth, J.; Visscher, J. T.; van Steenbergen, F.; van Koppen, Barbara. 2011. Multiple use water services in Ethiopia scoping study. : Pretoria, South Africa: International Water Management Institute (IWMI); New York, NY, USA: Rockefeller Foundation; Hague, Netherlands: International Water and Sanitation Centre (IRC) 52p. More... | Fulltext (1.32MB)
Food security / Costs / Non governmental organizations / Indicators / Socioeconomic environment / Spate irrigation / Irrigation systems / Small scale systems / Community involvement / Rain water management / Pumps / Water supply / Water management / Water resources / Research projects / Water use / Multiple use Record No:H045596
Basnet, G.; van Koppen, Barbara. 2011. Multiple use water services in Nepal scoping study. : Pretoria, South Africa: International Water Management Institute (IWMI); New York, NY, USA: Rockefeller Foundation; Hague, Netherlands: International Water and Sanitation Centre (IRC) 47p. More... | Fulltext (1.6MB)
Irrigation systems / Poverty / Community involvement / Water conservation / Water storage / Domestic water / Water supply / Non governmental organizations / Government departments / Institutions / Research projects / Water policy / Water resources development / Water use / Multiple Use Record No:H045595
van Koppen, Barbara; Keraita, Bernhard. 2011. Multiple use water services in Tanzania scoping study. : Pretoria, South Africa: International Water Management Institute (IWMI); New York, NY, USA: Rockefeller Foundation; Hague, Netherlands: International Water and Sanitation Centre (IRC) 68p. More... | Fulltext (1.29MB)
Irrigation schemes / Decentralization / River basin management / Water allocation / Water policy / Poverty / Research projects / Water supply / Water management / Water resources / Domestic water / Water users / Water use / Multiple use Record No:H045594
Smits, S.; Atengdem, J.; Darteh, B.; van Koppen, Barbara; Moriarty, P.; Nyarko, K.; Obuoubisa-Darko, A.; Ofosu, E.; Venot, Jean-Philippe; Williams, T. 2011. Multiple use water services in Ghana scoping study. : Pretoria, South Africa: International Water Management Institute (IWMI); New York, NY, USA: Rockefeller Foundation; Hague, Netherlands: International Water and Sanitation Centre (IRC) 73p. More... | Fulltext (1.61MB)
Policy / Water user associations / Non governmental organizations / Wells / Dams / Community management / Living standards / Costs / Investment / Models / Reservoirs / Suburban agriculture / Rural areas / Rainfed farming / Development projects / Rural development / Research projects / Water users / Water reuse / Surface water / Irrigation schemes / Irrigation water / Water supply / Domestic water / Water management / Water resources development / Multiple use Record No:H045519
Chilonda, Pius; Xavier, V.; Luciano, L.; Gemo, H.; Chamusso, A.; Zikhali, Precious; Faria, A.; Govereh, J.; Musaba, E.; Manussa, S.; Acubar, B.; Osvaldo, L.; Alage, N.; Macome, E.; Manganhela, A. 2011. Monitoring and evaluating agricultural growth, trade, and poverty in Mozambique. Pretoria, South Africa: International Water Management Institute (IWMI) 83p. (MozSAKSS Annual Trends Report 2010) More... | Fulltext (2MB)
Rain / Vegetation / Water management / Riparian zones / Surface runoff / Catchment areas / Monitoring / Site / Land use / Tillage / Soil conservation / Erosion / Agricultural policy / Shifting cultivation / Farming systems / Upland areas Record No:H044693
Water infrastructure is a cornerstone of economic development. In the Zambezi River Basin huge investments have been made in dams for hydropower, irrigation, water supply and flood control. Ecosystem functions are central to outcomes from dams. Not only does the performance of dams depend on ecosystem functions but dams also modify them (e.g. by changing natural flow regimes). It is by changing ecosystem functions (and hence ecosystem services) that dams often have their greatest impact on the livelihoods of poor people. However, investment decisions and, subsequently the management of dams, rarely consider ecosystem functions. Trade-offs and synergies between dams and ecosystem functions often go unrecognized and, as a result, the benefits accruing from dams are typically sub-optimal. One reason for the failure to consider ecosystem functions is lack of understanding of them and how they translate into services for people. It is not clear which ecosystems perform which functions or how they will be affected by a dam. For example, whilst it is widely understood that in relation to hydrology, different ecosystems provide different regulating functions, there is little quantitative information on the extent to which they do this or the dynamic nature of such functions. If ecosystem functions, and specifically flow regulating functions, are to be considered in dam planning and management more information and a method to incorporate them into decision-making processes is required. Based on a literature review this report summarizes i) evidence of the flow regulating functions of the major ecosystems in the Zambezi basin and ii) methods for evaluating ecosystem flow regulating functions. Finally, it proposes an approach for developing a method that could contribute to a decision support system for the synchronization of dam operation in the basin.
Analytical methods / Runoff / Land use / Forests / Floodplains / Water power / Dams / River basins / Hydrology / Flow control / Wetlands / Ecosystems Record No:H044667
In recent years, great emphasis has been placed on the need to improve the management of the environmental and social impacts of large dams. This is particularly important in the Mekong River Basin where the construction of a large number of new dams are planned and yet a large proportion of the population depend on fisheries and other natural resources, which may be adversely affected by their construction. The environmental and consequent social impacts of large dams are often complex and extremely difficult to predict. Dam planners and operators often have to consider a huge number of factors and often conflicting objectives, which makes decision making difficult. In such situations, computer models that can be used to simulate and optimize dam operations are a useful tool. However, to date, most models have focused on the physical aspects of systems and rarely (if ever) explicitly incorporate environmental and social issues. This report presents a brief review of different models and their application to water resource management, both in the Mekong and elsewhere and outlines a modelling strategy for the MK1 project.
Decision making / Poverty / Research projects / River basins / Simulation models / Dams / Reservoirs / Water resources Record No:H044652
In Lao PDR, one of the less developed countries, water represents a valuable natural resource via the development of hydropower dams and irrigation schemes. In the lower part of the Nam Ngum River Basin, the Vientiane plain is one of the largest food production areas of the country and the largest irrigated area in Lao PDR. While food demand is expected to continue to increase in the future, hydropower dams are under rapid development in the upper part of the basin, modifying the seasonal distribution of the river flow regimes. This study aims at assessing the current water supply and agricultural water demand in the Vientiane Plain and concluding whether the water resource is or may become a limiting factor for food production. The agricultural water demand is assessed from two types of data (characteristics of large-scale pumping stations and official statistics on irrigated areas) and using remote sensing analyses. Flow measurements of the Nam Ngum River were used to quantify the water supply. A 43-year time series (1962-2004) of daily river discharge was reconstructed from actual discontinuous data recorded in the river reach where most of the pumping stations are found. Distinctions in the water resource assessment were made between pristine conditions (before the construction of the hydropower dams) and current conditions of water infrastructure development. A comparison of the water supply and demand indicates that during the 4 driest months of the year (January to April) when the river reaches its minimum level and the irrigation water demand is the highest, pumped volumes represent less than 30% of the river discharge. This ratio should decrease as new hydropower dams are built, storing and releasing more water during the wet and the dry season, respectively. These figures indicate that the availability of water in the Nam Ngum River is not a limiting factor for irrigation, even during the dry seasons of exceptionally dry years. The water demand could exceptionally exceed the water supply in the case of an extreme scenario of irrigation development with irrigated areas 3-fold larger than the current ones. Next analyses will consist in assessing how this water balance will be altered by the development of new hydropower dams and irrigation projects. Possible uses of water surplus will be prioritized, depending on their economic viability and benefits.
Time series analysis / Pumping / Irrigated land / Dams / Water power / River basins / Water supply / Water demand / Assessment / Water balance Record No:H044647
Amerasinghe, Priyanie; Yadava, Chenna Basappa Gangappa; Wijenayake, K. M. A.; Suleman, K. B. 2011. Final technical report RUAF - from seed to table, 2009-2011. : Hyderabad, India: International Water Management Institute (IWMI); Hyderabad, India: Resource Centres on Urban Agriculture and Food Security (RUAF) 130p. More...
This is the final report (2009-2011 June) of the RUAF-FSTT Programme for the South and South East Asia Region, coordinated by the International Water Management Institute (IWMI), from its Regional Office in Hyderabad, India. The programme of activities were carried out in two cities, namely Magadi, Ramanagara District, India, and Gampaha, Sri Lanka from 2009 to June 2011, with an no-cost extension of six months, ending in year June 2011. This programme of activities came under IWMI’s theme on Water quality, Health and Environment.The programme was aimed at strengthening farmer organisations and their marketing capacities in urban/periurban settings, and developing sustainable urban farming systems that will contribute towards poverty alleviation, empowerment of disadvantaged and underserved groups in cities, enhance urban food security and social inclusion in development. The core activities were planned around two major components; 1. Operationalisation of a City Strategy Agenda (CSA), through a city multistakeholder forum (MSF) to promote Urban/Periurban Agriculture (UPA), which included diverse UPA activities and supported the shaping of policies to sustain UPA activities; 2. An innovation project that targeted low-income urban producers to innovate their farming practices from a market chain perspective, promoting eco-intensive agriculture based on ecological principals and maximum use of natural resources.
Stakeholders / Non governmental organizations / Agricultural development / Development projects / Indicators / Households / Financing / Cooperative farming / Vegetable growing / Mixed cropping / Gender / Training / Food security / Urban agriculture / Marketing / Farmers organizations Record No:H044641
By affecting transpiration and evaporation and influencing how water is routed and stored in a basin, forests, wetlands and floodplains play a crucial role in the hydrological cycle. Although they are widely attributed a major role in regulating flows (i.e. both attenuating floods and maintaining flow during dry periods) these services are seldom, if ever, explicitly factored into the planning and management of water resources. One reason for the failure to include them is lack of understanding of the hydrological functions occurring, their dynamic nature, and the interaction of those functions with the catchments in which the ecosystems are located. Very often it is unclear exactly which functions are performed and how those functions change over time (i.e. between seasons and between years). Furthermore, both the lack of quantitative information and a recognized method to incorporate them into decision-making processes, make it very difficult to integrate natural hydrological functions into the planning and management of water resources. This report describes a pragmatic approach for quantifying the flow regulating functions of floodplains, headwater wetlands and forests in the Zambezi Basin. The method utilizes observed stream flow records and flow duration curves to derive a simulated time series of flow in the absence of the ecosystem. This can then be compared with an observed time series to evaluate the impact of the ecosystem on the flow regime. The method, which is easy to utilize and could easily be incorporated into a decision support system for the synchronization of dam operation, has been applied and results obtained for 16 locations in the basin. Results indicate that the different ecosystems affect flows in different and complex ways. Broadly: i) floodplains decrease flood flows and increase low flows; ii) headwater wetlands increase flood flows and decrease low flows; iii) miombo forest, when covering more than 70% of the catchment, decreases flood flows and decreases low flows. However, in all cases there are examples which produce contrary results and simple relationships between the extent of an ecosystem type within a catchment and the impact on the flow regime were not found.
Catchment areas / Maps / Time series analysis / Hydrology / Swamps / Wetlands / Floodplains / forests / Regulation / Flow / Ecosystems / River basins Record No:H044606
For decades, increasing land productivity was a major driver of improving food security and reducing rural poverty. However, with increasing water scarcities, competing water demand across different sectors, and increasing cost of investments in water resources development require a paradigm shift. Improving the productivity of water use is emerging as a new way of addressing water scarcity while reducing vulnerability and improving income. Increasing both physical and economic water productivities (quantity per drop and value per drop) are central to this approach. The extent to which physical and economic water productivity should be improved is and area and context specific. However, the approach is especially important in areas that are populated with large agriculturally dependent small-holder rural people and areas that experience recurrent droughts and floods and lack access to proper infrastructure. A major part of the Ganga-Brahamaputra-Meghna (MBG) river basins have such characteristics. This report examines the current situation of poverty, food security and water productivity and their linkages and knowledge gaps in the MBG basins.
Groundwater / Income / Economic aspects / Environmental effects / International waters / River basins / Indicators / Rural poverty / Food security / Water use / Water demand / Water scarcity / Water productivity Record No:H044557
Irrigated farming / Rainfed farming / Water footprint / Water scarcity / Water stress / Mapping / Research projects / Species / Coffee / Beverages / Water use Record No:H044551
This report is an output of the Sustainable Urban Water Management Improves Tomorrow s City s Health (SWITCH) demonstration project, which took place in Accra, Ghana. Accra is one of the ten (10) demonstration cities under the SWITCH project. The main objective of the demo project was to demonstrate (as pilot) the potential of using urine for crop production in Accra Metropolitan Area (AMA) and provide recommendations for scaling up.
To identify interventions which reduce health risks of consumers where highly polluted irrigation water is used to irrigate vegetables in West Africa, scientists worked over 5 years with farmers, market traders and street food vendors in Ghana. The most promising low-cost interventions with high adoption potential were analyzed for their ability to reduce common levels of pathogens (counts of fecal coliforms and helminth eggs). The analysis showed the combination potential of various interventions, especially on-farm and during vegetable washing in line with the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines. The tested market-based interventions were important to prevent new or additional contamination.
Filtration / Wastewater treatment / Irrigation practices / Irrigation methods / Wastewater irrigation / Vegetable growing / Risk management / Health hazards / Public health / Consumers / Urban agriculture Record No:H043829
Policy / Case studies / Models / Water allocation / Land ownership / Economic aspects / Irrigation water / Water use / River basins / Agricultural development Record No:H043776
Environmental effects / Crop production / Gender / Farmers / Water user associations / Income / Households / Demography / Canals / Measurement / Project design / Impact assessment / Water management Record No:H046468
Chilonda, Pius; Zikhali, P.; Musaba, E. 2010. Agricultural growth trends and outlook for Southern Africa. : Washington, DC, USA: International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI); Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI) 101p. (ReSAKSS-SA Annual Trends Report 2010) More... | Fulltext (4.70MB)
Chilonda, Pius; Zikhali, P.; Musaba, E. 2010. Agricultural growth trends and outlook for Southern Africa. : Washington, DC, USA: International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI); Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI) 101p. (ReSAKSS-SA Annual Trends Report 2010) More... | Fulltext (4.70MB)
This CGIAR-CPWF Project was designed and conducted by the International Water Management Institute (IWMI), in partnership with international and national partners, to address the relative neglect of livestock water needs of crop-livestock farming systems. The primary objective of this project was to optimize the productive use of water in the crop-livestock farming systems of semi-arid areas to enhance livelihoods, reduce poverty, contribute to gender equity, and protect the environment. This was addressed through an integrated approach led by a multi-disciplinary team across three States of the Ganga Basin.
Case studies / River basins / Poverty / Gender / Energy consumption / Livestock / Feed production / Water productivity / Mixed farming / Farming systems Record No:H043549
The goal of Oxfam Americaapos;s Water Program in Ethiopia is to improve smallholders’ food security and strengthen their livelihoods in moisture-stressed areas of Oromiya, Tigray and Amhara National Regional States. To realize this goal, smallholder households must exercise their rights to access and manage water resources sustainably and equitably, for irrigating crops and raising livestock. Better access, equitable sharing, and sustainable management are essential outcomes that must be achieved along the path to greater food security and more resilient livelihoods.
Case studies / Leadership / Women / Indicators / Impact assessment / Non governmental organizations / Water user associations / Rural areas / Households / Cooperatives / Investment / Irrigation schemes / Institutions / Food security / Water resource management / Development projects Record No:H043433
Report submitted to Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) under the project, “Comparative assessment of water usage and impacts arising from biofuel projects in South East Asian Countries”, commissioned by the Letter of Agreement No LOA/RAP/2009/38.Thailand and Malaysia are two south East Asian countries with rapidly growing biofuel demand. Increasing use of biofuel envisages reducing dependence of petroleum products for transport and mitigating environmental impacts by reducing carbon emissions. It also expects to contribute to rural development and poverty reduction. However, the impacts of expanding production of feedstock for biofuel on water supply are not well understood. This paper assesses the water footprints and impacts of sugarcane molasses and cassava based bioethanol in Thailand, and palm oil based biodiesel in Malaysia. The water footprint of a commodity or service is the water depleted in its life cycle of its production or consumption.The total water footprints of sugarcane molasses and cassava bioethanol production in Thailand are estimated to be 1,646 and 2,304 m3/tonne, respectively, and of palm oil biodiesel in Malaysia is 3,730 m3/tonne. However, the contributions from irrigation are only a small fraction --9.0, 0.7 and 0.3%-- of the total water footprints of molasses and cassava bioethanol, and palm oil biodiesel respectively. In terms of irrigation water use,cassava is a better feedstock for bioethanol production than sugarcane molasses.In Thailand, the total annual irrigation water footprints in bioethanol production --54 million m3 (mcm) for molasses and 15 mcm for cassava-- is only 0.02% of the total renewable water resources. In Malaysia, total annual irrigation water footprint of palm oil biodiesel production is only 0.001% of the total renewable water resources. A significant spatial variation of irrigation water footprints of molasses based ethanol exists across provinces in Thailand, indicating potential for reducing water footprints.The total irrigation water footprints in biofuel production in the future in both countries will also be negligible in comparison to total water availability. However, the impact of wastewater generated in the production processes can have significant impacts on quality of local water resources. A part of the waste water, called ‘spent wash’, is applied as fertilizer, and over use of it can affect soil and neighboring water resources. The proposed plans on biofuel production in the future can generate more ‘spent wash’ than that can be used in crop fields as fertilizer. Spent wash has found to have high PH value, temperature, biological and chemical oxygen contents etc. The usual practice of storing spent wash in a pond for a long period near a plant can have detrimental impact on soil, streams’ and groundwater quality.In sum, this study concludes that from the perspective of quantity of irrigation water use, the increasing biofuel production does not pose a major problem in Thailand
Groundwater / Water pollution / Water use / Irrigation water / Ethanol / Palm oils / Cassava / Sugarcane / Water footprint / Biofuels Record No:H043429
A project report submitted to Nestle Ltd. under the project “Measuring the water footprints of milk production: contributions to livelihood benefits and sustainable water use in the Moga District in Punjab, India.” This report assesses the water footprints of milk and crop production, their impacts and options of mitigating them. The major objectives of this report are: To assess water availability and use in agriculture in the Moga District of Punjab State, to examine the contribution of the different agricultural water uses to the over all unsustainable water extraction, and its impact on the WFP of milk and crops; To assess surface water and groundwater use of major crops (e.g., rice, wheat and fodder crops) and in milk production, with a focus on feed and fodder and direct water use for dairy cattle; and To propose improved water management practices that farmers can adopt to reduce WFP, and enhance water productivity and conservation, thus contributing to long-term sustainable water use in the region.
Water conservation / Groundwater depletion / Food security / Water use efficiency / Irrigation water / Wheat / Rice / Crop production / Milk production / Water footprint Record No:H043415
The report aims to provide critical input to the Mekong River Commission’s (MRC) regional Climate Change and Adaptation Initiative (CCAI) which was launched shortly after the formulation of this project. The CCAI is a collaborative regional initiative designed to address the shared climate change adaptation challenges of LMB countries in response to the potential effects of climate change on the socio-economic characteristics and natural resources of the LMB region. MRC has identified need for a more informed understanding of the potential impacts from climate change. To contribute to this aim, the purpose of this report is: 1. To present the framework of climate change analysis and its application to the Basin Development Plan (BDP) Scenarios; 2. To present the results from the application of the Decision Support Framework (DSF) models of the Mekong River Commission (MRC) in order to analyse the impacts of climate change and selected BDP Scenarios on flow regimes; 3. To present climate change impacts on floods and fisheries in the LMB; 4. To present the impact of climate change on the productivity of major crops grown in the basin and their consequences on the overall food security of the basin considering future population growth. 5. To present the results of applying simple adaptation strategies related to agriculture and food security; and 6. To determine further studies necessary to identify suitable adaptation strategies for dealing with such impacts.
Impact assessment / Food security / Environmental temperature / Supplemental irrigation / Rainfed farming / Irrigated farming / Productivity / Maize / Rice / Crop production / Ecology / Fisheries / Salt water intrusion / Flooding / Precipitation / Irrigation programs / Dams / Development projects / Electrical energy / Water power / Adaptation / Analysis / Climate change / Models / Decision support systems / River basin development Record No:H043268
Rainfall variability is a key constraint to agricultural production and economic growth in many developing countries. This is likely to be exacerbated in many places as rainfall variability is amplified (even where the total amount of rain increases) as a result of climate change. Changes in rainfall will also increase variability in groundwater recharge and river flow, thus affecting all water sources. Water storage, in its various forms, provides a mechanism for dealing with variability which, if planned and managed correctly, increases water security, agricultural productivity and adaptive capacity. As such, water storage can make an important contribution to safeguarding livelihoods and reducing rural poverty. However, ill-conceived water storage is a waste of financial resources and, rather than mitigate, may aggravate unpleasant climate change impacts. Systems that combine complementary storage options are likely to be more adaptable and acceptable than those based on a single storage type. More systematic planning and management is required to avoid the mistakes of the past and to ensure more effective and suitable storage systems for the future.
Reservoirs / Dams / Rain / Climate change / Water storage Record No:H043122
Capacity building / Project design / Monitoring / Living standards / Indicators / Impact assessment / Water management / Water resources Record No:H046467
Research projects / Capacity building / Crop production / Yields / Farmers / Institutions / Catchment areas / Rain / Water harvesting / River basins / Agroecosystems / Environmental management / Watershed management / Smallholders Record No:H043875
International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 2009. IWMI medium term plan 2009-2011. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI) 93p. More... | Fulltext (1.33 MB)
River basin management / Water resource management / Research projects / Research priorities / Strategy planning / Research institutes Record No:H043734
International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 2009. IWMI medium term plan 2008-2010. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI) 89p. More... | Fulltext (1.20 MB)
River basin management / Water resource management / Research projects / Research priorities / Strategy planning / Research institutes Record No:H043615
The purpose of this report is to show the process of the intervention made through the implementation of the IWRM and Food Security Demonstration Project in Zambia. The report gives details of the project processes, showing the steps the project went through, the outcomes and its impact on the communities where it was implemented. The report is the result of a number of field visits made to the completed project sites, the sources of information have been; focus group meetings, interviews, discussions with key informants, beneficiaries the youth, male and female stakeholders and reviews of project activity reports, and direct observations. Therefore, what is presented here is a cumulative “factual and real time” opinion as to what has been observed and discussed.; The Project was implemented over a period of two years in the three sites of the Kafue River Basin in the Central and Southern Provinces respectively. Katuba is at the Northern Bank of the Kafue River on the Mwembeshi River, a tributary of the Kafue River. Namwala is at the Southern Bank of the Kafue River, with Namwala River pouring its waters in the Kafue and meandering around the plains. The Kafue River Basin covers the Copper Belt Province in the North Western part of the country. Katuba is in Chibombo district and in the chiefdom of Mungule. In Namwala district, the project has been implemented in Mungaila and Mukobela Chiefdoms respectively. The report highlights some of the successes achieved by the intervention and some of the challenges faced by the target communities and recommends the way-forward to the sustainable management of water resources by the communities. The purpose of the project was to demonstrate the benefits of applying the IWRM principles and practices to reduce poverty and improve quality of life of the people through economic empowerment.
Food security / Irrigation water / Local government / Central government / Water policy / Leadership / Community involvement / Participatory management / Wells / Pumping / Water storage / Project management / Project planning / Water resource management Record No:H042714
This report presents seven innovations in Local-level Integrated Water Resource Management, based on lessons learnt in the IWRM Demonstration Projects in Malawi, Mozambique, Swaziland and Zambia.
Public health / Poverty / Local government / Empowerment / Community involvement / Participatory management / Domestic water / Irrigation water / Multiple use / Financing / Project planning / Guidelines / Water resource management Record No:H042713
This project aims to identify the risks and benefits associated with the use of wastewater in urban and peri-urban fodder and vegetable cropping systems in India and Pakistan, where wastewater is largely untreated due to lack of public finance. Two mega-cities (Faisalabad, Pakistan and Hyderabad, India, with large untreated wastewater irrigation areas have been selected a) for comparative purposes and b) to develop and promote country-specific risk mitigation options. With a particular focus on food safety, livelihoods and livestock, the research will combine field and laboratory methods and structured interactions with producers, consumers, and authorities (urban planning, public health and water management). The goal of the project is to improve health and safeguard wastewater-dependent livelihoods of resource-poor urban and peri-urban farmers and consumers in developing countries. This overlaps with IWMI’s mission to improve water and land resources management for food, livelihoods and nature. The project’s purpose is to develop and promote the uptake of a set of risk mitigation options based on a comprehensive assessment of risks and benefits associated with wastewater irrigation in Hyderabad (India) and Faisalabad (Pakistan). The project will enable the uptake of the recommendations in two countries with large wastewater-irrigated areas and different political - institutional environments.
Research priorities / GIS / Surveys / Economic evaluation / Risk assessment / Livestock / Fodder / Vegetables / Cropping systems / Diseases / Health hazards / Public health / Institutions / Wastewater irrigation Record No:H042649
This atlas provides information on the salient findings of the project entitled quot;Ensuring Health and Food Safety from Rapidly Expanding Wastewater Irrigation in South Asiaquot; coordinated by the International Water Management Institute (Hyderabad office). The three year project funded by the German Federal Ministry of Economic Cooperation and Development (Bundesministerium fr Wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit und Entwicklung - BMZ) was carried out in two countries, India and Pakistan, in collaboration with a number of international and local partners. This atlas highlights the findings from India. The atlas comprises thematic maps and their corresponding descriptions highlighting the key findings of the project. The wastewater use in agriculture described here is associated with a polluted riverine system, due to all types of city discharges. As such, it can be expected that the water quality can change considerably in different stretches of the 40 km stretch of the river, with the head end being more polluted than the tail end. Therefore in order to avoid a rigid classification, the descriptions to the maps refer to the term quot;(Musi) river waterquot;. In the rest of text, the term quot;wastewaterquot; is used in the context of the chemical and biological attributes associated with agronomic and health risks in any given stretch of the river. The atlas was prepared as a summary document of the key findings of the project, to promote a discussion on the wastewater use in agriculture, at the dissemination workshop held in October 2008.
Health hazards / Parasitoses / Rural communities / Water quality / Rivers / Wastewater irrigation / Maps Record No:H042566
This report documents the fourth year and final report of the RUAF-CFF programme in the South and South East Asia region, coordinated by the International Water Management Institute, Hyderabad office, India. It is arranged in three sections: Introduction, activities for the year 2008 and cumulative results of 2005 -2008. The overall content reflects the activates, outcomes and outputs of the four year RAFT-CFF programme.
Development projects / Training / Urban agriculture Record No:H042560
International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 2009. IWMI medium term plan 2010-2012. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI) 110p. More... | Fulltext (3.66MB)
Irrigated farming / Water resource management / Maintenance costs / Project planning / Research projects / Research priorities / Financial situation / Strategy planning / Research institutes Record No:H042469
These guidelines are based on the IWRM Demonstration Projects in Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Swaziland and Zambia, implemented by the SADC Regional Water Sector Programme supported by Danida, and synthesized by Barbara van Koppen. It provides a practical step-by-step guide on how to apply community-driven water resource management for improved livelihoods and sustainable water systems for multiple uses. The guideline is aimed at implementers of community water development projects, in particular the local government.
Development projects / Impact assessment / Evaluation / Monitoring / Participatory management / Rural communities / Social participation / Community involvement / Water use / Multiple use / Water supply / Water resource management / Best practices / Guidelines Record No:H042174
Kuppannan, Palanisami; Kumar, D. S.; Wani, S. P. 2009. A manual on impact assessment of watersheds. : Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh, India: International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT); Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh, India: International Water Management Institute, IWMI-TATA Water Policy Research Program 52p. (Global Theme on Agroecosystems Report 53) More... | Fulltext (2.32 MB)
Recognising the importance of watershed development as a strategy of rural development, both central and state governments, non-governmental organisations, International Development Agencies invest huge funds on watershed development. The watershed approach enables the planners to internalize such externalities and other linkages among agricultural and related activities. Experience shows that various watershed development programme brought significant positive impact. Impact evaluations contribute to improve the effectiveness of policies and programs. Different methodologies have been used in the evaluation literature mainly the qualitative and quantitative methods. Choosing appropriate methodology for impact assessment of natural resource management interventions is essential.
This bulletin outlines the various concepts and methods in watershed impact evaluation with examples. The use of economic surplus approach with consumer and producers’ surplus is compared with the conventional approach with only producers’ surplus. Also incorporation of the rainfall variability in the watershed evaluation is demonstrated. A simple computer based watershed programme incorporating the various components of the watershed development is also developed and included.
Best practices / Guidelines / Rain / Natural resources management / Social aspects / Rural development / Rural economy / Economic analysis / Cost benefit analysis / Evaluation / Development projects / Indicators / Impact assessment / Economic impact / Watershed management Record No:H034811
Marketing / Funding / Financing / Costs / Economic aspects / Technology / Capacity building / Tanks / Water storage / Sprinkler irrigation / Drip irrigation / Microirrigation / Irrigation systems / Socioeconomic environment / Food security / Food production / Cropping systems / Vegetable growing / Agriculture / Income / Government agencies / Non governmental organizations / Institutions / Case studies / Community development / Women / Gender / Research projects / Households / Soil conservation / Water conservation / Water quality / Water rights / Sanitation / Drinking water / Domestic water / Water use / Water scarcity / Multiple use / Water resources development / Water management Record No:H044752
This is a report on the fourth and final year of the RUAF-CFF programme activities in West Africa Anglophone region, coordinated by the International Water Management Institute (IWMI), Ghana. This report documents the activities implemented as well as the results, outcomes and impacts in all focus cities within the region from January 2005 to December 2008. The cities are: a. Pilot cities: Accra, Ghana, Freetown, Sierra Leone, and Ibadan, Nigeria in sequential order of entry and intervention; b. Partner (or dissemination) cities: Tamale, Tema and Cape Coast in Ghana; and Akure in Nigeria, all at completion stages of pilot project implementation in their respective cities.
Agricultural extension / Gender / Non governmental organizations / Farmers associations / Local government / Participatory management / Stakeholders / Capacity building / Training / Urban agriculture Record No:H042723
Capacity building / Training / Performance indexes / Equity / Water distribution / Water delivery / Water allocation / Legal aspects / Social participation / Water user associations / Irrigated farming / Irrigation management / Governance / Rivers / Irrigation canals Record No:H041914
Aggarwal, P. K.; Hebbar, K. B.; Venugopalan, M. V.; Rani, S.; Bala, A.; Biswal, A.; Wani, S. P. 2008. Quantification of yield gaps in rain-fed rice, wheat, cotton and mustard in India. : Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh, India: International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT); Colombo, Sri Lanka: Comprehensive Assessment of Water Management in Agriculture; Pusa, New Delhi, India: Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI) 30p. (Global Theme on Agroecosystems Report 43) More... | Fulltext
Yields / Wheat / Cotton / Irrigated farming / Water distribution / Water allocation / Canals / Irrigation management / Water user associations / Organizational change / Institutional development Record No:H040699
Farmers / Environmental management / Water harvesting Record No:H042990
University of East Anglia, Overseas Development Group; Sokoine University of Agriculture, Department of Agricultural Engineering, Soil Water Research Group; International Water Management Institute (IWMI) Africa Regional Office. 2006. Raising irrigation productivity and releasing water for intersectoral needs (RIPARWIN): RIPARWIN final technical report. : Norwich, UK: University of East Anglia, Overseas Development Group; Morogoro, Tanzania: Sokoine University of Agriculture, Department of Agricultural Engineering, Soil Water Research Group; Silverton, Pretoria, South Africa: International Water Management Institute (IWMI) Africa Regional Office 37p. More... | Fulltext
This project, based in the Great Ruaha River Basin in Tanzania, is looking at basin level water management impacts on agricultural productivity and wetlands. The main focus is to identify whether water currently going to rice production could be apos;savedapos; and reallocated for dry season environmental flows; and if so, how this could be done. Working with local partners and with UK-based institutions, the IWMI component focuses on the use of an integrated set of models to examine interactions between different water uses in the basin.
Rice / Irrigation management / Productivity / Irrigation water / Water allocation / Development projects / River basin development / River basin management / Hydrology / River basins Record No:H042201
International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 2006. IWMI medium term plan 2007-2009. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI) 84p. More... | Fulltext (1.23MB)
Agricultural research / Water management / Irrigation management / Strategy planning / Research projects / Research priorities / Research institutes Record No:H039301
This study aims to systematically establish whether costs of irrigation projects in SSA are truly high, determine the factors which influence costs and recommend cost-reducing options in order make irrigation investments in SSA more attractive. The study analyzes 314 irrigation projects implemented from 1967 to 2003 in 50 countries in Africa, Asia, and Latin America funded (or assisted) by the World Bank, African Development Bank and the International Fund for Agriculture Development. The sample includes “irrigation” projects, irrigation development with power generation (“irrigation with power”) projects, and irrigation component in multi-sectoral projects (MSPs). For the latter two types of project, only the cost of the irrigation component was included in the analyses. The study distinguishes projects according to purpose (ranging from purely new construction to purely rehabilitation), type of irrigation system (river diversion, reservoir-based, tank, river/groundwater-lift, and largely drainage or flood control), mode of Oamp;M (government managed, jointly managed, farmer-managed), and major crops irrigated. All data are obtained from project completion (PCRs) and performance audit reports (PPARs) complemented with information from staff appraisal reports. Unit irrigation costs and project performance measured by economic internal rates of return are actual figures reported in PPARs or PCRs. This report examines whether the difference in unit costs in sub-Saharan Africa compared with other regions is significant, and identifies the key determinants of unit investment costs and performance of irrigation projects. It makes three important contributions: (1) it confirms some earlier findings about irrigation projects; (2) it disproves some popularly-held notions and incorrect perceptions about unit costs and performance of irrigation projects in sub-Saharan Africa; and (3) it provides empirical support to some existing irrigation investment policies and programs and a basis for reconsideration of others and introduction of new ones. The report presents recommendations for formulating better irrigation projects and a clear investment direction in agricultural water in sub-Saharan Africa.
This paper focuses on enhancing returns on investments in agricultural water through effective integration of livestock production. It suggests that multi-sectoral approaches to investment in water, soil, crop and livestock will have greater development impact and profitability than developing water and livestock independently in the same areas.
Rainfed farming / Investment / Irrigated farming / Livestock / Farming systems Record No:H044633
This report analyses environmental and health impacts arising from agricultural water development in sub-Saharan Africa and recommends ways to increase the sustainability of investments in irrigation by taking into account health and environmental concerns. In many places in the region irrigation is a key means of enhancing productivity that can reduce poverty and improve livelihoods. However, failure to adequately foresee, plan and manage the negative environmental and health impacts arising from irrigation undermines the sustainability of many projects and may worsen poverty.This report is not intended as a compendium of data on environmental and health issues pertaining to agricultural water development. Rather it seeks to provide an overview and framework for understanding policy and programming issues to tackle these issues.
Policy / Health hazards / Environmental impact assessment / Irrigation effects Record No:H044632
Manual produced under the IWMI financed project “Options for Increasing the Productivity of Harvested and Stored Rainwater for Smallholder Farmers in the Dry Area of Western Pare Lowlands”
Water loss / Seepage / Dams / Construction / Ponds Record No:H037651
Soil-Water Management Research Group. 2005. Design of rainwater harvesting storage structures. : Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI); Morogoro, Tanzania: Sokoine University of Agriculture Manual produced under the IWMI financed project “Options for Increasing the Productivity of Harvested and Stored Rainwater for Smallholder Farmers in the Dry Area of Western Pare Lowlands”. iv, 26p. More...
Catchment areas / Design / Dams / Tanks / Water storage / Ponds / Water harvesting Record No:H037649
The framework reported here drives from the documentation and experiences gained under the SDC funded “Integrated Water Resources Management in the Fergana Valley Project (IWRM-Fergana), which is implemented by the association comprising the International Water Management Institute (IWMI) and the Scientific Information Center of the Interstate Commission on Water Coordination (SIC-ICWC) of Central Asia.
Water user associations / Water delivery / Social participation / Water resource management Record No:H036247
Credit / Labor / Costs / Rice / Agricultural production / Maintenance / Operations / Infrastructure / Data storage and retrieval / Water loss / Water delivery / Farmers’ associations / Irrigated farming / Evaluation / Monitoring / Development projects / River basins Record No:H035718
The case studies reported here highlight important concepts and information on the linkages between water and poverty that may not be available elsewhere. The overall objective of the studies is to draw generic lessons and identify interventions that can help policy makers, planners and other stakeholders to develop actions that are effective in water resources management for the poor. All case studies focus on poor in South Asia, but all with differing geographic contexts or thematic focci. The first two papers are based on field surveys supplemented by literature reviews. The first focusses on the impact of water on poverty in a mountainous region in Nepal, while the second focusses on the impact of drought on water availability, and hence poverty, in a district in Pakistanapos;s Baluchistan province. The final two papers both took Sri Lanka as their area of study. The first Sri Lanka paper explores the linkages between water, health and poverty and presents a conceptual framework which was used to analyze the results of previous studies. Sri Lankaapos;s dry zone is the geographic focus of the second paper, which focusses primarily on the linkages between irrigation and poverty.
Agricultural development / Environmental sustainability / Domestic water / Wells / Households / Women / Case studies / Drought / Soil degradation / Public health / Disease vectors / Waterborne diseases / Food security / Sanitation / Population / Irrigation water / Water potential / Hydroelectric schemes / Poverty / Water harvesting / Water resource management Record No:H034914
Non governmental organizations / Development aid / Development projects / Smallholders / Agricultural society / Social impact / Water quality / Watersheds / Water storage / Villages / Drinking water / Water supply / Water scarcity Record No:H043996
Smallholders / Water table / Wells / Watersheds / Water conservation / Supplemental irrigation / Groundwater recharge / Water storage / Water harvesting Record No:H043994
Water harvesting / Development projects / Income / Households / Villages / Social aspects / Smallholders / Agricultural society / Irrigated farming Record No:H043993
Case studies / Water rates / User charges / Water user associations / Empowerment / Farmers / Smallholders / Privatization / Rehabilitation / Government managed irrigation systems / Canals / Irrigation systems / Research projects Record No:H043097
Regional study implemented by IWMI with financial support from the Asian Development Bank (RETA 5812)
Pricing / Water rates / Cost recovery / Legislation / Drainage / Flood control / Sanitation / Water supply / River basins / Private sector / Institutional development / Water policy / Water resources development / Water resource management Record No:H035411
Regional study implemented by IWMI with financial support from the Asian Development Bank (RETA 5812)
Assessment / Risks / Water user associations / Economic aspects / Water quality / River basins / Food security / Rice / Irrigation management / Water law / Decentralization / Public administration / Institutional development / Water resource management / Water policy Record No:H035410
Regional study implemented by IWMI with financial support from the Asian Development Bank (RETA 5812)
River basins / Flood control / Soil conservation / Water law / Governance / Institutional development / Water management / Water policy Record No:H035409
Regional study implemented by IWMI with financial support from the Asian Development Bank (RETA 5812)
Case studies / Water allocation / Institutions / Water policy / Development plans / Sedimentation / Erosion / River basin development / Irrigation management / Water resource management Record No:H035407
Regional study implemented by IWMI with financial support from the Asian Development Bank (RETA 5812)
Case studies / Population / Financing / Indicators / Water scarcity / Water use / River basins / Conflict / Water allocation / Environmental effects / Land tenure / Land use / Pollution control / Groundwater / Water law / Water policy / Irrigated farming / Water resource management Record No:H035406
Regional study implemented by IWMI with financial support from the Asian Development Bank (RETA 5812)
Case studies / Tube wells / Groundwater irrigation / River basins / Institutional development / Irrigation management / Water resource management Record No:H035405
A regional study implemented by IWMI wth financial support from ADB (RETA 5812).
Financing / Water use / Water quality / Environmental effects / Institutional development / Pricing / Water rates / Water quality / Water allocation / International cooperation / River basins / Water resource management / Water resources development Record No:H034921
A regional study implemented by IWMI wth financial support from ADB (RETA 5812).
Organizational change / Institutional development / Performance evaluation / Water law / Water policy / Water quality / River basins / Water resource management / Water resources development Record No:H034920
Crop production / Canals / Productivity / Land use / Wastewater / Water quality / Domestic water / Electricity supplies / Irrigation efficiency / Irrigation requirements / Water use / Evapotranspiration / Groundwater / Reservoirs / Surface runoff / Rain / Income / Households / Labor / Population growth / Irrigation programs / Ecology / Climate / Topography / Land management / Water demand / Water supply / Water balance / Hydrology / Decision support tools / Models / Water resource management / River basin development Record No:H034029
Multiple use / Water use / User charges / Legal aspects / Irrigation systems / Institutional development / Water resource management / Irrigation management Record No:H030856
In the Senegal river floodplain, irrigated agriculture and traditional flood recession crops (mainly sorghum) coexist. The latter depends upon the extent of the annual flood, which is partly a function of the amount of water released from the upstream Manantali reservoir. Even though recession sorghum yield is clearly smaller than that of irrigated rice, this production system, because it covers a large area, is a major contributor to total food production in Podor and Matam departments. It is therefore important to quantify areas and yields. In collaboration with the West Africa Rice Development Association (WARDA) and the International Water Management Institute (IWMI), SAED has carried out a survey of the 2000-2001 agricultural campaign based on remote sensing and GIS analysis. In 2000, inundations in the Podor department covered 37.635 hectares. 3.277 million m3 of water were released from the Manantali reservoir specifically to support the natural flooding due to uncontrolled tributaries of the Senegal river. However, over the entire rainy season, the inflow into the reservoir exceeded the water released from it. In the Podor department, 18.998 hectares were cultivated, corresponding to 51% of the inundated area. In total, in both departments, the total area under sorghum cultivation amounted to 25.745 hectares in 2000-2001, that is only 44% of the area of the previous season, particularly wet. The total production of recession sorghum grain in the Matam department is about 4.075 tons and the average yield 638 kg/hectare. The method used gives reliable results, particularly a good relationship between yield and spectral response. It requires not more than 3 weeks of fieldwork but timing is crucial. Coupled with SAED’s Geographic Information System (GIS) and complementary to the survey of rice production using remote sensing analysis, this work provides a more accurate estimation of food production at the level of each Rural Community. It also provides objective information to assess the mutual influence of recession sorghum and irrigated rice cropping systems.
Health / Gender / Water rights / Fisheries / Water quality / Irrigation requirements / Private investment / Rain-fed farming / Food production / Food security Record No:H030390
Case studies / Legislation / Water policy / Research institutes / Catchment areas / Water resources development / River basins / Institutional development Record No:H030852
Sanitation / Wastewater / Households / Villages / Irrigation programs / Diseases / Public health Record No:H026417
Feenstra, S.; Jabbar, A.; Masih, R.; Jehangir, W. A. 2000. Health hazards of pesticides in Pakistan. : Islamabad, Pakistan: Pakistan Agricultural Research Council; Lahore, Pakistan: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). Pakistan National Program (IWMI Pakistan Report R-100)[DOI] More... | Fulltext
Surveys / Plant protection / Pest control / Pesticide residues / Risks / Public health Record No:H026193
Skogerboe, G. V. 2000. Groundwater salinity in the Colorado River Basin. : Lahore, Pakistan: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). Pakistan National Program; Lahore, Pakistan: Pakistan Council of Research Water Resources (PCRWR); Griffith, NSW, Australia: Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) ix, 75p. (IWMI Pakistan Report R-096)[DOI] More... | Fulltext (6.46MB)
Livestock / Groundwater potential / Water use / Wells / Simulation / Discharges / Recharge / Aquifers / Salinity / Groundwater / Water availability / Population / Energy / Economic growth / Water rights / History / River basin development Record No:H026073
Raju, K. V.; Brewer, J. D. 2000. Conjunctive management, North Bihar, India. : Lahore, Pakistan: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). Pakistan National Program; Lahore, Pakistan: Pakistan Council of Research Water Resources (PCRWR); Griffith, NSW, Australia: Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) ix, 70p. (IWMI Pakistan Report R-095)[DOI] More... | Fulltext (5.26MB)
Waterlogging / Environmental effects / Water market / associations / Farmersapos / Institutions / Maintenance costs / Operating costs / Drilling / Tube wells / Pumps / Wells / Water delivery / Water distribution / Water allocation / Organizations / Water policy / Water law / Wheat / Rice / Irrigated farming / Rain / Water availability / Irrigation programs / Irrigation canals / Groundwater / Surface water / Conjunctive use / Irrigation management Record No:H026072
Irrigation programs / Farmer participation / Agricultural research / Research projects / Research institutes / Water resource management Record No:H024993
Report submitted to the Council of Agriculture, Agricultural Engineering Research Center, Taoyuan Irrigation Research and Development Foundation, Environment Greening Foundation and Tsao-Jiin Memorial Foundation for Research and Development for Agriculture and Irrigation of the Republic of China.
Case studies / Data collection / Agricultural research / Tourism / Public health / Water supply / Sustainability / Ecosystems / Wetlands / Environmental effects / Water use / Irrigation programs / Irrigation management / Livestock / Fisheries / Lagoons / River basins / Crop production / Drainage / Irrigation water / Water reuse / Wastewater / Water quality Record No:H024792
The final report of this project documents the lessons learned by researchers, social organizers, agency personnel and farmers. The project has demonstrated the willingness and ability of farmers and agency personnel to manage the land and water resources of the area jointly. The view of the researchers is that the small dams offer an excellent opportunity for the promotion of reforms in the irrigation sector.
Water user associations / Social organization / Organizational development / Diagnostic techniques / Research institutes / Crop yield / Cropping systems / Land tenure / Irrigation programs / Small scale systems / Dams / Sustainability / Irrigated farming / Farmer participation / Participatory management / Irrigation management Record No:H024724
Irrigation programs / Water resource management / Institution building Record No:H024522
International Water Management Institute (IWMI); Nepal. Department of Irrigation. Research and Technology Development Branch. 1998. Case review for irrigation service fee study. : Kathmandu, Nepal: International Water Management Institute (IWMI); Kathmandu, Nepal: Department of Irrigation. Research and Technology Development Branch 55p. More... | Fulltext (3.65 MB)
Resources mobilization / Cropping patterns / Financing / Land tenure / Water user associations / Socioeconomic environment / Canal irrigation / Irrigation systems Record No:H045170
Water allocation / Water balance / Water supply / Canals / Research projects / Salinity / Waterlogging / Irrigation systems / Irrigation management Record No:H045002
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